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Particleboards, which are widely used in various fields, are commonly coated with solid and liquid surface coating materials to achieve better physical, mechanical, and aesthetic results. This study produced low-density particleboards from waste wood bark using different adhesive mixtures and densities. These particleboards were then coated with three types of varnish: water-based (Aq), polyurethane-based (Pu), and oil/wax-based (Ow). The color, gloss, and surface roughness values of the coated boards were determined to investigate the effect of varnish type, total adhesive usage, and density on these properties. In the board groups produced with the same glue ratio and density, the roughness values obtained with Ow varnish application were mostly higher compared to Aq and Pu. In the Ow varnish type, the roughness (Rmax) decreased linearly with increasing total adhesive amount in particleboards produced at low density (320 kg/m3). The highest color change (ΔE*) values for all variations were obtained in the Ow varnish type, while the highest gloss values were achieved at 85° and in the B2 (4%-420 kg/m3) board group. It was concluded that higher density should be preferred for smoother and glossier surfaces, which are important in terms of surface properties and aesthetics. Overall, these findings highlight the preference for higher density to achieve smoother and glossier surfaces in areas where surface properties and aesthetics are significant.

Particleboards, which are widely used in various fields, are commonly coated with solid and liquid surface coating materials to achieve better physical, mechanical, and aesthetic results. This study produced low-density particleboards from waste wood bark using different adhesive mixtures and densities. These particleboards were then coated with three types of varnish: water-based (Aq), polyurethane-based (Pu), and oil/wax-based (Ow). The color, gloss, and surface roughness values of the coated boards were determined to investigate the effect of varnish type, total adhesive usage, and density on these properties. In the board groups produced with the same glue ratio and density, the roughness values obtained with Ow varnish application were mostly higher compared to Aq and Pu. In the Ow varnish type, the roughness (Rmax) decreased linearly with increasing total adhesive amount in particleboards produced at low density (320 kg/m3). The highest color change (ΔE*) values for all variations were obtained in the Ow varnish type, while the highest gloss values were achieved at 85° and in the B2 (4%-420 kg/m3) board group. It was concluded that higher density should be preferred for smoother and glossier surfaces, which are important in terms of surface properties and aesthetics. Overall, these findings highlight the preference for higher density to achieve smoother and glossier surfaces in areas where surface properties and aesthetics are significant.

El uso y comportamiento de unidades fraseológicas plantea, a menudo, una serie de dificultades en el aula de ELE debido a las manipulaciones creativas que llevan a cabo los hablantes nativos de una lengua. En este contexto surge el fenómeno de la desautomatización fraseológica mediante modificaciones semánticas, fruto del juego que se establece entre la lectura figurada y literal en contextos determinados. Por otro lado, el acercamiento de los estudiantes universitarios a la literatura en su comprensión escrita también puede llevarse a cabo a través de la práctica creativa. En este sentido, la escritura creativa puede resultar una actividad de gran interés pedagógico, ya que ofrece la posibilidad de expresión artística a través del lenguaje. En respuesta a tal interés nace el objetivo de esta investigación de cara a explorar las posibilidades creativas del lenguaje en materia fraseológica. Asimismo, este estudio pretende examinar una muestra de escritura creativa en contextos fraseológicos dirigida a alumnos universitarios rusos de ELE. Para ello, se recurre a una metodología de estudio de caso mediante el análisis de locuciones verbales en contextos de desautomatización fraseológica. A partir de la desautomatización que sufre la fraseología se intenta acercar a los estudiantes a la puesta en práctica de la creación literaria que permite estimular la creatividad del lenguaje y desarrollar la competencia escrita mediante la producción de textos en la lengua meta.

Objectives By eliminating fluorine and other ions through precipitation of fluoride and UF, RO membrane filtration using the hydrofluoric acid wastewater generated from the semiconductor production processes, this study aimed to investigate the possibility of the reuse of the reclaimed wastewater for the processes. Methods For the experiment, firstly, the 2-stage precipitation of fluoride was done using Ca(OH)2 and PAC and it aimed to judge whether the water quality standards for reuse by each market were satisfied by eliminating colloidal particles and then other metal ions through the UF and RO membrane filtration. Results and Discussion About 93 % of F- was removed through the 1st and 2nd precipitation. It can be also removed ammonium, phosphate ions, through the UF membrane filtration, about 95 % of particulate matter was removed and finally, the water quality for reuse was satisfied through RO filtration. Conclusion This study found that the fluorine wastewater generated from the semiconductor production processes can be reused by precipitation and filtration methods without going through the existing complicated treatment methods. In the future, through such treatment procedures, it is expected to be able to secure the reuse of the reclaimed wastewater in the process.

Surfactants are widely distributed in wastewater at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Generally, surfactant monomers are smaller than the pore sizes of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, meaning that they can not be effectively rejected through sieving. However, it has been reported that surfactants with low concentrations play a non-negligible role during the UF process. UF performance is highly dependent on the interactions (e.g. electrostatic and hydrophobic) between surfactants and membrane and/or other pollutants. Given this, this review focuses on the treatment of surfactants with concentrations below the CMC values by UF processes. The effects of several variables including membrane properties, operation parameters, surfactant type, and feed concentration on the retention coefficient and membrane fouling are summarized. Finally, the potential fouling mechanisms and fouling control methods are discussed.

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by product of CPO (crude palm oil) physical refining. PFAD containing multicomponent bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and squalene which accumulated in unsaponifiable fraction (UF) and can be separated by saponification. Utilization of bioactive compounds can be applied on food products by fortification into biscuits. The research aimed to determine the effect of addition level of UF from PFAD on physical and organoleptics of the biscuits and also to determine chemical characteristic and bioactive compounds from the best treatment biscuit. The method used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely the level of addition of the UF from PFAD consisted of 6 treatments and was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with significance level of 5%. The best treatment in this study was a treatment which contained 0.5% (w/w) of the UF from PFAD. The best biscuit had chemichal characteristics included those were the water content 1.81 ± 0.06%, 2.10 ± 0.06% ash content, 27.98 ± 0.54% fat content, 8.04 ± 0.13% protein content, 0.22 ± 0.02% crude fiber content, 60.07 ± 0.66% carbohydrate content, 2.66 ± 0.00002% FFA, and 7.10 ± 0.19 mek/kg total oxidation. The best biscuit contained bioactive compounds such as 147.19 ppm α–tocotrienol, 190.30 ppm δ–tocotrienol, 68.091 ppm ϒ–tocotrienol, 5,848.45 ppm β–sitosterol, 143.97 ppm stigmasterol, 621.09 ppm campesterol, and squalene content 3,284.50 ppm.

The aim of this study was to optimize the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), using the response surface methodology (RSM), to use the produced PUFAs in kareish cheese processing. PlackettBurman design (PBD) was employed to screen media components that affect PUFAs development (glucose, olive cake, yeast extract, tryptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, agitation speed, incubation time, and pH), and results showed that olive cake and yeast extract, with confidence level > 98%, had a positive effect on PUFAs production. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to optimize the selected parameters levels where maximum PUFAs production (1790 mg/l) was observed near the mid-point (0) values (concentrations) of olive cake (15 g/l), tryptone (7.5 g/L) and KH2PO4 (1.25 g/l). Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 47.83 % of the total fatty acid profile, according to gas chromatography analysis of the collected PUFAs. The produced PUFAs was encapsulated using whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, freeze dried, grinded and incorporated in Kareish cheese manufacture. The average particle size of a 0.005% suspension of oil microcapsules was 671.4 nm with a poly dispersity index of 0.611 indicating a moderate stability of the emulsion. The negative zeta potential of the microcapsules particles was -37.6 mv, which is identical to the -42 mv value recorded in the literature for oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein, maltodextrin, and K-carrageenan. The addition of 0.5 % PUFAs-containing microcapsules to Kareish cheese increased antioxidative activity to 38.13 % compared to 30.14 % for the control, as well as Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The elasticity of the Kareish cheese sample increased slightly by the addition of 0.5% microcapsules, but higher concentration tended to change the elasticity to a brittleness of the cheese structure.

The oil and gas industry and related applications generate large quantities of oily wastewater, which can adversely affect the environment and human health if not properly handled. This study aims to prepare polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes incorporated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additives and utilize them to treat oily wastewater through the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Flat sheet membranes were prepared using PVDF dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide, followed by the addition of PVP ranging from 0.5 to 35 g. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and mechanical strength tests were performed on the flat PVDF/PVP membranes to understand and compare the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the membranes. Prior to the UF process, oily wastewater was treated by a coagulation–flocculation process through a jar tester using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant. Based on the characterization of the membrane, the addition of PVP improves the physical and chemical properties of the membrane. The membrane’s pore size becomes larger, which can increase its permeability and flux. In general, the addition of PVP to the PVDF membrane can increase the porosity and decrease the water contact angle, thereby increasing the membrane’s hydrophilicity. With respect to filtration performance, the wastewater flux of the resultant membrane increases with increasing PVP content, but the rejections for TSS, turbidity, TDS, and COD are reduced.

The brain hemispheres can be divided into an upper dorsal and a lower ventral system. Each system consists of distinct cortical regions connected via long association tracts. The tracts cross the central sulcus or the limen insulae to connect the frontal lobe with the posterior brain. The dorsal stream is associated with sensorimotor mapping. The ventral stream serves structural analysis and semantics in different domains, as visual, acoustic or space processing. How does the prefrontal cortex, regarded as the platform for the highest level of integration, incorporate information from these different domains? In the current view, the ventral pathway consists of several separate tracts, related to different modalities. Originally the assumption was that the ventral path is a continuum, covering all modalities. The latter would imply a very different anatomical basis for cognitive and clinical models of processing. To further define the ventral connections, we used cutting-edge in vivo global tractography on high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 100 normal subjects from the human connectome project and ex vivo preparation of fiber bundles in the extreme capsule of 8 humans using the Klingler technique. Our data showed that ventral stream tracts, traversing through the extreme capsule, form a continuous band of fibers that fan out anteriorly to the prefrontal cortex, and posteriorly to temporal, occipital and parietal cortical regions. Introduction of additional volumes of interest in temporal and occipital lobes differentiated between the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (IFOF) and uncinate fascicle (UF). Unequivocally, in both experiments, in all subjects a connection between the inferior frontal and middle-to-posterior temporal cortical region, otherwise known as the temporo-frontal extreme capsule fascicle (ECF) from nonhuman primate brain-tracing experiments was identified. In the human brain, this tract connects the language domains of “Broca's area” and “Wernicke's area”. The differentiation in the three tracts, IFOF, UF and ECF seems arbitrary, all three pass through the extreme capsule. Our data show that the ventral pathway represents a continuum. The three tracts merge seamlessly and streamlines showed considerable overlap in their anterior and posterior course. Terminal maps identified prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe and association cortex in temporal, occipital and parietal lobes as streamline endings. This anatomical substrate potentially facilitates the prefrontal cortex to integrate information across different domains and modalities.

BackgroundUterine fibroids(UF) are the most common benign tumors in women, with high incidence and unknown causes. We aimed to explore the correlation between Methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and UF.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from 2411 women detected for MTHFR C677T polymorphism in the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 2018 to 2020. B-ultrasound (BU) and the first page of medical records were used to analyze whether they had ever been diagnosed with UF. The collected data were analyzed. Using the chi-square test and regression analysis to explore the correlation, and the risk factors was screened by multifactor logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 2411 pregnant women were in the MTHFR C677T polymorphism detection. Among them, 226(9.37%) were diagnosed as UF by BU or clinical diagnosis. The allele and genotype of MTHFR C677T were significantly different between the case and control group (p0.05). However, older maternal age was associated with the incidence of UF, especially the multiple UF (p

Introduction. Uterine fibroids (UF) are benign monoclonal hormone-depended tumors originating from smooth myocytes of cervix or body uterus affecting up to 29 % of women aged 15–45 years worldwide. Taking into account the current demographic situation and annually increasing tendency for pregnancy planning at older reproductive age, an organ-sparing strategy is becoming a first-priority approach for UF treatment.Aim: to investigate efficiency of selective progesterone receptors modulators (SPRM) for UF treatment in women of reproductive age.Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study involved 40 patients with UF at average age of 39.3 ± 5.8 years. Using simple randomization, the patients were divided into 2 groups per 20 subjects in each. The average age of the patients was comparable and comprised 38.15 ± 5.65 and 40.5 ± 5.8 years in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.203). In both groups, after assessing liver function tests in accordance with the instructions, a treatment course with SPRM group drug (ulipristal acetate) was used at a daily dose of 5 mg for 84 days (1 course) with an interval until the onset of second menstruation after drug withdrawal. Group 1 and group 2 subjects received 2 and 3 therapy courses, respectively. After each course, patients underwent control ultrasound examinations (UE) by analyzing uterus volume and diameter of dominant myomatous node along with liver tests. A temporal quantitation of the difference between UF and dominant node two sizes as well as the maximum uterine volume size and effect size assessment was expressed as the difference of means (Δ) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI).Results. Based on UE data, the uterus size in group 1 was enlarged to an average of 129.49 ± 75.57 cm3, the maximum size of dominant node was 38.9 ± 17.38 mm; in group 2, the uterus was as large as 294.83 ± 161.37 cm3 with maximum size of the dominant node of 53.33 ± 25.48 mm. After therapy in group 1, dominant node size was significant regressed: after therapy course 1 an effect size of quantitated difference between UF two sizes and the dominant node (Δ) was 8.70 (4.11; 13.29) mm (p < 0.001). After therapy course 2 vs. therapy course 1, a size stabilization (Δ) was noted comprising 1.00 (–1.39; 3.39) mm (p = 0.390); the total effect (Δ) was 9.67 (–14.59; –4.75) mm (p

The combination of conventional and advanced water treatment is now widely used in drinking water treatment. However, membrane fouling is still the main obstacle to extend its application. In this study, the impact of the combination of coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane rotation on both fouling control and organic removal of macro (sodium alginate, SA) and micro organic matters (tannic acid, TA) was studied comprehensively to evaluate its applicability in drinking water treatment. The results indicated that membrane rotation could generate shear stress and vortex, thus effectively reducing membrane fouling of both SA and TA solutions, especially for macro SA organics. With additional coagulation, the membrane fouling could be further reduced through the aggregation of mediate and macro organic substances into flocs and elimination by membrane retention. For example, with the membrane rotation speed of 60 r/min, the permeate flux increased by 90% and the organic removal by 35% in SA solution, with 40 mg/L coagulant dosage, with an additional 70% increase of flux and 5% increment of organic removal to 80% obtained. However, too much shear stress could intensify the potential of fiber breakage at the potting, destroying the flocs and resulting in the reduction of permeate flux and deterioration of effluent quality. Finally, the combination of coagulation and membrane rotation would lead to the shaking of the cake layer, which is beneficial for fouling mitigation and prolongation of membrane filtration lifetime. This study provides useful information on applying the combined process of conventional coagulation and the hydrodynamic shear force for drinking water treatment, which can be further explored in the future.

In this research work effect of embedment of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) have been investigated. The MWCNTs were embedded in urea formaldehyde resin (UF) at 0, 1.5%, 3% and 5% concentrations by weight for the manufacturing of nano-MDF. The addition of these nanoparticles enhanced thermal conductivity by 24.2% reduced curing time by 20% and controlled formaldehyde emission by 59.4%. The internal bonding (I.B), modulus elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (Ts) and water absorption (WA) properties were improved significantly by 21.15%, 30.2%, 28.3%, 44.8% and 29% respectively as compared to controlled MDF.

Walnut and hazelnut shells are agricultural by-products, available in high quantities during the harvest season. The potential of using these two agricultural residues as raw materials in particleboard production has been evaluated in this study. Different panels with either walnut or hazelnut shells in combination with melamine-urea formaldehyde or polyurethane at the same level of 1000 kg/m3 density were produced in a laboratory hot press and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and Brinell hardness) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) were determined, together with formaldehyde content. Although Brinell hardness was 35% to 65% higher for the nutshell-based panels, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were 40% to 50% lower for the melamine-urea formaldehyde bonded nutshells compared to spruce particleboards, but was 65% higher in the case of using polyurethane. Water absorption and thickness swelling could be reduced significantly for the nutshell-based boards compared to the spruce boards (the values recorded ranged between 58% to 87% lower as for the particleboards). Using polyurethane as an adhesive has benefits for water uptake and thickness swelling and also for bending strength and modulus of elasticity. The free formaldehyde content of the lignocellulosic-based panels was included in the E0 category (≤2.5 mg/100 g) for both walnut and hazelnut shell raw materials and the use of polyurethane improved these values to super E0 category (≤1.5 mg/100 g).

Wood-derived bio-oil was used to decrease formaldehyde emissions from urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin during the process of making three-layered plywood. The obtained bio-oil urea formaldehyde (BUF) resins were characterized by their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties (e.g., viscosity, solid content, pH value, shelf life, formaldehyde emissions, and bonding strength), analyzed for their specifications, and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized resins were further employed to prepare the plywood with the veneers glued. The resulting BUF plywood displayed much lower formaldehyde emissions and comparable bonding strength. For the modification on formaldehyde emission of the plywood, it was concluded that the bio-oil can be used to effectively reduce formaldehyde emissions from UF wood adhesive.

The aim of this study was to determine the properties of liquid and cured UF (urea-formaldehyde) resin modified with pMDI (polymeric 4, 4′-methylenediphenyl isocyanate). Analyses showed that when introduced to liquid UF resin already at 10 %, its reactivity increases, which is reflected in a shortening of gel time and reduction of activation energy of the polycondensation process. In turn, analyses performed on polycondensed resin showed that, thanks to modification with pMDI, its hydrophobicity is considerably improved, as manifested in a reduction of absorbability and swelling in thickness of cured resin.

The objective of this study was to manufacture water resistant kenaf stalk particleboard.Twenty seven boards were produced using 170 °C steam treated kenaf particles, 30 and 60minute treatment time and three resin types include urea-formaldehyde, melamineformaldehydeand a mixture of fifty percent each. Physical and mechanical properties weremeasured and the results analyzed in a complete random design plan and by the factorialanalysis. The results showed that boards made from treated particles with 60 minute treatmenttime and Urea Formaldehyde resin had the highest bending strength. Modulus of elasticity(MOE) improved with an increase in treatment time. The greatest MOE was achieved with theboards produced using urea-formaldehyde and the greatest MOE was achieved with the boardsbonded with urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin. Moreover, with increasing treatment time from30 to 60 minutes internal bond strength (IB) reduced. Thickness swelling and water absorptionof the boards was significantly improved with increasing treatment time.

Water pollution and sea water intrusion to water sources in coastal areas result lack of provision safe drinking water by the drinking water regional company or coastal community. The existing water treatment plant that operated on brackish surface water or groundwater feed requires improving process. Membrane process could be a choice to treat the quality of brackish water to the level of potable water that designed to lower cost with high stabil flux and longer lifetime. This research focus on application of pilot plant of brackish water treatment using Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-air lift system as pretreatment of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane-low pressure. Brackish water sources contain high colloidal and suspended solids that can cause fouling load of RO membranes and impair its performance. UF pretreatment operation tested by addition of compressed air into the feed (air lift system), resulted stable flux, reduces membrane fouling and low feed pressure. A flux of RO with UF pretreatment can produce drinking water of 30–61 L/m2∙hour. It was observed, the good quality of RO permeate resulted by using a pretreatment of UF–PS (Polysulfone-UF) with total dissolved solid rejection about 96–98% and color rejection about 99–100% at 5 or 8 bars of operation pressure. This paper concludes that performance of membrane technology with UF–air lift system pretreatment and RO membrane-low pressure could be accepted as condition of brackish water source in Indonesia coastal areas in producing drinking water.

In this investigation the effect of using of UF and MUF Resins on Physical and mechanical Properties of Particleboards Produced from Rice Straw and Aspen Particles has been studied. The aim of this study was to determine of physical and mechanical properties of rice straw– particleboard. Single-layer particleboard was produced. That was produced with 11% MUF and 11% UF. For using of UF and MUF 2% hardener was added to adhesives. The Press condition for MUF was: 1750C for 4 minutes and also for UF application was 1750C for 6 minutes. Another variable factor was the rice straw content in three levels (15%, 30% and 45%). Other factors such as board density (0/7gr/cm3), mat moisture (12%) were constant factors. The results indicate that increasing rice straw to wood particles cause some reduction in modulus of rupture , and internal bonding , and some increase in thickness swelling , and water absorption of manufactured boards. But comparing and grouping means by Duncan test showed that in the most case these effects were insignificant when rice straw add to wood particle up to 30%. Particleboard bonded with 11% MUF had the highest bending strength. Particleboards bonded with MUF had better bending strength, shear strength, thickness swelling and water absorption after 2, 24 hours immersion. Grouping the experimental data while using Duncan method was indicated of the fact that an optimum condition for manufacturing particleboard while using a mixture of rice straw and wood particles is to add 30% rice straw to the mixture , use 11% melamine urea formaldehyde resin and employ a pressing time of 4 minutes.

Experimental groups of pigs were treated orally with 120 mg (Group O 120), or 480 mg (Group O 480) of iodine per animal, or intramuscularly with 240 mg (Group I 240) of iodine per animal. Iodine was administered in the form of iodised fatty acid esters (IFAE). The treatment resulted in significantly increased iodine concentrations in tissues and a single dose was sufficient to meet the requirement for the whole fattening period (180 days). Urinary iodine concentrations in all the experimental groups were higher than in the control group C receiving iodine only from conventional feed. Urinary excretion of iodine between days 2 and 5 was more distinctive in orally treated than in intramuscularly treated animals (Figure 1). Iodine concentrations at the end of the fattening period (day 180) were higher in the treated than in the control groups. The treatment effect was more marked in Groups O 480 and I 240 than in Group O 120. The dynamics of blood serum iodine concentrations was similar to urinary concentrations (Figure 2). Mean thyroid gland weights in the groups O 120, O 480, I 240, and C were 9.19, 8.51, 7.10, and 12.01 g, respectively. An opposite tendency was observed for iodine concentrations in thyroid gland dry matter (Figure 3). No effects of any of the treatments on total protein, albumin, total lipids, or cholesterol concentrations in blood serum were observed. Group C showed lower tissue iodine concentrations than any of the experimental groups. The only exception was hepatic tissue in which approximately the same iodine concentrations were found in all the groups. Data obtained in Groups O 120, O 480, and I 240 indicate that decisive for tissue concentrations was rather the dose of iodine than the route of administration. Iodine is stored above all in the thyroid gland and adipose tissue. As can be seen in Figure 4, its concentration was higher in muscles with a higher proportion of fat (neck) than in lean muscles (ham).