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In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), metabolic rewiring and resistance to standard therapy are closely associated. PDAC cells show enormous requirements for glucose‐derived citrate, the first rate‐limiting metabolite in the synthesis of new lipids. Both the expression and activity of citrate synthase (CS) are extraordinarily upregulated in PDAC. However, no previous relationship between gemcitabine response and citrate metabolism has been documented in pancreatic cancer. Here, we report for the first time that pharmacological doses of vitamin C are capable of exerting an inhibitory action on the activity of CS, reducing glucose‐derived citrate levels. Moreover, ascorbate targets citrate metabolism towards the de novo lipogenesis pathway, impairing fatty acid synthase (FASN) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) expression. Lowered citrate availability was found to be directly associated with diminished proliferation and, remarkably, enhanced gemcitabine response. Moreover, the deregulated citrate‐derived lipogenic pathway correlated with a remarkable decrease in extracellular pH through inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and overall reduced glycolytic metabolism. Modulation of citric acid metabolism in highly chemoresistant pancreatic adenocarcinoma, through molecules such as vitamin C, could be considered as a future clinical option to improve patient response to standard chemotherapy regimens.

Introduction Over the past decade, the growth of accelerated three-year MD (3YMD) programs has flourished. In 2015, with support from the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, the Consortium of Medical Pathway Programs (CAMPP) started with eight North American medical schools. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current state of the 3YMD programs.Material and Methods Since 2015, the CAMPP has tracked new and prospective 3YMD programs. An electronic survey collecting curricular and programmatic information about the programs was disseminated to all members of the CAMPP in August 2023. The survey included elements related to year of initiation, number of graduates, and curricular elements.Results Of the schools with known established three-year MD programs, 29 of 32 programs responded (response rate 90%). There is growth of Accelerated Medical Pathway Programs over time with almost 20% of United States Allopathic Medical Schools having or developing an accelerated program. There have been 817 graduates from these programs from 2013–2023. Most schools include an opportunity for a ‘directed pathway’ experience for students. A directed pathway is where a student completes the MD degree in three-years and then has a direct placement into an affiliated residency program, provided they meet the goals and objectives of the curriculum. Most of the schools report a mission to reduce medical student debt and build a workforce for a specialty, for a population of patients, or geographical distribution.Conclusions Accelerated three-year medical pathway programs have grown significantly over the last decade, consistent with an overall effort to redesign medical curricula, reduce debt and contribute to the workforce.

Synanthropic birds might play an important role as reservoirs of many zoonotic endoparasites; however, little information is available on many parasites and their prevalence. Here, we use an approach based on targeted metagenomic detection through the use of DNA metabarcoding of faecal samples to screen for circulating parasites in alien parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus and Psittacula krameri) and urban landfill-feeding storks (Ciconia ciconia) and gulls (Larus fuscus). We focus especially on potentially zoonotic parasites, with the aim of better understanding the zoonotic risk that these birds’ faeces may pose. We detected a total of 23 genera of eukaryotic parasites: six fungi, three protists, five nematodes, two cestodes and seven trematodes. Among them, six stood out for their relevance to human health: Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. (fungi); Cryptosporidium spp. (a protist); and Ascaris spp. and Halicephalobus spp. (nematodes). In parakeets, we detected Cryptococcus spp. and Ascaris spp., the latter being detected in 10–20% of the samples. In the White Stork and the Lesser Black-backed Gull, we found a high prevalence of Aspergillus spp. (in 15% and 50% of the samples, respectively) and Candida spp. (in 63% and 82% of the samples, respectively), and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in 10% of the samples. We detected Halicephalobus spp. in one gull sample (2%). Our results show that synanthropic birds may act as vectors and reservoirs of zoonotic parasites and their faeces could pose a risk to human health associated with the zoonotic parasites present in them. This should be taken into account when developing management plans for urban populations of these bird species.

El presente trabajo dedicado al estudio de la rentabilidad de marketing con perspectivas de desarrollo empresarial, parte de la necesidad de instrumentar una herramienta de análisis de gestión de inversiones, que potencie la actividad comercial; considerando la premisa de reconocer el carácter estratégico y el enfoque al cliente, para lo cual el conocimiento del entorno juega un papel decisivo en la dinámica de actores, competidores y consumidores. Posteriormente se conducen los autores al estudio de la rentabilidad del proceso, como inversión, tanto en su base operativa como financiera y los instrumentos empleados al efecto y a su vez, a proponer las acciones que en el orden metodológico son pertinentes establecer para la gestión eficiente del Marketing ROI.

Abstract Solar photovoltaic (PV) has become the second renewable energy source, giving rise to potential conflicts with biodiversity conservation. However, the information available about the impacts and mitigation measures of solar PV energy is scarce and scattered, and a rigorous and comprehensive review on the topic is lacking. Here, we review the state of knowledge on its impacts and mitigation measures and identify main knowledge gaps. For that, we reviewed more than 2000 articles, out of which only 180 assessed the impacts of solar PV (N = 138) and/or propose mitigation measures (65). Even though Asia and Europe head the list of regions with the highest PV installed capacity (59% and 22%, respectively), a large portion of the existing knowledge is drawn from North American environmental contexts (48% of the studies), specifically from deserts (41%). Impacts were addressed on plants (26%), arthropods (14%), birds (10%), microorganisms (10%), reptiles (7%), mammals (4%), and bats (1%), but also on abiotic factors (e.g., humidity and temperature; 20%) and ecosystem services (3%). Most studies addressed the impact of PV on habitat alteration at landscape (33%) and microhabitat scale (20%), and on microclimate at microhabitat scale (17%), but other topics have been scarcely addressed (e.g., impact on microclimate at landscape scale or the potential of agrivoltaic systems). Lastly, 53% of the studies employed a single PV facility, and preconstruction situations were rarely reported (8%). There is a strong environmental context bias in the current understanding of PV impacts, which might not be extrapolable to other environmental situations like farmlands, where most of the solar PV capacity is being installed. Moreover, standardized and robust sampling designs are lacking to address cumulative, long‐term, and long‐scale impacts and produce comparable findings across contexts. Given the lack of empirical evidence and the irrepressible development of PV energy, it is advisable to apply an iterative monitoring and adaptive process to guarantee a safe energy transition. This review may provide useful guidance on prioritizing research efforts for a smooth shift to renewable energy.

Abstract Dispersal of individuals and gene flow are crucial aspects to maintain genetic diversity and viability of populations, especially in the case of threatened species. Landscape composition and structure may facilitate or limit individual movement within and among populations. We used a landscape genetics approach to assess the connectivity patterns of the threatened Dupont's lark (Chersophilus duponti subsp. duponti), considering their genetic patterns and the landscape features associated with its gene flow in Spain. We analysed the genetic relatedness based on 11 species‐specific polymorphic microsatellites on 416 Dupont's lark individuals sampled across peninsular Spain between 2017 and 2019, covering most of the European distribution of the species. To assess the relationship between the landscape composition and the species gene flow, we estimated genetic distance at the individual level (Dps). Next, we built a set of environmental surfaces from two time periods (years 1990 and 2018), based on factors such as land use and topography, influencing individuals' movement. We then obtained resistance surfaces from an optimization process on landscape variables. Landscape genetics analyses were done for single and composite surface models for each year separately. Our findings from both time points show that scatter or mosaic‐structured vegetation composed by low agricultural and tree cover and high presence of sclerophyllous shrubs favoured Dupont's lark dispersal, while dense and continuous tree cover, as well as areas of intensive agriculture, were limiting factors. Our results suggest the importance of steppe habitat patches for the species' establishment and dispersal. In addition, our results provide key information to develop conservation measures, including conserving and restoring steppe habitats as scattered and/or mosaic‐structured vegetation that could warrant the connectivity and persistence of Dupont's lark populations.

Non cooperative on-orbit operations, such as rendezvous, docking or berthing operations, have become more relevant, mainly due to the necessity of expanding mission lifetimes, the increase of space debris and the reduction of human dependency. In order to automate these operations, the relative pose calculation between the target and the chaser must be determined autonomously. In recent years, LiDAR sensors have been introduced for this problem, achieving good accuracies. The critical part of this operation is the first relative pose calculation, since there is no previous information about the attitude of the target. In this work, a methodology to carry out this first relative pose calculation using LiDAR sensors is presented. A template matching algorithm has been developed, which uses the 3D model of the target to calculate the relative pose of the target regarding the LiDAR sensor. Three different study cases, with different distances and rotations, have been simulated in order to validate the algorithm, reaching an average error of 0.0383m.

Este trabajo presenta una investigación sobre la situación de los humedales como unidad de planificación y gestión, a partir de un estudio de casos en Argentina. Se basa conceptualmente en el planteo observado en Traba (2020), que es repasado de forma sintética, porque además otorga el marco metodológico al relevamiento realizado. Ese planteo parte de la gobernanza como enfoque para las políticas públicas y los procesos de participación socioinstitucional, aplicado esto a escenarios socioambientales; en este caso, los humedales como unidad territorial-ambiental en el marco de una cuenca. El proceso consistió en un relevamiento de sitios de interés con un formulario web confeccionado con base en los criterios de análisis de esos procesos que emergen del citado trabajo. Los contactos fueron referentes locales ―un nivel de gestión central en estos temas― que estaban a cargo o participaban de espacios o dispositivos institucionales donde se lleva a cabo la gestión de los mismos. Los emergentes detectados terminan de afirmar, por presencia o ausencia, la pertinencia de los factores de “éxito” en esos escenarios, es decir, aquellas condiciones que permiten lograr los objetivos de la sociedad en su conjunto, donde se destaca en particular la importancia de las cuestiones metodológicas para el tratamiento de lo sustantivo en todos los órdenes. Esta situación no es precisamente común, son escenarios ambientales complejos que hoy son eje de preocupación en todos los ámbitos y donde debería jerarquizarse el nivel local de gestión como eje de las acciones en el territorio.

A 13-year-old male was diagnosed with a glenoid fracture following direct shoulder trauma, for which surgical treatment was considered. After referral to a center for pediatric orthopedic care, physical examination, contralateral shoulder X-ray, and detailed computed tomography examination ruled out the presence of fracture; these findings were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Normal ossification patterns in the adolescent shoulder may simulate a fracture in traumatic settings. To accurately diagnose and manage pediatric shoulder pathology, orthopedic surgeons must be aware of the normal anatomy of the growing shoulder, its secondary ossification centers, and growth plates. Level of evidence V.

En esta contribución se formula una hipótesis para dar cuenta del cambio semántico experimentado por adjetivos que designan el concepto pleasant smelling en inglés americano, los cuales se han vuelto cada vez más frecuentes para designar aromas artificiales en detrimento de aromas naturales. Los desarrollos sociales y tecnológicos que tuvieron lugar en la sociedad estadounidense durante la Primera y Segunda Revolución Industrial bien podrían constituir una de las causas subyacentes detrás de dicho cambio semántico. Para comprobar esta hipótesis, se utilizan métodos frecuentes en la investigación sobre la interrelación entre lengua y sociedad. En concreto, primero se recurre a un enfoque basado en diccionarios, cuyos resultados se complementan posteriormente con análisis semánticos distribucionales para así examinar como se conceptualiza una serie de categorías semánticas que podrían reflejar los desarrollos extralingüísticos mencionados anteriormente. Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que el cambio semántico experimentado por los adjetivos del dominio del olfato con toda probabilidad se ha visto influenciado por los desarrollos sociales que tuvieron lugar en los Estados Unidos en el período examinado. Este cambio hacia un mayor grado de artificialidad, por lo tanto, no parece ser una coincidencia, sino el resultado de alguna causa subyacente.

A species' diet is highly dependent on the availability of food resources in space and time, as well as on intrinsic factors such as sex or age. Accurate assessments of variations in the diet composition of bird populations across spatial scales, seasons and demographic groups are essential not only for understanding the basic ecology of species, but also for the conservation of endangered ones. However, our current knowledge about how birds' diet change according to spatio-temporal variations or intrinsic factors is very limited. Here, we used a multi-marker metabarcoding approach to characterize the diet of a declining shrub-steppe passerine, the Dupont's Lark (Chersophilus duponti), throughout a large part of its global distribution range. We also investigated spatial, phenological and sexual variations in its diet. Using markers from two genomic regions (18S and COI), we analyzed fecal samples from 303 adult Dupont's larks from Morocco and Spain during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Overall, arthropods from the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Julida and Orthoptera were the main prey consumed by Dupont's Larks. We found that Dupont's Lark diet varied spatially, as well as temporally, reflecting dietary plasticity in response to changes in prey availability across landscapes and the species' phenological periods. High dietary overlap and no differences between sexes were observed, suggesting similar foraging behavior and nutritional requirements in both sexes. This is the first study providing detailed information on Dupont's Lark food ecology over much of its distribution, which is fundamental for the management and conservation of this declining steppe species.

Food availability plays a key role affecting almost every aspect of bird ecology, including bird population, distribution, reproduction, and behavior. Understanding the functional relationship between prey availability and insectivorous birds’ diet is important in the current scenario of habitat loss and declining of insect and bird populations. We used a fecal metabarcoding approach coupled with prey availability sampling (arthropod abundance and biomass) to test for evidence of selective foraging in a shrub-steppe passerine assemblage over the 2017–2019 breeding seasons in semi-natural steppes of central Spain. The results showed that the six bird species selected specific arthropod taxa. Heteroptera, Orthoptera, Araneae, Lepidoptera and some Coleoptera families were the main selected prey taxa, while Formicidae appeared to be avoided, suggesting that shrub-steppe passerines tend to select prey items providing essential nutrients and energy during the breeding season, while poor quality ones are neglected. Our findings highlight the utility of metabarcoding dietary data to assess prey selection patterns in insectivorous passerines and provide valuable information for the development of conservation and management programs to ensure the long-term availability of crucial food resources for shrub-steppe birds and other insectivores.

Las devoluciones en caliente en Melilla, una ciudad española ubicada en la frontera terrestre entre Europa y Marruecos, en el norte de África, vulneran la normativa europea de protección de derechos humanos al no contemplar la identificación del migrante que salta la valla que separa ambos territorios, lo que impide reclamar esa decisión administrativa. De esta forma se le priva del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva, consagrado en la Constitución Española. Tampoco se le permite solicitar asilo o acceder a servicios de intérprete o asistencia letrada junto a la alambrada, y se le devuelve por la vía de hecho a un país (Marruecos) donde ser migrante irregular es un delito. Se obvia así el principio de no devolución a un lugar que no es seguro y, en la mayoría de los casos, la prohibición de las expulsiones colectivas. Este artículo estudia el marco legal de las devoluciones en caliente, en vísperas de la sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos de febrero de 2020, que exoneró a España de responsabilidad al poner la seguridad de un Estado por encima de los derechos humanos.

In their Comment in @CommsEarth, Manuel Morales and colleagues argue that we must act now to protect green agricultural policies in the EU to ensure food security in the future.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia de las distintas variables de juego en el resultado final de los partidos de hockey sobre patines. Se analizó la influencia de la localización del partido, marcar el primer gol del encuentro, ir ganando al finalizar la primera parte e ir ganando al finalizar la primera parte por más de un gol. Se analizaron un total de 480 partidos de la primera división española (OK Liga) disputados durante las temporadas 2017-2018 y 2018-2019. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que la variable que obtuvo una asociación más fuerte con la victoria fue ganar en la media parte por más de un gol (OR 4.47). Además, las variables ganar en la media parte (OR 3.35), marcar primero (OR 2.05) y localización del partido (OR 1.83) también fueron factores que mostraron una asociación positiva con el resultado final del partido. Los factores identificados pueden ayudar a los entrenadores y jugadores de hockey sobre patines a adaptar mejor sus estrategias y objetivos de entrenamiento antes de cada competición, estableciendo un mejor conocimiento y comprensión del juego

Parental food provisioning is crucial for the growth and survival of offspring. Growth rate depends on food quality and food supplied to offspring may differ from what adults use for their own. In the case of steppe passerine birds, detailed characterization on nestling dietary composition, as well as prey choice and resource partitioning among species, is a pending subject. Dietary differences between nestlings and adults remain also largely unexplored. By using faecal DNA metabarcoding, we described the diet of nestlings and adults of five shrub-steppe passerine species over the 2017–2019 breeding seasons in central Spain. We also monitored arthropod availability in the field to assess dietary selection. We expected interspecific dietary differences to limit competition for food resources among sympatric species, as well as parental selection of high quality prey for nestlings. We also predicted age-related differences, with nestlings being fed nutrient-rich prey more frequently than adults. The main arthropod orders provisioned to nestlings were Orthoptera, Julida, Araneae and Lepidoptera. Nestlings of the different species showed high interspecific diet overlap, indicating both a coincidence in growth needs among bird species and no or little limitation of the most profitable resources during the breeding season. Adults of all species showed higher diet richness than nestlings, and age-related differences in prey composition were mainly driven by the selection of the most easily digestible, larger protein- and calcium-rich prey for nestlings, which may favour their rapid growth, and avoiding highly sclerotized and less nutritional prey such as ants. Our study sheds light on the basic ecology and conservation of these declining steppe birds, indicating that interspecific competition may not be a major factor during the breeding season. Given the current global decline of arthropods, further long-term research would be necessary, along with the implementation of effective conservation measures that ensure a sufficient availability of resources identified as key prey in the diet of steppe bird nestlings.

Interspecific brood or nest parasitism is a relatively common breeding behavior in birds. Through this reproductive tactic, brood-parasites avoid the costs associated with raising and maintaining chicks by laying their eggs in the nests of the host species in which they are specialized. The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) follows this brood parasite strategy. Female cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species, mimicking egg shape, size, and color of the host species. In this paper we report the first documented case of parasitism of tawny pipit nests by the common cuckoo in Spanish steppe habitats, where no record of parasitism on this species has been reported to date.

The Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti) is an endangered passerine typical of Mediterranean shrub-steppes, whose European distribution is restricted to Spain. Here, we update the population size and distribution range of the species at a European scale and evaluate (i) the current status; (ii) the change in population size and distribution range of the species from 2004 to 2009 to the current period (2017–2022); and (iii) the effectiveness of the current network of special protection areas (SPAs) for protecting the Dupont’s lark. The European Dupont’s lark population showed a decrease of 29.9%, declining from ca. 3267 to 2289 territorial males from 2004 to 2009 to the current period. Moreover, the species has suffered a contraction in its distribution range of 35.9%, with only 39.3% of the species’ territories located within the current network of SPAs. Our findings agree with the previously described decline of the Dupont’s lark in Europe. The population decline was even larger in peripheral regions, which suggests that the species is suffering a centripetal process of contraction and extinction. These results indicate that if there is no change in present-day declining forces, several peripheral populations will reach extinction in a few decades and the overall population size of the species will continue decreasing. Our study should be considered as a last call for action and used for implementing urgent conservation measures to protect the species and its habitat. Future studies should focus on analyzing and managing the factors driving the species’ extinction and future actions for the conservation of the species should focus on increasing the percentage of the Dupont’s lark territories within protected areas, since the data are alarmingly low for a species that is facing clear risk of extinction.

Abstract Steppe lands in Europe are critically affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, and hold over 50% of IUCN Red List bird species in Europe. Dupont’s Lark is a threatened steppe-specialist passerine whose European geographic range is restricted to Spain, with less than 2000 pairs and an annual population decline of − 3.9%. Its strongly fragmented habitat leads to a metapopulation structure in the Iberian Peninsula that includes 24 populations and 100 subpopulations. We present an updated Population Viability Analysis based on the latest scientific knowledge regarding distribution, population trends, breeding biology and connectivity. Our results predict metapopulation extinction in 2–3 decades, through a centripetal contraction process from the periphery to the core. The probability of extinction in 20 years was 84.2%, which supports its relisting to Endangered in Spain following IUCN criteria. We carried out a sensitivity analysis showing that some parameters, especially productivity and survival of adults and juveniles, help to increase metapopulation viability. Simulation of management scenarios showed that habitat restoration in a subset of key subpopulations had a positive effect on the overall metapopulation persistence. Translocations of a limited number of individuals from source to recipient locations may help to rescue the most endangered subpopulations without reducing the global time to extinction of the metapopulation. In addition, we identified the most critical areas for action, where local populations of the species are prone to extinction. This work suggests that the viability of the Dupont’s Lark metapopulation could be improved and its risk of extinction reduced if urgent and localized conservation measures are applied. In the short-term, habitat loss and fragmentation due to ploughing, reforestation and infrastructures implementation in Dupont’s Lark habitat must be avoided. Habitat restoration and translocations could help to avoid imminent extinction of critical subpopulations. Restoration of extensive grazing is recommended as the most effective way to achieve the long-term conservation of Dupont’s Lark in Spain.

In human-wildlife conflicts, it is crucial to develop accurate protocols for the reliable verification of the causative species and its relationship with potential damage claims. One of such conflicts is that occurring between apiarists and bee-eaters. In this work, we aim to assess the utility of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) as an efficient methodology to measure European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) predation pressure at beehives and its impact on honeybees foraging activity. Using Autonomous Recording Units (ARUs) in apiaries, coupled to automated recognition methods for bee-eater calls identification, we found a positive relationship between Vocal Activity Rate (VAR) index and number of bee-eaters hunting attempts on honeybees. We also found that VAR varied over time, showing a lower predation pressure during midday hours and higher during the post-breeding migratory period. Honeybees flying activity was negatively associated with VAR and this relationship was conditioned by the hour of the day. Our study offers a new application of PAM and acoustic derived indices for the evaluation of potential damages caused by wildlife. We focused on the interaction between honeybees and the European bee-eater, but we expect PAM might be useful also to remotely monitor impacts to human activities produced by other vocally active species.

Time of day influences immune responses and lethality in response to LPS, with survival greatest at the beginning compared to the end of the light cycle. Here the authors show that feeding, rather than light, controls time-of-day dependent LPS sensitivity through the liver clock and hepatic FXR signalling.

Introduction Evidence supports an ultrasound-guided approach in patients with difficult vascular access. Prior research on teaching ultrasound-guided intravenous access has included only small groups of first- and second-year medical students. Methods We enrolled fourth-year medical students in our teaching module. The module featured a 6-minute prelearning narrated lecture and 5-minute orientation, followed by ultrasound-guided IV placement on homemade gel models. Facilitators were emergency medicine (EM) residents with a prespecified level of procedural ultrasound skills according to EM milestones. Students completed pre- and postmodule surveys. Facilitators completed the Directly Observed Procedural Skills Evaluation. Primary outcomes included global rating, proficiency on six procedural skills, and perceived learning. Results Our module was completed by 150 fourth-year medical students (94% of the class); 84% cannulated the vein in one attempt. We used a global rating scale to describe the students' cannulation abilities; 59% were trusted to perform this procedure with direct supervision and coaching, 29% with indirect supervision, and 8% without supervision. There was no association between a student's order of attempting IV access within the group and global rating (p = .41). Students reported increased understanding of indications, antecubital anatomy, sonographic anatomy, and procedural comfort (12%, 29%, 38%, and 65% improvement pre- vs. postmodule, respectively; p < .001). Discussion Our module enabled more than one-third of fourth-year medical students to achieve an indirect supervision or better level of proficiency in ultrasound-guided IV access, with significant improvements in perceived knowledge. This module may be useful for other educators facilitating the transition to residency.

Iberian natural steppes have traditionally been used for extensive sheep grazing, which has been noted to be positively associated with steppe bird abundance and diversity. Sheep numbers in Spain, which harbors the largest European populations of many steppe bird species, decreased by 9.2 million (37.3%) between 1992 and 2020. Steppe birds in Spain have faced dramatic declines during the same period, but there is a lack of knowledge about the potential association between sheep and open-habitat bird declines. We used sheep data from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and bird data (1998–2018) from the Spanish Common Bird Monitoring Program to assess the association at the Spanish scale between sheep decline and the Farmland Bird Index (FBI) and the Natural Shrub-steppe Bird Index (SBI). We also used an independent dataset on population trends of the Dupont’s Lark (Chersophilus duponti) to assess the relationship between sheep numbers and the decline of this threatened steppe specialist passerine in Spain, whose European population is restricted to Iberian natural steppes. To test for a spurious relationship between temporal series, variables were tested for cointegration. After confirming cointegration, we found a strong positive relationship between sheep abundance and the trends of the FBI and SBI indices during the period 1998–2018. The association between sheep abundance and trends of the Dupont’s Lark (2004–2015) was positive although it was not statistically significant. Although the main causes of decline of farmland and steppe birds are mainly related to agricultural intensification and land use changes, the correlation found, using two independent cointegrated datasets, between the reduction in farmland and shrub-steppe birds and sheep numbers at the country scale suggests that the decline of steppe birds in Spain may be also associated with the decline in sheep numbers. This agrees with previous studies that found a positive relationship between intermediate levels of sheep grazing and steppe bird abundance in Iberian steppes. Further research (e.g. experimental studies) is needed to corroborate our study and identify the most appropriate level of grazing intensity for protecting the most farmland and shrub-steppe birds. Our results suggest that the promotion of extensive grazing should be considered as a key factor in future Common Agricultural Policy reforms and conservation programmes to protect steppe birds.

Introduction As social determinants of health and implicit bias are recognized as critical components of medical education, there is a need for novel approaches beyond didactics. We developed a small-group budgeting exercise to simulate the impact of poverty. Pediatrics exemplifies the effects of poverty on the family. This exercise allowed students to recognize the effects of food insecurities on health and reflect on biases regarding patients living in poverty. Methods The virtual interactive budgeting exercise (1.5–2 hours) introduced third-year pediatric clerkship students to the challenges faced by a single parent living in poverty, requiring them to make choices on which budget items were most important. Students attempted to balance budgets within small breakout groups, followed by a group reflection on biases encountered. A faculty facilitator then debriefed with the larger group. Results Within the first four rotations of the 2020–2021 academic year, 75 students completed the budgeting exercise and reflection, with 61 students completing the postexercise survey evaluation. Between 94% and 98% rated the objectives as met to a moderate, considerable, or very high degree. In addition, 98% of students noted the group discussion heightened their awareness regarding biases, and 95% agreed or strongly agreed the activity was conducted virtually without difficulty. Discussion This simulated budgeting exercise provides a well-rounded experience for medical students, that can be administered at either the preclerkship or clerkship level, at a minimal cost, with interactive engagement of students in a virtual environment and reflection on biases within a group context.

Monitoring temporal dynamics in genetic diversity is of great importance for conservation, especially for threatened species that are suffering a rapid population decline and increased fragmentation. Here, we investigate temporal variation in genetic diversity, structure, and gene flow in the Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti) across most of its range. This species shows increasing levels of population fragmentation, substantial population declines, and severe range contraction, so temporal losses of genetic diversity, increasing differentiation, and decreasing gene flow are expected when comparing present day data with previous situations. To address this, we resampled sites (nine regions in two countries) after 12–15 years (five-to-seven generations) and assessed changes in genetic parameters using 11 microsatellite markers. We found no substantial loss in genetic diversity over time at the species level, but we detected considerable variation among regions in the amount of allelic diversity and heterozygosity lost over time. Temporal variation in allele frequencies (common, rare, and private alleles), and changes in genetic differentiation and gene flow over time suggest a major role of connectivity for the stability of the overall metapopulation. Our results agree with the hypothesis that connectivity rescues genetic diversity via immigration and gene flow. However, evidence of recent genetic bottleneck and the substantial changes detected in some regions are clear signs of genetic erosion and may be signalling a rapid decline of the populations. Urgent actions must be carried out to stop and reverse human impacts on this threatened lark and its habitat.

Background Dupont’s Lark is an endangered bird, whose fragmented distribution in Europe is entirely restricted to Spain. This lark, suffering pronounced population decline and range contraction, inhabits steppes that have long been used for grazing sheep and are now threatened by rural abandonment and land use changes. Thus, for conservation of the lark, increasing knowledge about the connectivity of the Spanish metapopulation and identifying the most important connectivity nodes are crucial. Methods The study was carried out in Spain, using over 16,000 Dupont’s Lark georeferenced observations. We used distance buffers to define populations and subpopulations, based on the available scientific information. We identified potential stepping stones using a MaxEnt probability of presence model. Connectivity was assessed using Conefor software, using the centroid of each subpopulation and stepping stone as nodes. Each node was assigned a quantitative attribute based on total habitat area, within-node habitat quality and internal fragmentation. We evaluated different connectivity scenarios by potential movement thresholds (5–20–100 km) and presence or absence of stepping stones in the network. Results Dupont’s Lark Iberian metapopulation comprises 24 populations and 100 subpopulations, plus 294 potential stepping stones. Movement thresholds and stepping stones had a strong influence in the potential network connectivity. The most important nodes are located in the core of the metapopulation, which shows connectivity among subpopulations in the different indices and scenarios evaluated. Peripheral populations are more isolated and require stepping stones or medium (20 km) or long (100 km) potential movement thresholds to join the network. Discussion Metapopulation connectivity may be greater than expected, thanks to stepping stones and potential medium-distance movements. Connectivity is crucial for conservation and can be increased by preserving or improving adequate habitat in the most important nodes. Given the current species decline, steppe habitat should be urgently protected from land use changes and agriculture intensification, at least in the critical subpopulations and stepping stones. Long-term conservation of steppe lands and Dupont’s Lark in Spain requires the recovery of traditional grazing and more research on juvenile dispersion. Meanwhile, the conservation of potentially critical stepping stones should be incorporated to management plans.

The performance of the Physical Culture professional in the base link in Cuba requires a solid interdisciplinary formation that the university as a training entity must propitiate; however, the desired levels are not reached in this aspect. In view of this affirmation, the objective of this research is to propose integrative teaching tasks to favor interdisciplinarity in the process of formation of the Bachelor in Physical Culture, from the subject Theory and Methodology of Physical Education, which is of great importance as an appropriate way to conduct the formation with an interdisciplinary character in the University of Sciences of Physical Culture and Sport "Manuel Fajardo". For this purpose, the following methods were used: synthetic analytic, deductive inductive, documentary analysis. The results were evaluated through the statistical packages SPSS v. 20 and Epidat v. 4.2, and Wilcoxon's nonparametric docima, which allowed the elaboration of twenty integrative teaching tasks, which were validated as a result of the criteria of thirty experts and constitute an alternative solution to the problem revealed in the research. It was corroborated through a pre-pedagogical experiment carried out in the third year of the 2017-2018 academic year.

Las experiencias colectivas proponen un camino para la investigación en la que se pueden conjugar el quehacer científico con el saber local construyendo nuevos canales para el diálogo. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un relevamiento arqueológico procesado en un Sistema de Información Geográfica, en el que se evalúa el impacto provocado por el avance del neo-extractivismo productivo y turístico en la cuenca del río Cachi (Provincia de Salta, Argentina). A partir del registro se observa la modificación de los espacios productivos y habitacionales, constatado en el surgimiento de nuevos hoteles y el desarrollo del monocultivo de la vid; factores que impactaron de manera directa sobre la conservación de los sitios arqueológicos del área. Este proceso socio-económico implica la construcción del paisaje como un espacio en disputa, que involucra a los sitios arqueológicos reconocidos desde la mirada local como antigales. Las tareas de investigación aquí presentadas estuvieron signadas por el diálogo con las comunidades de pueblos originarios que reclaman sus territorios y forman parte de una gestión conjunta del patrimonio arqueológico. Esto llevó a construir prácticas colectivas que interpelan la labor arqueológica y que nos permiten comprender el estado de situación patrimonial actual, enmarcado en el conflicto por el acceso a los recursos.

Constitutive activity of the immune surveillance system detects and kills cancerous cells, although many cancers have developed strategies to avoid detection and to resist their destruction. Cancer immunotherapy entails the manipulation of components of the endogenous immune system as targeted approaches to control and destroy cancer cells. Since one of the major limitations for the antitumor activity of immune cells is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), boosting the immune system to overcome the inhibition provided by the TME is a critical component of oncotherapeutics. In this article, we discuss the main effects of the TME on the metabolism and function of immune cells, and review emerging strategies to potentiate immune cell metabolism to promote antitumor effects either as monotherapeutics or in combination with conventional chemotherapy to optimize cancer management.

Debido a que no se dispone de un procesamiento automático de las señales electromiográficas de superficie de múltiples canales, se desarrolló un software de procesamiento de dichas señales y se aplicaron criterios de experticia automáticos para la interpretación de la electromiografía cuantitativa, que consta de algoritmos para caracterizar el estudio del temblor y trastornos del movimiento. El sistema determina, para el estado de reposo, la frecuencia y amplitud de la actividad contráctil, la sincronización del patrón del temblor y en dependencia de este la presencia del patrón alternante y se caracterizan cuantitativamente las salvas (trenes) de actividad electromiográfica. Para los estados de contracción voluntaria se estimaron parámetros de inhibición recíproca y coactivación entre pares de músculos agonistas y/o antagonistas. Se realizó un proceso de validación utilizando una muestra de registros obtenidos en sujetos sanos y enfermos (síndromes parkinsonianos, enfermedad de Parkinson, temblor y distonías). Palabras clave: métodos electromiográficos; software médico; trastornos del movimiento. Abstract Due to the lack of automatic processing of multi-channel surface electromyographic signals, software for processing these signals was developed and automatic criteria of expertise were applied for the interpretation of quantitative electromyography, which consists of algorithms for characterize the study of tremor and movement disorders. The system determined, for the resting state, the frequency and amplitude of the contractile activity, the timing of the tremor pattern and, depending on this, the presence of the alternating pattern, and the electromyographic activity bursts (trains) were quantitatively characterized. For the states of voluntary contraction, reciprocal inhibition and coactivation parameters were estimated between pairs of agonist and / or antagonist muscles. A validation process was carried out using a sample of records obtained in healthy and sick subjects (parkinsonian syndromes, Parkinson's disease, tremor and dystonias). Key words: electromyography methods; medical software; movement disorders.

Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation are one of the major current threats to biodiversity. The main source of habitat fragmentation is the loss of focal habitat area, but changes in the composition of the surrounding landscape also have a direct effect on biodiversity. These changes may lead to the loss of some species but also may favor species replacement. Farmland birds in Europe are affected by landscape changes due to farmland intensification, such as the spread of irrigation, which may occur at different spatial scales. As irrigation is expected to increase in the coming years, which may affect protected areas, it is necessary to evaluate its potential consequences over focal biodiversity. In this study we assess the relationship between the increase of irrigated land at different spatial scales and changes in a dry cereal farmland bird community, bird abundance and species richness, using generalized linear models. We used a dry cereal farmland affinity index to describe the level of community specificity for dry cereal farmland. The increase in irrigated tree orchards produced an increase in species richness up to 500 m away from the irrigated area, which had a negative effect on the dry cereal farmland bird community, by triggering a replacement of specialist by generalist species. Our results show the importance of landscape-scale effects of irrigation occurring outside protected areas on the farmland bird community inside Natura 2000 sites, as well as how these effects are detected even at long distances from the disturbance source.

Changes in medical student learning preferences help drive innovation in teaching and require schools and commercial resources to quickly adapt. However, few studies have detailed the relationship of learner preferences to the environment and teaching modalities used in the pre-clerkship years, nor do they incorporate third-party resources. Our study attempts to analyze learner preferences by comparing the use of traditional and third-party resources. In 2017–18, a survey was distributed to medical students and residents at two accredited medical schools. Participants noted preferred styles of learning regarding lecture duration, timing, location, format, third-party resources, learner types and USMLE Step 1 scores. The ‘Learning Environment, Learning Processes, and Learning Outcomes’ (LEPO) framework [5] was used to examine learner preferences, with responses compared using the Mann-Whitney U and two proportion z-tests. A total of 329 respondents completed the survey: 62.7% medical students and 37.3% residents. The majority of participants identified their learning style by Kolb [6] as converging (33.0%) or accommodating (39.2%). Students preferred lectures 30–40 minutes long (43.3%), during morning hours (54.2%), in their own homes (52.0%), via online lectures with simultaneous drawings (56.0%), and classroom/podcast lectures with PowerPoint® presentations (54.3%). Overall, students rated third-party resource characteristics higher than traditional curricula, including effectiveness of teachers, length, quality, time of day, and venue (p

Fundamento: el carácter preventivo del sistema de salud cubano, como principio para su desarrollo, orienta la formación de un médico que responda consecuentemente a los problemas de salud de la población; de ahí que la educación médica los prepara para aplicar los últimos descubrimientos científicos en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades. Objetivo: valorar la contribución de una estrategia de diagnóstico educativo-terapéutico dirigido a la prevención de complicaciones vasculares que produce la hipertensión arterial. Métodos: se realizó una investigación pedagógica en el Policlínico Universitario “José Martí Pérez” de Santiago de Cuba durante 2019. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, sistémico-estructural, holístico-dialéctico, hermenéutico-dialéctico e inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: encuestas, análisis documental, taller de socialización con especialistas, y técnicas educativas; estadísticos: técnicas descriptivas y análisis porcentual. Resultados: se aplicó una estrategia constituida por acciones de intervención educativo-terapéutica concretada en un proyecto de diagnóstico educativo de salud, la cual permitió incrementar el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes hipertensos sobre su enfermedad; finalizada su aplicación se comprobó que no desarrollaron complicaciones vasculares lo que generó mayor compromiso con su salud. Conclusiones: los especialistas valoraron como adecuados el carácter científico profesional de la estrategia y su pertinencia. Su implementación contribuyó a la educación de los pacientes como un aporte de la educación médica en el nivel de atención primaria de salud.

El presente artículo tuvo su motivación en la Parroquia Vilcabamba, donde se escogieron 11 adolescentes con discapacidad en las extremidades inferiores; 4 femeninas y 7 masculinos, quienes fueron la muestra para la implementación de la guía de ejercicios de baloncesto adaptada para adolescentes en sillas de rueda. La investigación tuvo como objetivo general implementar una guía de ejercicios para permitirles la práctica de la actividad física e integración social además de inclusión que esto implica en el ámbito deportivo, de tal manera que estos jóvenes se sientan actores activos y participativos de una sociedad que se mantiene en constante movimiento, así como la oportunidad de cultivar un deporte que les permita fortalecer su espíritu como personas y ciudadanos que contribuyan al desarrollo constante de su ciudad.

We conducted an observational study from January 2016 through January 2017 of patients admitted to a reference pediatric hospital in Madrid, Spain, for neurologic symptoms and enterovirus infection. Among the 30 patients, the most common signs and symptoms were fever, lethargy, myoclonic jerks, and ataxia. Real-time PCR detected enterovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of 8 patients, nasopharyngeal aspirate in 17, and anal swab samples of 5. The enterovirus was genotyped for 25 of 30 patients; enterovirus A71 was the most common serotype (21/25) and the only serotype detected in patients with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Treatment was intravenous immunoglobulins for 21 patients and corticosteroids for 17. Admission to the pediatric intensive care unit was required for 14 patients. All patients survived. At admission, among patients with the most severe disease, leukocytes were elevated. For children with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, clinicians should look for enterovirus and not limit testing to cerebrospinal fluid.

El siguiente artículo se refiere a la investigación realizada a pacientes diagnosticados con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC). Estos, pertenecen al consultorio c-29 de la zona 6 Alamar, Habana del Este, La Habana, Cuba desde octubre de 2014 a marzo de 2015. En este sentido, la muestra incluye 8 pacientes, 4 femeninos y 4 masculinos. De manera que, se le aplicaron ejercicios físicos respiratorios en el hogar durante 5 meses. Al respecto, los pacientes investigados presentan una calidad de vida muy deteriorada, inactividad constante y no pueden asistir al policlínico del área a recibir el tratamiento por la lejanía. Por ello, la investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia de los ejercicios físicos y respiratorios aplicados en el hospital a los pacientes con EPOC. De ahí que, esta es un estudio de casos, longitudinal, cuantitativo y cualitativo de tipo experimental, retrospectivo-prospectivo. Lo anterior, permitió medir la calidad de vida en los pacientes estudiados a partir de la aplicación del cuestionario SF-36. Asimismo, los métodos de investigación fueron la medición y el experimento. Además, se utilizó el software SPSSV.11.5 para procesar los datos mediante el método descriptivo media.

Background: quality of record of electronystagmography during the studies of the vestibular system depends on the proper selection and placement of the electrodes, which are usually located at specific points in the eye socket to allow the collection of the variation of electric potential generated between the cornea and the retina caused by the jerking of the induced or natural nystagmus. Objective: to present the experimental results that demonstrate this influence by quantifying the effect on the records. Development: it was used the technique of visual stimulation with moving target at different frequencies of movement, and the records were made under the lighting conditions established in the published standard for electrooculography, using a two-channel amplifier with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz. The results obtained reflect the change in the tensions in the records according to the electrode placement zone, there being an optimal zone for the adequate record of electronystagmography. Conclusions: the affectation by zones in the records in the temporal domain and the frequency was demonstrated, and its influence in the generation of errors in the topographic diagnosis of diseases that affect the Vestibular System. DeCS:ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY/methods; ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED; VESTIBULAR DISEASES; EYE MOVEMENTS; PHOTIC STIMULATION.

Las pruebas rotatorias han sido utilizadas durante más de un siglo para el estudio de la función vestibular por ser un estímulo fisiológico controlado muy efectivo sobre el laberinto posterior, habitualmente son los conductos semicirculares horizontales los que se exploran, pues se afectan con más frecuencia y son más fáciles de estudiar, sin embargo en ocasiones son los verticales los lesionados y por tanto deben emplearse otras alternativas para llegar a un diagnóstico certero. Se presenta un caso donde se evalúa la función fisiológica de los conductos semicirculares verticales a través de la electronistagmografía con estimulación rotatoria, empleando la técnica de estimulación tiempo-velocidad, con fases sucesivas de aceleración, velocidad constante, desaceleración y parada brusca, con una silla rotatoria computarizada, acoplada a un electronistagmógrafo. Se obtuvo arreflexia del canal vertical anterior derecho. A velocidades inferiores a 1 Hz es posible evaluar el reflejo vestíbulo ocular en los conductos semicirculares verticales, a pesar de que la frecuencia del estímulo está por debajo del nivel en que este reflejo funciona en las actividades diarias.

RESUMEN Introducción: la salud bucal es parte integrante de la salud en general. La gestación ha estado rodeada de una serie de tabúes y creencias alrededor de la salud bucal de la embarazada que se han transmitido generación tras generación. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la higiene bucal en las gestantes de Corralillo, antes de la intervención y después de aplicada la misma. Método: se realizó una intervención educativa para elevar el nivel de conocimientos, modificar actitudes y hábitos sobre la higiene bucal en gestantes de Corralillo, del municipio de Guisa en el año 2016. El universo estuvo compuesto por el total de 40 gestantes que presentaron algún factor de riesgo. Resultados: antes de la intervención 62,5 % tenían nivel de conocimientos en la categoría de mal. En las necesidades de aprendizaje, 92,5 % correspondió a respuestas incorrectas en la pregunta 2 y 90 % relacionada con las causas que causan el sangrado de encías. En cuanto a la higiene bucal, antes de la intervención en el 85 % era deficiente. Conclusiones: se alcanzó un incremento significativo del nivel de conocimientos de las gestantes después de la intervención desarrollaron sus conocimientos, se incrementó la efectividad de la estrategia propuesta, así como la percepción del riesgo, lo que favoreció un comportamiento adecuado ante la prevención de la enfermedad. ABSTRACT Introduction: oral health is an integral part of overall health. Gestation has been surrounded by a series of taboos and beliefs around the oral health of the pregnant woman that have been passed on generation after generation. Objective: to determine the level of knowledge about oral hygiene in pregnant women of Corralillo, before and after the intervention. Method: an educational intervention was carried out to raise the level of knowledge, to modify attitudes and habits about oral hygiene in pregnant women in Corralillo, Guisa municipality, in 2016. The universe was composed of a total of 40 pregnant women who presented some factor risky. Results: before the intervention 62.5 % had level of knowledge in the category of mal. In the learning needs, 92.5 % corresponded to incorrect answers in question 2 and 90 % related to the causes that cause bleeding gums. Regarding oral hygiene, before the intervention in 85 % was deficient. Conclusions: a significant increase in the level of knowledge of pregnant women after the intervention developed their knowledge, increased the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, as well as the perception of risk, which favored an adequate behavior in the prevention of the disease.

Introducción: La exploración del sistema vestibular exige una evaluación precisa, sistemática y completa de la respuesta vestíbulo-ocular, durante la detección de enfermedades asociadas con la pérdida del equilibrio espacial. Hoy en día, los sistemas solo analizan secciones definidas subjetivamente por especialistas clínicos en los registros del nistagmo, y se calculan parámetros en el dominio del tiempo, que a menudo se ven afectados por las interferencias y el ruido en el sistema de exploración durante las pruebas vestibulares. Objetivo: Presentar un nuevo sistema para la exploración y caracterización del nistagmo obtenido mediante electronistagmografía. Métodos: Los registros fueron adquiridos a partir de pruebas rotatorias en una muestra de 49 sujetos, se introdujo el análisis espectro temporal del nistagmo inducido, que permitió definir la zona de mayor interés clínico para el análisis durante las pruebas. Resultados: Se obtuvo un nuevo indicador espectro temporal, detector de enfermedades vestibulares, basado en la comparación del comportamiento del análisis espectral del nistagmo en la sección central de fases de velocidad constante y desaceleración de los registros clínicos. Se obtuvo una buena sensibilidad (90,32 %) y una buena especificidad (88,89 %) del nuevo indicador, relacionado con la determinación de personas enfermas en uno o ambos laberintos. Conclusiones: El método presentado para el análisis de los registros y el nuevo indicador definido como resultado de la investigación, presentaron mayor capacidad diagnóstica que el habitual análisis cuantitativo de parámetros temporales. Los resultados obtenidos, permiten que este sistema pueda ser probado en estudios posteriores.

Cue counting is a method developed for estimating vocally active wildlife density by dividing the density of cues (number of cues per unit area surveyed per unit time) by the average cue rate (ACR) at which individuals vocalize. It has been used successfully to estimate whale density using passive acoustic monitoring, but its efficacy has had limited testing in birds. We tested whether cue counting can be used to infer bird abundance using autonomous recording units and estimated the minimum effort required to obtain a reliable cue rate at individual and population levels. We recorded Dupont's Lark (Chersophilus duponti) vocalizations at 31 sites where traditional field censuses were also performed. We estimated the ACR using three methodologies: directional recordings, recordings from an online database of bird sounds (xeno-canto), and behavioral field studies. The ACRs estimated using directional recordings and behavioral field studies were similar, and bird numbers were over and underestimated by 0.8 and 10%, respectively (74-77% of the sampling sites were well estimated). However, the ACR estimated using xeno-canto recordings was much higher than those estimated using the other two methods, and bird numbers were underestimated by 41%. We also performed a cost-effectiveness assessment of the number of individuals and recording durations needed to optimize the estimation of a reliable ACR. We found that ACR estimates were more efficient if long (25 min) recordings were used when < 4 males were recorded, whereas 5-min recordings were more efficient for ≥ 20 males. We conclude that cue counting can be useful to infer bird density around recorders but requires an accurate measure of the ACR. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of passive cue counting on a large number of species and under different circumstances.

In this work, we analyse factors explaining the distribution and range regression of Dupont's lark in Spain, the only European country in which this threatened alaudid is present. Dupont's lark is an extremely elusive and scarce species, distributed across a reduced and strongly fragmented range, showing a metapopulational structure with unknown dispersive and connective mechanisms. We used maximum entropy modelling (Maxent) on nearly 15,000 Dupont's lark observations (1985-2015) to assess the probability of presence at a 1 km resolution across its European range. Moreover, we tested the probability of extinction by comparing pre- and post-2000 observations by means of a GLM over a subset of cells with presence-absence data. We obtained strong model fitting (AUC = 0.919), in which species occurrence was explained by low values of plant productivity (NDVI), climate (high temperature range and medium annual precipitation), land use (increasing with sclerophyllous scrubland), flat topography and human disturbance (associated with low human population density). The species also tolerates dry farming, but not other farm types or forest cover. The probability map identified two main regions known as the species' core areas: the steppes of the Iberian System and the Ebro Valley. The North Plateau is characterised by a dispersed structure of small and very fragmented patches of suitable habitat, while a succession of discontinuous probability patches form an Eastern Corridor connecting the central core areas to the southernmost populations. Finally, the model identified small and isolated patches of high probability of presence along the eastern coastline. The species tends to occur in the best available areas but, at the same time, the model revealed a large area of suitable but unoccupied habitat. Our results correct the previous estimation of occupation area from 1,480 to 1,010.78 km2, a reduction of 26.22%. The current distribution of Dupont's lark is almost completely covered by Important Bird Areas (IBAs), highlighting their importance for bird conservation, but only 44.89% is included in Natura 2000 Special Protection Areas (SPAs). A comparison of pre- and post-2000 periods revealed a range contraction of 44%. Probability of extinction increased with higher temperature range and lower annual precipitation, and with decreases in population density, which suggests that this species is extremely vulnerable to both climate change and rural abandonment, due to its dependence on traditional grazing. These results suggest the need for a re-evaluation of the conservation status of Dupont's lark in Spain. They urge the preservation of not only current extant populations, but also the unoccupied suitable areas that could be critical for metapopulation structure, and the development of policies addressing the preservation of traditional grazing.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211549.].

La exclusión se suele estudiar como fenómeno amplio, olvidando las realidades concretas, las historias de vida asociadas y la negación que en sí misma supone. Del mismo modo, los programas de intervención social parten de esta visión amplia pero sí que actúan desde lo específico, generando una fractura que sólo ofrece soluciones parciales. En el presente artículo el autor analiza el concepto del Otro como posibilidad para abrir nuevos caminos de análisis e intervención en realidades de exclusión, buscando así superar visiones cuantitativas y económicas, ligadas a respuestas exclusivamente inclusivas a nivel material. Esto lo hace, especialmente, observando la dificultad subyacente en estos tiempos de crisis mercantiles donde las políticas y los presupuestos se olvidan de las personas excluidas, y proponiendo una nueva visión de una intervención social reconciliadora, y no sólo inclusiva, en la cual es preciso que algunos valores revisados desde su raíz, como por ejemplo la responsabilidad y solidaridad, adquieran un papel protagonista. Abstract: Exclusion should be studied extensively as a phenomenon that disregards concrete reality, the histories of lives within that reality and which itself excludes the exclusion. In the same way, social intervention programs part with this extensive vision but actually act from specifics, generating a break from the exclusion which gives but a partial solution. In this present article the author analyses the concept of the Other as a possibility of opening new practices of analyzing and intervention in the different realities of exclusion; researching and achieving a quantitative and economic vision tied exclusively to inclusive answers on a concrete level. This concept results, especially when observing the difficulties underlying the current economic crisis in which politics and budgets forget the excluded, in proposing a new vision of a social and reconciliatory intervention, not only inclusive, in which it is important that some values revised at their root level such as responsibility and solidarity acquire a protagonist role.

La intervención social contemporánea en estos tiempos de crisis económica se encuentra en una encrucijada. Se derrumban todos los esquemas materialistas que imperaban en la misma, dependiente de los recursos económicos que se le destinaban, y es preciso que los profesionales nos interpelemos mutuamente a pensar nuevas claves, más humanas, que nos permitan replantear nuestras prácticas desde las relaciones personales que establecemos, valorando las mismas como el recurso más importante. En este artículo pretendemos aportar una re$exión personal, que nace desde la experiencia de la casa de Acogida para niños y niñas de la calle, Oikía, en Bolivia, acerca de algunas de estas claves. El encuentro y la reconciliación con el Otro son el eje central de dicha re$exión, que abrimos a la práctica. Abstract: Contemporary social intervention, in these times of economic crisis, is at a crossroads. All the materialistic blueprints that once governed these are now destroyed, dependent on the economic resources to which they were destined and because of this, it is essential that we professionals interpellate (question) each other to think of new and more humane keys which will allow us to plant anew our practices from the point of view of establishing personal relationships while continuing to value these as the most important resource. Concerning some of these keys, in this article we pretend to contribute personal re$ections born from experiences at Oikía, a shelter for the street children in Bolivia. The encounter and reconciliation with the Other are central to this concept of said re$ection and allow us to open up to the practice.