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This study deals with the elimination of methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution by utilizing the 3D electro-Fenton process in a batch reactor with an anode of porous graphite and a cathode of copper foam in the presence of granular activated carbon (GAC) as a third pole, besides, employing response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with Box-Behnk Design (BBD) for studying the effects of operational conditions such as current density (3- 8 mA/cm2), electrolysis time (10- 20 min), and the amount of GAC (1- 3 g) on the removal efficiency beside to their interaction. The model was veiled since the value of R2 was high (>0.98) and the current density had the greatest influence on the response. The best removal efficiency (MO Re%) at pH= 3 was 95.62% with an average energy consumption of 6.22 kWh/kg MO, which was achieved at maximal conditions of current density = 5.12 mA/cm2, mass of GAC = 3 g, and time = 20 min with small amounts of Fe2+ (0.124 mM), and Na2SO4 (0.02 M). Moreover, the present work investigated the effectiveness of 3D electro-Fenton assisted by ultrasound known as Sono-Electro-Fenton (SEF), by following a new strategy based on applying the minimum circumstances of EF and comparing its results with that of SEF under the same conditions. MO Re% for EFmin was 49.24% while SEF was 50.51%, which is considered an exiguous improvement. However, using copper foam as a working electrode in the 3D EF system for the degradation of MO was an excellent choice. Furthermore, the suggested approach is characterized by simplicity, speed, and efficiency with a high percentage of pollutant removal, in addition to being eco-friendly.

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking.

This paper explores the impact of height ratios on the seismic Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction (SSSI) for three adjacent bridges with varying superstructure masses (Mst = 350, 1050, 350 t) through 3D numerical simulations. A comprehensive series of numerical analyses has been conducted across different height ratios (R = 1, 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.5, 2, and 3) to assess their influence on superstructure acceleration and the internal forces within the foundation piles. The bridges under investigation are supported by groups of piles embedded in nonlinear clay. The numerical simulations were executed using fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions (FLAC 3D), a three-dimensional finite differences modeling software. The findings revealed that variations in mass ratios significantly impact the SSSI effects on superstructure acceleration and pile internal forces. Notably, adverse effects were more pronounced for mass ratios of R = 1.1 and 1.2, leading to an increase in bending moment, shear force, and superstructure acceleration by up to 237.8%, 291.4%, and 70.33%, respectively. In contrast, a mass ratio of R = 3 resulted in a decrease in bending moment, shear force, and superstructure acceleration by up to 72%, 82.14%, and 81.13%, respectively. This implies that a careful arrangement of adjacent structures with different masses can be employed effectively to manage the (SSSI) effects.

Abstract This work uses a numerical method to investigate the effects of diffusion on the flow of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluids. The applicable equations for this problem are derived from the Nano-Powell-Erying fluid model. The result of the differential equation is calculated by solving the problem using the finite element method. The numerical solutions are used to study the three-dimensional structures with the flow of nanofluid to investigate the influence of well-known fluid parameters. The study found that the Hartmann number and buoyancy ratio parameter have a significant impact on the velocity profile, while the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters, as well as the thermal and mass Biot numbers, are the main factors influencing the temperature and concentration fields. This study aims to analyse the effect of two different parameters on the flow of MHD nanofluids to improve our basic understanding of this phenomenon. The findings that were produced are compared to the previous work and incipiently, the present numerical results are veritably in good agreement with the previous results. The results of this study can be useful for the optimization and design of various engineering applications.

Purpose: The aim was to analyze the accuracy of digital models and 3D-printed casts from full-arch digital impressions using two intraoral scanners (iTeroTM and PrimescanTM). Materials and methods: A crossover reliability study was designed, scanning children and teenagers with iTeroTM and PrimescanTM. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring intercanine, intermolar, and ipsilateral canine–molar distances intraorally and comparing these measurements with those from plaster casts, digital models obtained with intraoral scanners, and 3D-printed casts. A paired comparison and a general linear model with a one-way repeated measures ANOVA procedure were carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: A total of 51 subjects were analyzed (mean age 12.35 ± 2.57). Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in the upper and lower arch regarding accuracy in comparison to intraoral measurements, except for the iTeroTM-printed cast and canine–molar upper right and intercanine lower distances (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Regarding a comparison between reproduction methods, the plaster cast oversized the intercanine upper distance in comparison with both intraoral scanners’ digital models and the PrimescanTM-printed cast (p = 0.001), but there were no differences in the lower arch (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: Intraoral scanners reproduce tooth structures with similar accuracy to conventional methods.

The growing understanding of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in embryo-maternal communication has sparked considerable interest in their therapeutic potential within assisted reproductive technology, particularly in enhancing implantation success. However, the major obstacle remains the large-scale production of EVs, and there is still a gap in understanding how different culture systems affect the characteristics of the EVs. In the current study, trophoblast analogue human chorionic carcinoma cell line was cultivated in both conventional monolayer culture (2D) and as spheroids in suspension culture (3D) and how the cell growth environment affects the physical, biochemical and cellular signalling properties of EVs produced by them was studied. Interestingly, the 3D system was more active in secreting EVs compared to the 2D system, while no significant differences were observed in terms of morphology, size, and classical EV protein marker expression between EVs derived from the two culture systems. There were substantial differences in the proteomic cargo profile and cellular signalling potency of EVs derived from the two culture systems. Notably, 2D EVs were more potent in inducing a cellular response in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) compared to 3D EVs. Therefore, it is essential to recognize that the biological activity of EVs depends not only on the cell of origin but also on the cellular microenvironment of the parent cell. In conclusion, caution is warranted when selecting an EV production platform, especially for assessing the functional and therapeutic potential of EVs through in vitro studies.

Introduction: Using three-dimensional printed duplicates of the donor teeth, three-dimensional auto-transplantation is a medical procedure that moves a tooth from one location inside a patient to another. The intraoperative practicability during 3D auto-transplantation of teeth was evaluated in the present study. Material and Methods: A prospective multicenter clinical study was done among the subjects. ”Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography imaging,” “computer-assisted design (CAD),” and “computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)” were used in all operations to make a 3D duplicate of the donor teeth. The clinical parameters that were evaluated were the time required for the fit, number of attempts to fit, and intra-operative experience. Results: Canines, premolars, molars, and one extra tooth were all transplanted during the 200 auto-transplantation surgeries among 152 subjects. An initial satisfactory fit of the donor tooth and an extra-alveolar time of less than one minute were achieved in 80% of the surgeries. The extra-alveolar time exceeded 3 minutes in ten teeth. Difficulties that were faced were related to the imaging, patient cooperation, and the bone quality. Conclusions: The application of the duplicate teeth by 3D printing of a donor tooth all through auto-transplantation techniques reduced the time the tooth stays extra-alveolar as well as the efforts at transplant fitting during implantation. This allowed for more challenging surgeries as well as a speedy and reliable therapy.

The alveolar ridge reconstruction of vertical and combined bone defects is a non-predictable procedure with varying percentages of success. The greatest challenge for vertical and combined bone augmentation is to maintain mechanical stability of the bone graft; therefore, it is mandatory to provide and preserve space for bone regeneration. The development of biomaterials and 3D printing has enabled the use of polymer scaffolds in the reconstruction of alveolar ridge defects. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of an innovative individualized biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold, under dynamic conditions, simulating biodegradation and the influence of masticatory forces. After the design and 3D printing of PLA scaffolds, two groups of 27 scaffolds were formed according to the compression testing procedure. The compression tests were performed in occlusal and lateral directions. In each of the two groups, nine subgroups of three scaffolds were formed for different testing periods during in vitro degradation with a total period of 16 weeks. Results showed that biodegradation and load application had no significant influence on mechanical characteristics of tested scaffolds. It can be concluded that simulated masticatory forces and biodegradation do not significantly influence the mechanical characteristics of an individualized biodegradable augmentation scaffold.

Introduction: The success of orthodontic treatment depends on accurate bracket placement, so researchers are constantly exploring new direct and indirect bonding methods with the help of cutting-edge imaging technologies like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides full three-dimensional visualization of tissues down to the root of the tooth. Aim: The primary goals of this analysis are to determine the degree of section angulation and adhesive thickness, as well as the accuracy of the vertical and flat section positions. The correlation between total clinical crown height, minor edge to focus of section, and minimum edge to complete curve crown length is one of several possible goals of this investigation (FACC). Materials and Methods: Currently, 10 patients aged 15-30 who needed fixed appliance treatment were enrolled in an in vivo research conducted by the orthodontics department. Cases with and without extractions of the crooked teeth were counted. Full mouth analysis is being used in this investigation. Ten patients were selected at random and placed in either Group A (the study group) or Group B (the control group) (control group). Group A bonds are more indirect, whereas group B bonds are more like “normal” direct bonds. We used a Canon 700D camera, a biocompatible transparent 3D printing resin, and a 3M Gemini MBT.022 in bracket kit for CT scanning and imaging. Brackets are placed by experienced orthodontists in both treatment groups. Result: There is a statistically significant (P 0.05) difference between the indirect and direct bonding group when all five factors are taken into account, with the indirect bonding group demonstrating superiority in terms of accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation support the premise that there is a clinically significant difference between direct bonding and 3D indirect bonding in terms of bracket placement accuracy.

Background: Patient education and demonstration of osseous defects by teachers and clinicians are difficult even though there are different models made up of metal, plastic, plaster, stone, and acrylic. To overcome such difficulty, 3D printed Vanperio model was printed for multifunctional activity. Aims and Objective: The aim of this article was to provide information on the 3D printed VANPERIO model and its implications in the field of periodontics and general dentistry. Conclusion: Vanperio model proves to be a promising model for teachers, students, and clinicians in the field of periodontics and general dentistry as it helps in patient education, student learning and also for various demonstrations which is not possible to achieve in other available expensive models.

Teeth are considered to be the prime organs for mastication, speech, and esthetics. The basic structure of tooth involves enamel, dentin, and pulp. Each of these is formed by specialized structures during the various phases of tooth development. One of such specialized structures forming dentin of the tooth are odontoblasts. Being present at the periphery of the pulp chamber, they are in close contact with dentin through cytoplasmic extensions which travel into the entire length of dentin through dentinal tubules. In addition to dentin formation, they play a vital role in performing the various functions of the tooth including nerve sensation. They are functionally active throughout the life span of a healthy tooth and are subjective to numerous injuries causing various oral lesions. This review aims to collect the information with an additional note on the role of odontoblasts and their characteristics in a healthy and diseased tooth structure, their significance in endodontics and three-dimensional (3D) histological means.

Objectives The operative microscope (OM) has revolutionized the field of modern spine surgery, however, it remains limited by several drawbacks. Recently, the exoscope (EX) system has been designed to assistant spine surgery. It provides a three‐dimensional (3D) high‐definition (HD) operative experience and becomes an alternative to the OM. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes, advantages and limitations of EX‐assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (EMIS‐TLIF) and OM‐assisted MIS‐TLIF (OMIS‐TLIF). Methods The clinical outcomes were assessed in 47 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDD) who underwent MIS‐TLIF assisted with the OM or EX between January 2019 and September 2020. A total of 22 were treated with EMIS‐TLIF, and 25 received OMIS‐TLIF. Perioperative parameters (including sex, age, number of fusion levels and body mass index), perioperative parameters (operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, postoperative hospitalization stay, and duration of follow‐up), visual analogue scale (VAS) of back pain, VAS of leg pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores and clinical outcomes were assessed and compared. Image quality, handling of equipment, ergonomics, 3D glasses and educational usefulness were scored according to a questionnaire. Results Operation time in the OMIS‐TLIF group (121.92 ± 16.92 min) was significantly increased compared with that in the EMIS‐TLIF group (111.00 ± 19.87 min) (P

Background: Sexual dimorphism is important for sex determination in the field of forensics. However, sexual dimorphism is commonly assessed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) rather than three-dimensional (3D) modeling software; therefore, studies using a more accurate measurement approach are necessary. This study assessed the sexual dimorphism of the MS using a 3D modeling program to obtain information that could contribute to the fields of surgery and forensics.Methods: The CBCT data of 60 patients (age, 20∼29 y; 30 males and 30 females) admitted to the Department of Orthodontics at the Dankook University School of Dentistry were provided in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The left MS and right MS were modeled based on the DICOM files using the Mimics (version 22; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) 3D program and converted to stereolithography (STL) files used to measure the width, length, and height of the MS, infraorbital foramen (IOF), right MS, and left MS. The average of three repeated measurements was calculated, and a reliability test was performed to ensure data reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.618). A canonical discriminant analysis was performed using a standard approach (left: Box’s M=0.096; right: Box’s M=0.115). Results: Males had greater values for all parameters (MS width, MS length, MS height, IOF, right MS, left MS) than females. The discriminant analysis identified six independent variables (MS width, MS height, MS length, IOF, right MS, left MS) that could identify sex. The left MS and right MS correctly identified the sex of 81.7% and 71.7% of the patients, respectively, with the left MS having higher accuracy. Conclusion: This study confirmed that, for Korean individuals, the left MS has a better ability to identify sex than the right MS. These results may contribute to sex identification in the fields of surgery and forensics.

Starting with the origin of Chinese characters and wine, the close relationship between Chinese characters and wine packaging were analyzed, and the characteristics of Chinese character wine packaging design were found out. Therefore, the Chinese character shaped wine packaging design methods were proposed from the two aspects of Chinese character "font" and "word meaning", which included direct display method, auxiliary integration method, deep expansion method, form meaning method and image construction method. Finally, four key points of Chinese character shaped wine packaging design were summarized.

Background: Scaffold (SCA) functionalization with aptamers (APT) provides adsorption of specific bioactive molecules on biomaterial surfaces. The aim of this study was to observe if SCA enriched with anti-fibronectin APT can favor coagulum (PhC) and osteoblasts (OSB) differentiation. Methods: 20 μg of APT was functionalized on SCA by simple adsorption. For PhC formation, SCAs were inserted into rat calvaria defects for 17 h. Following proper transportation (buffer solution PB), OSBs (UMR-106 lineage) were seeded over PhC + SCAs with and without APT. Cells and PhC morphology, PhC cell population, protein labeling and gene expression were observed in different time points. Results: The APT induced higher alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein immunolabeling in OSB. Mesenchymal stem cells, leukocytes and lymphocytes cells were detected more in the APT group than when scaffolds were not functionalized. Additionally, an enriched and dense fibrin network and different cell types were observed, with more OSB and white blood cells in PhC formed on SCA with APT. The gene expression showed higher transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) detection in SCA with APT. Conclusions: The SCA functionalization with fibronectin aptamers may alter key morphological and functional features of blood clot formation, and provides a selective expression of proteins related to osteo differentiation. Additionally, aptamers increase TGF-b1 gene expression, which is highly associated with improvements in regenerative therapies.

Abstract Objectives To establish the three-dimensional facial soft tissue morphology of adolescent and adult females in the Guangdong population and to study the morphological characteristics of hyperdivergent skeletal class II females in Guangdong compared with that of normodivergent class I groups. Materials and methods The 3dMDface system was used to capture face scans of 160 patients, including 45 normal and 35 hyperdivergent skeletal class II adolescents (aged 11–14 years old) and 45 normal and 35 hyperdivergent skeletal class II adults (aged 18–30 years old). Thirty-two soft tissue landmarks were mapped, and 21 linear, 10 angular and 17 ratio measurements were obtained by 3dMDvultus analysis software. Data were assessed with a t-test of two independent samples between the normal adolescent and adult groups and between the normal and hyperdivergent skeletal class II groups. Results The linear measurements of the Guangdong adult females were larger than those of the adolescents in both Class I and Class II groups. However, the angular and ratio measurements had no significant difference. The vertical linear measurements were higher and the sagittal and transverse linear measurements were smaller in the hyperdivergent class II group (p

Background: The correct diagnosis of placenta previa is a crucial task to prevent associated complications. Ultrasound is considered the gold standard technique. However, the appropriate technique, with 100% sensitivity is not yet determined.The aim of the work: The current study aimed to compare the transabdominal 3D versus transvaginal 2D ultrasound in the assessment of placental invasion in women with placenta previa with previous uterine scar.Patients and Methods: The study included sixty patients with confirmed ultrasound placenta previa. Each patient was evaluated by the full history taking, clinical examination. Finally, ultrasound was performed for all women. The placenta was examined while the bladder is partially full [about 300 ml] for adequate visualization and precise localization. A complete US scan had been performed and included 2D vaginal ultrasound, and 3D abdominal ultrasound. At delivery, intraoperative definitive diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta was made. Data compared to the previous ultrasound diagnosis.Results: The hematocrit value was significantly decreased after the operation compared to preoperative values [27.16 ± 2.51 vs 30.92 ± 2.78, respectively, p = 0.024]. The sensitivity of 3D transabdominal ultrasound was 53.3%, 65.0%, 88.3% and 73.3% for the detection of retroplacental clear zone, myometrial thinning, uterovesical vascularity and bladder wall interruption, successively. Otherwise, the 2D transvaginal ultrasound sensitivity was 75%, 71.6%, 83.3% and 7.7% for the same conditions. The 3D transabdominal US was 72.5% sensitive, 90% specific, 84.1% PPV, 60.9% NPV and 76.7% accuracy. The 2D transvaginal US revealed 87.4% sensitivity, 73.7% specificity, 93.3% PPV, 41.6% NPV and 89.3% accuracy.Conclusion: 2D vaginal ultrasound is more sensitive compared to the 3-D abdominal sonography in detecting placenta previa. However, the 3D transabdominal US higher sensitivity in detecting some radiological signs of this lesions like uterovesical vascularity.

Abstract Alkali metal batteries (AMBs) are promising next‐generation high‐density electrochemical energy storage systems. In addition, current collectors play important roles in enhancing their electrochemical performances. Thus, it is essential to have a critical review of the most recent advances in engineering the current collectors for high‐performance AMBs. In this review paper, the fundamentals of alkali metal deposition on current collectors will be introduced first. Then recent advances in the development of advanced metal and carbon‐based current collectors are examined for boosting the stability and cycle life of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) in terms of various strategies including 3D architectural design and functional modifications. Thereafter, the research progress in design of advanced current collectors will be analyzed for sodium/potassium metal batteries, especially the counterparts that do not follow the paradigms established in LMBs. Finally, the major challenges and key perspectives will be discussed for the future development of current collectors in AMBs.

In this study, on the basis of proportional navigation strategy, design of explicit optimal guidance law for missiles tracking maneuvering targets in three-dimensional space using model predictive control is addressed. The model predictive control employs a model to predict the future process behavior and calculates an optimal control input at each time step through the optimization of an objective function. Generalized model predictive control approach, employed in this study, solves the optimization problem offline to obtain the closed form optimal control law. In this paper, firstly, the equations describing the missile-target relative motion kinematics are formulated. Then, the optimal control law, as an explicit function of the state vector is obtained. The evaluation of the proposed scheme is studied by the comparison of the simulation results with the augmented proportional navigation system. Simulation studies, in three different scenarios, demonstrates appropriate performance for the proposed guidance system specially against maneuvering targets.

Regenerative medicine, and dentistry offers enormous potential for enhancing treatment results and has been fueled by bioengineering breakthroughs over the previous few decades. Bioengineered tissues and constructing functional structures capable of healing, maintaining, and regenerating damaged tissues and organs have had a broad influence on medicine and dentistry. Approaches for combining bioinspired materials, cells, and therapeutic chemicals are critical in stimulating tissue regeneration or as medicinal systems. Because of its capacity to maintain an unique 3D form, offer physical stability for the cells in produced tissues, and replicate the native tissues, hydrogels have been utilized as one of the most frequent tissue engineering scaffolds during the last twenty years. Hydrogels’ high water content can provide an excellent conditions for cell viability as well as an architecture that mimics real tissues, bone, and cartilage. Hydrogels have been used to enable cell immobilization and growth factor application. This paper summarizes the features, structure, synthesis and production methods, uses, new challenges, and future prospects of bioactive polymeric hydrogels in dental and osseous tissue engineering of clinical, exploring, systematical and scientific applications.

Training a deep learning inversion network usually requires hundreds of thousands of complex velocity models, which is labor-intensive and expensive to acquire. In this work, we develop a new framework to automatically generate various velocity models with common geological structures, such as folding layers, faults and salt bodies. There are three main modules in the proposed framework. The first module generates a folded model with a given number of layers; the other two modules can add faults and salt bodies onto the folded model to form a fault or salt model, respectively. To best simulate the shape of subsurface geological structures while ensuring a good application effect in deep learning inversion, we generate the structural model based on composition of several basic functions with recommended parameter ranges. Then the generated structural model will be assigned with velocity values based on assumptions of underground seismic velocity distribution. To investigate the application effect of the generated 3D models, we conduct a deep learning inversion test. Since currently there is no 3D deep learning inversion algorithms available, the latest 2D inversion network called SeisInvNet is used to test the feasibility of the randomly generated velocity models. Through the experiments, we can see that the 2D inversion results are consistent with the true models from the aspects of velocity values and geological structure shapes, which demonstrates the rationality of the designed 3D models. In the end, we further discuss the feasibility of applying the proposed 3D model dataset to train a 3D inversion network. This work paves the way for the development of 3D deep learning inversion methods.

Abstract Background Classification of the spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains two-dimensional (2D) as the spinal radiographs remain the mainstay in clinical evaluation of the disease. 3D classification systems are proposed, however are time consuming. We here aim to evaluate the clinical application of a 3D classification system by the use of only posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs in Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods Forty Lenke 1 AIS were classified by five observers following a three-step flowchart, developed based on our previous 3D classification system. This 3D classification characterizes the curve in the frontal and sagittal views and infers the third dimension with rules based on prior data to determine the 3D subtypes of the curve. Repeated rating was performed for 20 randomly selected patients in the same cohort. In addition to the classification by the raters, the 3D model of the spines were generated to determine the actual curve subtype based on the algorithm that was originally used to develop the 3D classification system. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability and the classification accuracy were determined for both 3D and axial classifications of the cohort. Results The interobserver reliability was moderate to strong with a kappa value between 0.61–0.89 for 3D and axial classifications. Comparing the mathematical classification and the raters’ classification, the classification accuracy among all raters ranged between 56 and 89%. Conclusion We evaluated the reliability of a previously developed 3D classification system for Lenke 1 AIS patients when only two-view spinal radiographs are available. Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons were able to identify the 3D subtypes of Lenke 1 AIS from the patients’ radiographs with moderate to strong reliability. The new 3D classification has the potential to identify the subtypes of the Lenke 1 AIS without a need for quantitative 3D image post-processing.

This study concerns the three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer due to a deformable (stretching/shrinking) plate with power-law velocity and orthogonal surface shear. The flow due to the shrinking sheet is maintained with the imposition of wall mass suction. The effect of adding Cu and Al2O3 nanoparticles are represented by a homogeneous mixture model with the modified thermophysical properties. Two types of thermophysical properties for hybrid nanofluids are discussed and compared in this interesting work. The three-dimensional model is then, reduced into a relevant set of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The results are generated using the bvp4c solver and presented in the tables and graphs. Duality of solutions are observed in both stretching and shrinking regions, however, only the first solution is proved to be stable and realistic. Surprisingly, the heat transfer rate augments when the power law velocity is used. The hybrid nanofluid with an upsurge of copper volume fraction also reduces the rate of heat transfer.

Purpose The use of three-dimensional (3D) thoracoscope provides improved depth perception and accuracy in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D VATS lobectomy for stage I lung cancer. Methods From January 2013 to May 2018, 354 patients underwent VATS lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I lung cancer. The 3D VATS system was introduced in July 2016 in our center. A total of 182 patients underwent 2D VATS lobectomy from January 2013 to June 2016, and 172 patients underwent 3D VATS lobectomy from July 2016 to May 2018. Results The thoracotomy conversion rate was lower (1.2% vs. 6.4%, P= 0.011) in the 3D VATS group than in the 2D VATS group. Operation time (mean: 119.0 minutes vs. 151.4 minutes, P< 0.001), operative blood loss (median: 100 mL vs. 150 mL, P< 0.001), and length of hospital stay after surgery (median: 5 days vs. 6 days, P< 0.001) were significantly lower in the 3D VATS group than in the 2D VATS group. A higher number of lymph nodes was resected in 3D VATS (mean: 15.9 vs. 13.8, P= 0.006). No significant difference was observed between 3D and 2D VATS in terms of operative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification grade ≥ 1; 14.7% vs. 14.6%, P= 0.322). None of the patients died postoperatively. Conclusion Our retrospective data showed that the 3D thoracoscope had better surgical outcomes than 2D thoracoscope for VATS lobectomy in patients with clinical stage I lung cancer.

Background The glenoid version of the shoulder joint correlates with the stability of the glenohumeral joint and the clinical results of total shoulder arthroplasty. We sought to analyze and compare the glenoid version measured by traditional axial two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images at different levels. Methods A total of 30 cases, including 15 male and 15 female patients, who underwent 3D shoulder CT imaging was randomly selected and matched by sex consecutively at one hospital. The angular difference between the scapular body axis and 2D CT slice axis was measured. The glenoid version was assessed at three levels (midpoint, upper one-third, and center of the lower circle of the glenoid) using Friedman’s method in the axial plane with 2D CT images and at the same level of three different transverse planes using a 3D reconstructed image. Results The mean difference between the scapular body axis on the 3D reconstructed image and the 2D CT slice axis was 38.4°. At the level of the midpoint of the glenoid, the measurements were 1.7°±4.9° on the 2D CT images and −1.8°±4.1° in the 3D reconstructed image. At the level of the center of the lower circle, the measurements were 2.7°±5.2° on the 2D CT images and −0.5°±4.8° in the 3D reconstructed image. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at all three levels. Conclusions The glenoid version is measured differently between axial 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at three levels. Use of 3D reconstructed imaging can provide a more accurate glenoid version profile relative to 2D CT. The glenoid version is measured differently at different levels.

Aims: To analyze the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner-GOM® (Gesellschaft für Optische; Messtechnik, Braunschweig Germany) model-ATOS triple II optical Scanner (Advanced topometric Sensor) in examination and identification of experimental bite marks (BM) in chocolate using Styrofoam exemplar (SE). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 25 volunteers from whom the dental cast exemplar (CE), SE, and experimental BMs in chocolate, were made. These were then digitized using the GOM® ATOS optical scanner and 3D models were generated using GOM® ATOS software. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test for inferential statistics. Results: On 3D analysis, the experimental BM matched with the presumed biters correctly using both SE and CE. The mean percentage matching of BM vs SE was found to be 92.55 ± 1.757, and in BM vs CE, the mean matching percentage was found to be 96.09 ± 1.311. Statistical analysis of the data was obtained using independent t-test, and the mean difference in percentage matching was significant (P < 0.05) Conclusion: Three-dimensional BM analysis using 3D optical scanner proved to be a reliable, accurate, and permanent method of documentation compared to the conventional two-dimensional methods.

Introduction: Hypopituitarism is a rare, often underdiagnosed, complex hormonal disease caused by the decreased secretion of one or more hormones in the pituitary gland. The present study was designed to assess left ventricular (LV) rotational mechanics in patients with treated hypopituitarism. It was also aimed to find possible differences in these parameters according to the origin of hypopituitarism (congenital vs. acquired).Methods: The present prospective study involved 35 treated patients with hypopituitarism; however, 4 patients had to be excluded due to inferior image quality. The mean age of the remaining 31 cases was 56.3 ± 13.2 years (18 males). The control group consisted of 29 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (mean age: 55.3 ± 4.8 years, 14 males). In all cases a complete two-dimensional echocardiography examination was performed followed by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.Results: No significant differences could be found in LV volumes between the controls and patients with hypopituitarism and hypopituitary subgroups. LV apical rotation (8.1 ± 5.1° vs. 10.6 ± 3.5°, p < 0.05) and LV twist (11.9 ± 5.3° vs. 15.1 ± 3.8°, p < 0.05) were impaired in the hypopituitary group with normally directed LV rotational mechanics as compared to the healthy controls. However, 13% of patients showed a near absence of LV twist called LV “rigid body rotation” (LV-RBR). There were no significant differences regarding LV apical and basal rotations and twist between acquired and congenital hypopituitary subgroups.Conclusions: Impaired LV apical rotation and twist could be demonstrated in hypopituitarism regardless of its origin. In the present study with small number of patients with hypopituitarism, LV-RBR was present in 13% of cases.

Isolation and culturing of cardiac fibroblasts (CF) induces rapid differentiation toward a myofibroblast phenotype, which is partly mediated by the high substrate stiffness of the culture plates. In the present study, a 3D model of Engineered Heart Matrix (EHM) of physiological stiffness (Youngs modulus ~15 kPa) was developed using primary adult rat CF and a natural hydrogel collagen type 1 matrix. CF were equally distributed, viable and quiescent for at least 13 days in EHM and the baseline gene expression of myofibroblast-markers alfa-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) was significantly lower, compared to CF cultured in 2D monolayers. CF baseline gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (Tgfβ1) and brain natriuretic peptide (Nppb) was higher in EHM-fibers compared to the monolayers. EHM stimulation by 10% cyclic stretch (1 Hz) increased the gene expression of Nppb (3.0-fold), Ctgf (2.1-fold) and Tgfβ1 (2.3-fold) after 24 h. Stimulation of EHM with TGFβ1 (1 ng/mL, 24 h) induced Tgfβ1 (1.6-fold) and Ctgf (1.6-fold). In conclusion, culturing CF in EHM of physiological stiffness reduced myofibroblast marker gene expression, while the CF response to stretch or TGFβ1 was maintained, indicating that our novel EHM structure provides a good physiological model to study CF function and myofibroblast differentiation.

Because of rising traumatic accidents and diseases, the number of patients suffering from nerve injury is increasing. Without effective rehabilitation therapy, the patients will get motor or sensory function losses or even a lifelong disability. As for amputees, neural interface technology can be used to splice nerves and electrical wires together in a way that allows them to control an artificial limb as if it was a natural extension of the body. However, the means the need for an autologous nerve to stimulate axonal regeneration and extension into target tissues, which are limited by the supply of donor nerves. Based on the principle of mechanical force regulating axon growth, in this paper, we developed a three-dimensional nerve stretch growth device for an implantable neural interface. The device consists of three motors controlled by single chip microcomputer and some mechanical parts. The stability and reliability of the device were tested. Then, we used neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells by small chemical molecules to explore the optimal three-dimensional stretch culture parameters. Furthermore, we found that the axons were intact through 10 rotations per day and 1 mm of horizontal pulling per day. The results of this research will provide convenience for patients treated through an implantable neural interface.

Objects: To investigate the value of CT-based 3D templating software for pre-operative planning in patients with acetabular dysplasia undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a single surgeon’s cohort of patients with Crowe I to III developmental dysplastic hip (49 hips in 41 patients) who underwent cementless primary THA and were available for follow-up at a mean of 2.7 years after THA. We analyzed the accuracy of cup size prediction, the reliability of pre- and post-operative cup orientation and position of reconstructed rotation center using CT-based 3D templating software. Post-operative Harris Hip Score and lower limb discrepancy was obtained at the last follow-up. Results: The sizes of 71% of the cup components (35/49) were estimated exactly, and 100% of the cup size estimates were accurate to within one-cup size. There was good reproducibility of pre- and post-operative position of reconstructed rotation center (correlation coefficient r = 0.396 for vertical position, p = 0.005; r = 0.326 for horizontal position, p = 0.024). There was no substantial agreement between the planned acetabular orientation and that measured post-operatively (correlation coefficient –0.174 for inclination and 0.045 for anteversion). There were 44 (90%) excellent or good results according to HHS. Seven patients (14%) reported lower limb discrepancy. Conclusions: Pre-operative CT-based 3D templating made it possible to predict accurate cup size and achieve reproducible cup position in patients with dysplastic acetabulum. The reproducibility of cup orientation could not be demonstrated in this study.

Purpose: Report of a successful case of endovascular recanalization of an occluded superficial femoral artery (SFA) using Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) technology. Case Report: A 79-year-old male was referred for evaluation of multiple ischemic pretibial ulcers of the right lower extremity. Computed tomography–angiography (CTA) imaging confirmed significant stenosis of the right common femoral artery (CFA) and an occlusion of the SFA from its origin to the Hunter’s canal. The patient was treated with a hybrid surgical procedure: an endarterectomy of the CFA and SFA origin was performed combined with an endovascular recanalization of the occluded SFA using FORS technology. During recanalization, the FORS guidewire slowly twisted subintimally around the occluded lumen of the SFA, maintaining the created corkscrew shape after pre-dilation with the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) balloon and subsequent stenting. Conclusions: FORS technology can be successfully used during recanalization of an occluded SFA without the use of fluoroscopy. The corkscrew shape formed during recanalization in this case was retained during PTA balloon pre-dilation and stenting; this potentially improves hemodynamics and thereby reduces the risk of in-stent restenosis. However, expanding patient series and longer follow-up data are needed to increase the understanding of the feasibility and effectiveness of using FORS in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is highly promising as a quantitative MRI technique due to its accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Previous studies have found high repeatability and reproducibility of 2D MRF acquisitions in the brain. Here, we have extended our investigations to 3D MRF acquisitions covering the whole brain using spiral projection k-space trajectories.Our travelling head study acquired test/retest data from the brains of 12 healthy volunteers and 8 MRI systems (3 systems at 3 T and 5 at 1.5 T, all from a single vendor), using a study design not requiring all subjects to be scanned at all sites. The pulse sequence and reconstruction algorithm were the same for all acquisitions.After registration of the MRF-derived PD T1 and T2 maps to an anatomical atlas, coefficients of variation (CVs) were computed to assess test/retest repeatability and inter-site reproducibility in each voxel, while a General Linear Model (GLM) was used to determine the voxel-wise variability between all confounders, which included test/retest, subject, field strength and site.Our analysis demonstrated a high repeatability (CVs 0.7–1.3% for T1, 2.0–7.8% for T2, 1.4–2.5% for normalized PD) and reproducibility (CVs of 2.0–5.8% for T1, 7.4–10.2% for T2, 5.2–9.2% for normalized PD) in gray and white matter.Both repeatability and reproducibility improved when compared to similar experiments using 2D acquisitions. Three-dimensional MRF obtains highly repeatable and reproducible estimations of T1 and T2, supporting the translation of MRF-based fast quantitative imaging into clinical applications.

This paper proposes a three–dimensional (3D) local boundary element model based on meshless moving least squares (MLS) method for ultrasonic wave propagation fractional order boundary value problems of functionally graded anisotropic (FGA) fiber-reinforced plates. The problem domain is split into several circular sub-domains. The nodal points are randomly distributed across the examined region. Each node is the focal point of a circular sub-domain that encircles it. The Laplace-transform approach is used to solve dynamic issues. In the local weak form of the governing equations for the converted quantities, a unit test function is utilized. The Gauss divergence theorem to the weak-form is used to produce local boundary-domain integral equations. A meshless approximation is achieved using the MLS method. To find time-dependent solutions, an inverse Laplace-transform approach is used. The effects of the fractional order parameter, functionally graded material, anisotropy, and the time characteristic of the laser pulse are investigated. The proposed method’s validity and performance are demonstrated for a two-dimensional problem with excellent agreement with the finite element method.

Introduction: India struggles with poor quality of medical education, incompetent medical workforces, and insignificant research contribution to the world. Aim: Teaching-learning methods form an integral part of any curriculum hence, we aim to review the application of technology in teaching-learning methods at medical institutions across the world. Materials and Methods: An online search for articles and abstracts published from 2000 to 2020 on PubMed Central, Medline, Scopus, Google scholar using the MeSH terms like medical, education, innovative teaching, three dimensional, curriculum, etc., was conducted. A total of 49 articles were shortlisted by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 38 articles were finally selected after thorough reading and were analysed and summarised. Results: Four themes emerged from this review: understanding learner characteristics; innovative newer techniques with the incorporation of advanced technology; cast models and plastination; and future trends for medical education. The more specific findings can be further divided into: online digital learning module; flip classroom; 3D printed models; 3D virtual reality-based technology; simulation techniques; real patient learning practical’s; medical student collaborative clinics; student-driven undergraduate research committee; patientfamily interactive programs; death-and-dying discussions and community-based service project. Conclusion: Amendment in the curriculum and selection of teaching-learning methods should be considered after understanding the student characteristics. Modern technology should be used rationally in teaching-learning methods thereby, restricting its negative impact on the students.

Aim. To investigate the effect of changes in incisor tip, apex movement, and inclination on skeletal points A and B and characterize changes in skeletal points A and B to the soft tissue points A and B after incisor retraction in Angle Class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Methods. Twenty-two patients with Angle Class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion treated with four first premolar extractions were included in this study. The displacement of skeletal and soft tissue points A and B was measured using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using a three-dimensional coordinate system. The movement of the upper and lower incisors was also measured using CBCT-synthesized lateral cephalograms. Results. Changes in the incisal tip, apex, and inclination after retraction did not significantly affect the position of points A and B in any direction (x, y, z). Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between skeletal point A and soft tissue point A on the anteroposterior axis (z). Skeletal point A moved forward by 0.07 mm, and soft tissue point A moved forward by 0.38 mm, establishing a ratio of 0.18: 1 (r = 0.554, p < 0.01). Conclusion. The positional complexion of the skeletal points A and B was not directly influenced by changes in the incisor tip, apex, and inclination. Although the results suggest that soft tissue point A follows the anteroposterior position of skeletal point A, its clinical significance is suspected. Thus, hard and soft tissue analysis should be considered in treatment planning.

A modified invasion assay using a three-dimensional collagen gel was developed that enables isolation of invasive living cells; it was named the invading cell trapping (iCT) assay. A small cell strainer consisting of a nylon mesh with 40-μm2 pores was used, and collagen gel layers formed across the membrane. Test cells were seeded in the lower gel layer and invasive cells were attracted upward and trapped in the upper gel. After incubation, the collagen gel layers in cell strainers were easily separated and living cells in the gel were counted and analyzed. An advantage of the iCT assay is that it can capture living invasive cells in the upper gel while leaving noninvasive ones in the lower layer. Further enrichment of the two cell populations can be achieved by repeating the assay. Thus, the iCT assay allows comparative analysis of invasive versus noninvasive cells.

Abstract Background Clinically there are different fixation methods used for fixation of the posterior malleolar fractures (PMF), but the best treatment modality is still not clear. Few studies have concentrated on this issue, least of all using a biomechanical comparison. The purpose of this study was to carry out a computational comparative biomechanics of three different commonly used fixation constructs for the fixation of PMF by finite element analysis (FEA). Methods Computed tomography (CT) images were used to reconstruct three dimensional (3D) model of the tibia. Computer aided design (CAD) software was used to design 3D models of PMF. Finally, 3D models of PMF fixed with two antero-posterior (AP) lag screws, two postero-anterior (PA) lag screws and posterior plate were simulated through computational processing. Simulated loads of 500 N, 1000 N and 1500 N were applied to the PMF and proximal ends of the models were fixed in all degrees of freedom. Output results representing the model von Mises stress, relative fracture micro-motion and vertical displacement of the fracture fragment were analyzed. Results The mean vertical displacement value in the posterior plate group (0.52 mm) was lower than AP (0.68 mm) and PA (0.69 mm) lag groups. Statistically significant low amount of the relative micro-motion (P

Local scouring in the downstream of hydraulic structures is one of the important issues in river and hydraulic engineering, which involves a lot of costs every year, so the prediction of the rate of scour is important in hydraulic design. Side weirs are the most important of hydraulic structures that are used in passing flow. This study investigate the scouring due to falling jet from side weir in downstream in side channel numerically. The simulation was done with finite volume method. The comparison of numerical and experimental results of flow fields shows agreement. Results show that from upstream to downstream of side weir located in side channel, scoring is increased and the dimensions of the scour hole in the downstream of the rectangular side weirs increase along it. In fact, at the downstream of the lower edge of side weirs in side channel, scouring has the greatest dimensions; in particular the depth.

This study investigated the formulation mechanism of microspheres via internal surfactant distribution. Eudragit L100 based microspheres loaded with bovine serum albumin were prepared by solid in oil in oil emulsion solvent evaporation method using acetone and liquid paraffin system containing sucrose stearate as a surfactant. The fabricated microspheres were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, production yield, and in vitro release characteristics. The internal structures of microspheres were characterized using synchrotron radiation X-ray microcomputed tomography (SR-µCT). The enhanced contrast made the sucrose stearate distinguished from Eudragit to have its three dimensional (3D) distribution. Results indicated that the content and concentration determined the state of sucrose stearate and had significant influences on the release kinetics of protein. The dispersity of sucrose stearate was the primary factor that controlled the structure of the microspheres and further affected the encapsulation efficiency, effective drug loading, as well as in vitro release behavior. In conclusion, the 3D internal distribution of surfactant in microspheres and its effects on protein release behaviors have been revealed for the first time. The highly resolved 3D architecture provides new evidence for the deep understanding of the microsphere formation mechanism.

The response of true stress to strain rate, temperature and strain is a complex three-dimensional (3D) issue, and the accurate description of such constitutive relationships significantly contributes to the optimum process design. To obtain the true stress–strain data of ultra-high-strength steel, BR1500HS, a series of isothermal hot tensile tests were conducted in a wide temperature range of 973–1,123 K and a strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 on a Gleeble 3800 testing machine. Then the constitutive relationships were modeled by an optimally constructed and well-trained backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). The evaluation of BP-ANN model revealed that it has admirable performance in characterizing and predicting the flow behaviors of BR1500HS. A comparison on improved Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and BP-ANN model shows that the latter has higher accuracy. Consequently, the developed BP-ANN model was used to predict abundant stress–strain data beyond the limited experimental conditions. Then a 3D continuous interaction space for temperature, strain rate, strain and stress was constructed based on these predicted data. The developed 3D continuous interaction space for hot working parameters contributes to fully revealing the intrinsic relationships of BR1500HS steel.

A computational study has been performed to make a computational analysis of natural convection and entropy generation in a sharp edged finned cavity. Three dimensional analysis has been done by solving governing equations with a written computational code in Fortran. The study is performed for fin inclination angles from −60° to 60°, Ra = 105, Pr = 0.7, Rc (conductivities ratio) changes from 0.01 to 100 and irreversibility coefficient is taken as φ=10-5. It is observed that higher values of thermal conductivity ratio (Rc ⩾ 1) do not affect entropy generation due to heat transfer and Bejan number.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and cell density can regulate osteoblast differentiation in two dimensional environments. However, it is not yet known how osteoblast-osteocyte differentiation is regulated within a 3D ECM environment, akin to that existing in vivo. In this study we test the hypothesis that osteocyte differentiation is regulated by a 3D cell environment, ECM stiffness and cell density. We encapsulated MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells at varied cell densities (0.25, 1 and 2 × 106 cells/mL) within microbial transglutaminase (mtgase) gelatin hydrogels of low (0.58 kPa) and high (1.47 kPa) matrix stiffnesses. Cellular morphology was characterised from phalloidin-FITC and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dilactate staining. In particular, the expression of cell dendrites, which are phenotypic of osteocyte differentiation, were identified. Immunofluorescent staining for the osteocytes specific protein DMP-1 was conducted. Biochemical analyses were performed to determine cell number, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralisation at 2.5 hours, 3, 21 and 56 days. We found that osteocyte differentiation and the formation of an interconnected network between dendritic cells was significantly increased within low stiffness 3D matrices, compared to cells within high stiffness matrices, at high cell densities. Moreover we saw that this network was interconnected, expressed DMP-1 and also connected with osteoblast-like cells at the matrix surface. This study shows for the first time the role of the 3D physical nature of the ECM and cell density for regulating osteocyte differentiation and the formation of the osteocyte network in vitro. Future studies could apply this method to develop 3D tissue engineered constructs with an osteocyte network in place.

Many structures often carry lateral loads due to earth pressure, wind, earthquakes, wave action and ship impact. The accurate predictions of the load–displacement response of the pile group as well as the straining actions are needed for a safe and economic design. Most research focused on the behavior of laterally loaded single piles though piles are most frequently used in groups. Soil is modeled as an elastic-perfectly plastic model using the Mohr–Coulomb constitutive model. The three-dimensional Plaxis model is validated using load–displacement results from centrifuge tests of laterally loaded piles embedded in sand. This study utilizes three dimensional finite element modeling to better understand the main parameters that affect the response of laterally loaded pile groups (2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile configurations) including sand relative density, pile spacing (s = 2.5 D, 5 D and 8 D) and pile location within the group. The fixity of the pile head affects its load–displacement under lateral loading. Typically, the pile head may be unrestrained (free) head as the pile head is allowed to rotate, or restrained (fixed) head condition where no pile head rotation is permitted. The analyses were performed for both free and fixed head conditions.

In this paper, we present a new 3-D structure for the InP-based avalanche photodiode, aiming at decreasing the excess noise factor. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time new device designs based on the recently developed 3-D spatial dead space model in 2014 have been proposed. In addition, we also propose a methodology, i.e., the 2-D planar absorption distribution projection technique, for further optimizing the 3-D model. According to our theoretical simulation results, by combining photonic crystal and selective area doping, the effective k values of InP and In0.52Al0.48As can be reduced to as low as ~0.19 and as ~0.13, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimal thickness of the multiplication region is larger than 0.45 μm, which reduces the tunneling effect. The detailed parameter optimization process, including optics, electronics, and material, is comprehensively presented. The examples in this paper also provide a fresh idea for researchers to foretell and design new photodetectors with the 3-D structure.

The numerical simulation of flow around a three dimensional moving body faces different problems in several methods, such as disruption of the structure of the grid, the need for deletion and insertion of nodes, interpolation, and data transfer between different parts of grid. In order to tackle the above-mentioned problems, a new configuration has been developed for meshing domain, which besides providing the body with the capability of rotational and oscillatory motions in large displacements, saves the grid’s primitive quality. In the introduced method, the grid connections are manipulated with the motion of the body, but the general form of the grid is not changed or disrupted. This needs a special form for nodes of the grid, which is explained in this paper. The three dimensional unsteady form of the Euler equations is solved and the properties over each cell faces are evaluated using an averaging method. For time integration of the equations an implicit dual time method is used. It can prove that the volume of all elements is constant in the introduced grid. Therefore, there is no need to calculate elements volume in every time step. Several test cases are solved and the results are compared with experimental or other numerical data.

The aim of this study is to identify topics (knowledge and skills) from the dental curricula that would benefit from having a 3D learning resource using an exploratory sequential design method. The first phase targeted stakeholders from a Scottish dental school. Seven focus groups and three interviews disclosed 97 suitable topics for 3D technology development. These results were used to construct a survey that was sent to final year dental students, newly dental graduates and academics from three Scottish universities. The survey asked participants to rank each item based on the perceived benefit that a 3D learning resource would have for dental education. Results revealed that detailed anatomy of the temporomandibular joint, dental anaesthesiology, dental clinical skills techniques, dental occlusion and mandibular functioning were top priorities. Gender differences only appeared in relation to ‘Extraction techniques: movements and force’ (p < 0.05), this topic was considered to be more beneficial by females than by males. No statistical difference was found when comparing results of graduates with undergraduates. These results serve as a starting point when developing a new 3D technology tool for dental education, considering users demands and perceived needs has the potential to benefit dental students and dental education directly.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe a number of anatomical reference points which can be used to measure mandibular morphology and assess the degree of mandibular symmetry in a group of normal cats. Comparisons were then made between cats to evaluate correlations between morphological measurements and degree of inter-cat variation. This will provide data valuable evaluating and developing techniques for caudal mandibular fracture repair.Methods: Twenty-seven mixed breed cats (26 Domestic Shorthaired and 1 Domestic Longhaired) with no history of head trauma, intact undamaged mandibles, both mandibular fourth premolars and first molars present which had a full skull CT scan were included in this study. Anatomical reference points were defined on maximum intensity projections of multiplanar reconstruction of the mandibles and measurements taken. The ratios between paired right and left measurements, and the ratio of jaw widths at the coronoid process and mandibular foramen were calculated. All analyses were performed using R version 3.3.3 and the multcomp library.Results: None of the right:left ratios were detected as being significantly different from 1 and the coefficient of variation values were all very small showing that when cats deviate from the mean ratio they do so by only a small amount. Measurements analyzed to determine how consistent individual measurements were between cats showed that the most consistent measurement was the lateral ramus inclination angle. The least consistent measurements were ramus height and jaw width at the mental foramen. The correlation between pairs of measurements of the right and left ramus was analyzed and demonstrated a strong correlation between the height, width and length of the ramus.Conclusions: This study has demonstrated a low level of asymmetry between contralateral mandibles in cats, a high level of consistency in the dimensions of mandibles between cats and a strong correlation between the height, width and length of the ramus.