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A collective action approach to rice seed production is an inclusive method involving the community’s active participation at all stages of its execution. This all-inclusive strategy, however, has yet to be thoroughly investigated and published. This study explored how and to what degree an inclusive rice seed business of Gapoktan, based on a collective action approach, might be deployed in a sustainable rice seed company run by community groups. The research comprised the following stages: (1) establishment of a seed production business institution, (2) production of rice seeds, and (3) self-assessment of the performance of the seed production business institution. Institutional data were acquired through a questionnaire that references the European Foundation for Quality Management’s (EFQM) methodology. Three dimensions used were direction (purpose, vision, and strategy; organizational culture and leadership); execution (engaging stakeholders; coasting sustainable value; driving performance transformation); and result (stakeholder perceptions; strategic and operational performance). The study suggests essential findings: The organizational structure of rice seed producers formed is complete regarding its operational functions. The rice seeds produced by Gapoktan have met both the volume and quality standards. From a financial perspective, this rice seed production unit is feasible for further development. However, their social orientation is still relatively high and needs to be more profit-oriented. Uniquely, not all members buy and use Gapoktan seeds. As a result, additional efforts are necessary to provide exceptional service to Gapoktan members.

Fermentation is one of the main processes influencing cacao beans’ quality. Proper post-harvest cacao processing can affect the quality of cacao beans. Spontaneous fermentation of cacao beans is carried out carefully for 5 d to 7 d, characterized by a series of activities of certain microorganisms from three groups of microorganisms: yeasts, lactic acid, and acetic acid. Yeast aims to liquefy the pulp, while lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria play a role in raising and lowering the pH of cacao beans during fermentation. The activity of microorganisms affects the formation of aromatic compounds in fermented cacao beans. During the fermentation process, there is a change in pH and an increase in temperature in the seed heap; this creates conditions that cause changes in the seed’s structure at the cellular level and the metabolites present in the seeds. Leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are precursors contributing to cacao and chocolate aroma formation. The post-harvest processes affect the yield of cacao beans that will be used in the chocolate industry. Each process must be considered to produce high-quality fermented cacao beans.

Mosquitoes are insects that are detrimental to human health because they act as disease vectors, such as dengue fever. Surabaya was known for its high risk of dengue fever. This study aims to describe the diversity of mosquitoes and breeding site distribution in Eastern Surabaya. The study was conducted in 2021 during the end of the wet season in different habitat types in the eastern Surabaya (residential, city park, bamboo forest, and mangrove forest). Eggs, larval, and adult-stage mosquitoes were collected and stored in the Entomology Laboratory for morphological identification. Adult mosquito was collected by using a sweep net and light trap method, while the larva and egg were collected incidentally from breeding sites. The diversity of mosquitoes in the Eastern Surabaya was determined by using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), dominance, species richness (R), and breeding site distribution. Eleven species were obtained in this study, namely Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes annandalei, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles barbirostris, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui, Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia uniformis, and Malaya genurostris. The H’ index of 1.63 indicates the mosquito community was at a moderate level. The R-value of 1.56 indicates a low level of mosquito species richness. The most abundant species was Cx. quinquefasciatus (37.2%). Most of the breeding sites with mosquito larval infested were found in open areas (79.3%). These numbers mean the total of individuals of each species tends to be low and its dominance shows no effect on other species. The data on mosquito species and their distribution in Surabaya could be used as base information for vector control strategies.

The invasion of nipah (Nypa fructicans) occurred in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF), Indonesia, as a result of mangrove forest degradation caused by anthropogenic activities in the area. This research aims to analyze the distribution of nipah populations in the ATPF and at the same time describe the benefits and potential of nipah both in the ATPF and in various regions in the world. The data collected in this research consists of two types, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field surveys in the ATPF area, while secondary data was obtained through literature studies of relevant research results. Nipah populations can be widely distributed in degraded mangrove forest ecosystems and invade areas outside their natural habitat because they have high adaptability to the environment, high seed productivity and effective and adaptive seed distribution. Even though the spread of nipah in the ecosystem can hinder the succession of mangrove forests, it turns out that nipah has great benefits for the community and contains important compounds that are useful for making foods, drinks and medicine..

The goal of this research is to improve the mechanical properties such as strength, hardness and wear resistance for automotive application such as brake shoe and bearings due to high cycle, load and impact during their usage. Therefore, another alloying element or reinforcement addition is necessary. In this work, the composites are made by ADC 12 (Al-Si aluminum alloy) as the matrix and reinforced with micro SiC through stir casting process and TiB is added various from (0.04, 0.06, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.5) wt.% that act as grain refiners and 5 wt.% of Mg is added to improve the wettability of the composites. The addition of TiB improves the mechanical properties because the grain becomes finer and uniform, and the addition of Mg makes the matrix and reinforce have better adhesion. The results obtained that the optimum composition was found by adding 0.15 wt.% of TiB with tensile strength improve from 98 MPa to 136.3 MPa, hardness from 35 to 53 HRB and wear rate reduced from 0.006 2 mm3 s−1 to 0.002 3 mm3 s−1 respectively.

The addition of silicon carbide (SiC) as a reinforce in a composite can improve mechanical properties. In this study aluminium ADC 12 (Al-Si-Aluminium Alloy) is treated with an addition of SiC varied from (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 to 3) vf% and mixed with 0.18 wt% Sr to change the morphology of the silicone eutectic phase and 0.15 wt% titanium boron (TiB) was added as a grain refiner as well as the addition of 5 wt% magnesium (Mg) to increase the wettability. All materials were fabricated by stir cast method. This research is conducted to obtain the candidate material for application in train's brake shoe and bearing. This kind of usage requires high mechanical properties such as wear resistance, thermal resistance, good elastic modulus and lightweight. The composites were characterised by both mechanical properties and microstructure. The result shows that there is an increase in the mechanical properties of aluminium ADC 12 /SiC composite compared to unreinforced with the value of 144 MPa of strength, 53 HRB of hardness, and 0.0049 mm3 m–1 of wear rate. As a result, the higher addition of the SiC results in the better mechanical properties for the composite.

A study of ADC12 (Al-Si aluminium alloy) composite is conducted to obtain a more sustainable material with enhanced properties for automotive industry purpose, such as train's brake shoe and bearing application. For those kind of utilization, material with durability, good elastic modulus, thermal stability, wear resistance, and high strength properties is needed due to its exposure to high temperature and heavy continuous application. ADC 12 acts as the matrix, reinforced with 3 vf% micro-SiC with 5 wt% Mg wetting agent was fabricated by the stir casting method. The addition of 0.18 wt% Sr and 0.15 wt% TiB were expected to finer the grain morphology of the silicone eutectic phase and to acts as the grain refiner, respectively. Furthermore, T6 heat treatment was applied with aging temperature 150 °C, 170 °C, 190 °C, 210 °C, and 230 °C, following the prior 1 h 490 °C solution treatment. The results obtained in this work showed enhancement in tensile strength with the value of 213 MPa, hardness value 75 HRB, and wear resistance. These values increase up to 115 MPa for the UTS and 38 HRB for the hardness value, as the impact of the refined grains from both modifiers and heat treatment.

Propellers is part movement propulsion system of the ships wich duty for pushing of the ship at forwardmovement and towing the body of ship at backward movement. As a part mechanical drive propeller consist ofsome blade attached to the boss and mounted on the propeller shaft of the axis relationships from the mainengine of the ships. Propeller can drive of the ships both forward and backward with by rotating on its axis. Toproduce forward and backward movement of the ships can be done in two ways namely with use controllablepitch propellers and with use fixed pitch propellers.

Abstract Introduction Over the past four decades, the Indonesian health care system has greatly expanded and the health of Indonesian people has improved although the rich-poor gap in health status and service access remains an issue. The government has been trying to address these gaps and intensify efforts to improve the health of the poor following the economic crisis in 1998. Methods This paper examines trends and levels in socio-economic inequity of health and identifies critical factors constraining efforts to improve the health of the poor. Quantitative data were taken from the Indonesian Demographic Health Surveys and the National Socio-Economic Surveys, and qualitative data were obtained from interviews with individuals and groups representing relevant stakeholders. Results The health of the population has improved as indicated by child mortality decline and the increase in community access to health services. However, the continuing prevalence of malnourished children and the persisting socio-economic inequity of health suggest that efforts to improve the health of the poor have not yet been effective. Factors identified at institution and policy levels that have constrained improvements in health care access and outcomes for the poor include: the high cost of electing formal governance leaders; confused leadership roles in the health sector; lack of health inequity indicators; the generally weak capacity in the health care system, especially in planning and budgeting; and the leakage and limited coverage of programs for the poor. Conclusions Despite the government's efforts to improve the health of the poor, the rich-poor gap in health status and service access continues. Factors at institutional and policy levels are critical in contributing to the lack of efficiency and effectiveness for health programs that address the poor.