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This article proposes a 35D form index system to quantitatively describe the 3D form of urban blocks. Utilizing the T-distributed stochastic neighbor (TSNE) embedding algorithm for cluster analysis, the visually complex and disordered urban 3D texture is translated into distinct form clusters, enabling the recognition of the overall urban form structure from the block perspective. The research methodology includes experiments conducted in the central area of Nanjing and comparative analysis in three neighboring cities: Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Suzhou. Results demonstrate the efficacy of form parameters and cluster analysis in achieving sound recognition. The four cities differ remarkably in the number and distribution structure of clusters. Shanghai has the fewest types of clusters with a compact distribution, Suzhou has the most types with a dispersed distribution, and Hangzhou and Nanjing exhibit similar characteristics, located between Shanghai and Suzhou. Correlation analysis reveals a negative relationship between the number of cluster types and the level of urban socioeconomic development in similar areas. This research implies that governments and urban planners can exploit neighborhood morphological types to devise customized spatial management and renewal strategies. The overall urban structure can be improved by strategically minimizing the quantity and distribution of neighborhood morphological types, fostering socioeconomic development.

Urban water bodies play an important role in regulating the thermal environment in densely populated cities. Typical central urban areas along both sides of the Pearl River in Guangzhou are selected as study sites and have been divided into 25 local zones with different spatial morphology. Mobile surveys are performed on typical summer and winter days. After temporal correction processing, the spatial distribution patterns of air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH) at different times along both sides of the Pearl River are obtained. The daily Ta in the waterfront blocks ranged from 31.5 °C to 39.4 °C during summer, and from 17.50 °C to 27.50 °C during winter. Daily RH ranged from 41.3% to 67.3% during summer and 48.2%–76.4% during winter. This study explored the effects of urban spatial morphology and river wind on the local thermal environment of the waterfront blocks. The results showed that the river wind can have cooling and humidifying effects, especially on the windward side of these waterfront zones. The spatial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation characteristics of the block-scale waterfront areas are discovered to be clustered in both seasons. This study contributes to the design and optimization of thermally friendly waterfront blocks.

The paper explores the possibilities of the structural and functional transformation of blocks in the historical center of Zagreb as a part of modernization after many years of neglect as well as earthquakes in 2020. The research aims to determine how the existing block tissue corresponds with the needs of today’s residents and the possibility of its improvement. The historical circumstances in which the blocks were formed and underwent the most significant changes and modern processes that affect the state and value are determined. There is a special focus on the interior of the block (courtyards), as well as on the spaces on the ground floors of street facades, where numerous, unexplored changes can be observed. The findings provide starting points for desirable structural–functional transformations of blocks and stem from the synthesis and interpretation of knowledge from four interrelated parts of the research. The characteristics of blocks have changed during city development stages, as depicted by an analysis and graphic interpretation of historical maps and urban plans (1864–2021). Influences of modern processes on changes of the city are determined on the basis of the synthesis of previous research from different interdisciplinary points of view; a detailed analysis of the structural–functional changes is conducted on the example of three selected blocks. Transformation models for three selected blocks are proposed.

Due to their essential role in forming good quality urban life, urban structures need to be comprehensively understood. The use of quantitative methods and measures to analyze the urban fabric metrics is crucial to understand the physical and spatial properties at multiple scales. This research aims to study the structures of urban blocks by using computational and metric methods. Three essential variables of urban blocks - perimeter, size, and dimension - are selected to measure the blocks’ features and differences formed in Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis used various statistical methods combined with computation techniques and a geographical information system (GIS) to measure and compare the correlations between the block properties of four selected urban areas. The results revealed a differentiation among the geometric potentials found in urban block structures; moreover, this helped to provide a precise basis and principal guidelines for urban design models and planning practices. The research concluded that a better understanding of the block’s role in urban fabric helps to improve the formation and transformation processes within the built environment.

Urban planning and the creation of a comfortable green environment are two integral components of sustainable urban development. Modern cities face many challenges related to pollution, limited resources and lack of space. However, the creation of a green environment and sustainable urban development can help solve these problems. In addition, sustainable urban planning aims to create compact and convenient urban environments. This approach allows reducing traffic flows, using less energy and resources for the construction and operation of urban infrastructure facilities. One example of such urban planning is urban blocks. Urban blocks is an urban planning concept that involves the creation of compact and multifunctional city blocks that combine residential, office, retail and other types of real estate. This concept is designed to improve the quality of life of citizens, create a more sustainable urban environment and reduce traffic flows. Thus, urban blocks and green urban planning have much in common and complement each other. In this article, we will consider the issues of reproduction of urban blocks in construction, their differences from other forms of urban development, as well as what benefits they provide for residents and urban infrastructure in general.

Modern urban planning sets itself the task of creating sustainable urban environments that would provide comfortable living and work for the population, while not harming the environment. In this regard, green construction has become one of the most relevant areas in urban planning.Green construction is a construction concept that takes into account environmental aspects and is aimed at creating environmentally friendly and energy–efficient buildings and infrastructure. Green construction includes the use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies, improving the energy efficiency of buildings and infrastructure, as well as the creation of green areas in the city.With the rapid growth of cities and an increase in the number of people, the problem of preserving ecological cleanliness and sustainability of the urban environment is becoming more and more urgent. Environmental problems of cities, such as air, land and water pollution, noise and vibrations, lead to deterioration of public health and negative impact on the environment. In this regard, there is a need for new approaches to urban planning that would take into account environmental aspects.In Russia, as in many other countries of the world, there is a need to create sustainable urban environments. One of the ways to create such an environment is to use urban blocks. Urban blocks are a modern approach to the construction of the urban environment, which allows you to create compact blocks that include residential buildings and infrastructure facilities. They allow for more efficient use of urban space and create comfortable conditions for the life and work of the population. In this article we will look at the practice of using urban blocks in construction, how they differ from other forms of urban development and what advantages they provide for residents and urban infrastructure in general.

Intensification of morphology of blocks, which are the basic units of urban form and land management, is the key to sustainable urban development. Taking 206 blocks of Nanjing's central city area as an example, an evaluation system featuring six output-oriented indicators and five input-oriented indicators was constructed for data envelopment analysis to measure the blocks' intensity level. Relatively intensive blocks were selected as training data, and the output-oriented indicators of non-intensive blocks were predicted by a deep learning model, completing the procedure from evaluation of intensity to optimisation of morphological indicators. Finally, using the difference calculation and Arctool of weighted overlay in ArcGIS, a reference for the optimisation design of urban block morphology was created.

Extreme expansion and use of satellites by Its diverse function and its continuous transformation has caused vulnerability. Providing conflicting content with Iranian culture can be called the other feature of this superconductor. The main goal of the present study is to investigate the efficiency and applications of modern technologies as an example of a UAV Photogrammetry in estimating population under the influence of satellite networks. In order to produce the required maps, UAV images were standardized and processed using Agisoft PhotoScan software and Finally, using the ArcGIS software, it turned into a map. The results of the research showed how the capability of the new UAV technique and technology can to be the solution in the analysis of urban culture and Using the UAV's photogrammetric method, it is possible to determine the position of the satellite dishes, Direction the dish, the number of LNBs and the number of networks installed on each satellite And given the nature of those networks, they identify the effective dimensions And even the extent of the impact of the population studied at the most modest levels of the city and In the unit proprietary, Satellite networks were identified in particular and in various economic, cultural and political waves.

With the wind permanent flow in the cities, obtaining the minimal pollution in the environment is accessible. Different policies have been considered for optimization of cities such as attachment and or reduction of building parts like air-traps, ceiling forms and so on. Due to population growth in cities and the increasing need for resettlement these people in the cities, inevitably, to the high-rise buildings have gone. The people living in high-rise buildings to meet the needs of their vital urban open spaces are forced to use. To have knowledge about air pollution through buildings, the CFD based software of Envi-met is used. In this case, we can say that the best angle to transfer pollution is the angle of 30 degrees. Also in an ideal case with imposed changes in the form, we could enhance the problem by better navigation of inside wind of urban canyons into spaces between blocks of buildings that have the capacity to trap the particles. Final it is found that we may be able to have more optimal results for transition of pollutions by suitable orientation of blocks against the wind direction of blow.

In this paper we examine the possibilities of improving urban settlement structure by interpolation of passive protection concepts against global climate changes, as a measure of bioclimatic design and town planning. As a kind of passive protection concept described in this paper, the way of applying green areas in urban fabric planning is pointed out. The research applies the method of analyses of subject matter - existing legislation, planning documents, professional literature, the available foreign practice, as well as scanning in situ. The case study shows the concept of planning solution to the block 23 in Bela Crkva, with special emphasis on the role of green areas. It points to the specific position of the block in the urban fabric, where the planned use - housing - is located in proximity to the existing use - industry. Then we analyze the possibility to affirm the existing, spontaneously developed agriculture activity in the block, through some planning guidelines, based on the presented comparative examples of urban agriculture in foreign countries.

The paper represents an analysis of the emergence and development of the urban structure of Bela Crkva, small town in southern Banat Danube area, and gives its urban morphology analysis, in order to make recommendations for future development and improvement of the quality of the built environment. Urban planning models upon which this settlement was developped and the factors that led to deviations from the initial planning concepts, along with a brief overview of the emergence and development of the planned settlements in present-day Vojvodina are explored and presented. Specific factors that led to the emergence of atypical elements in Bela Crkva urban structure are pointed out, and the relationship between typical and specific is analysed. Particular attention was given to the most important factors that led to deviations from strict geometric form, such as topography, climate, transportation, economy and demographics. Problems plaguing Bela Crkva today - negative demographic balance, the economic crisis and the deterioration of the existing built structure - are identified. The authors conclude that one can not expect further development of the urban structure of this settlement in the horizontal direction, but the transformation within the existing urban matrix, in the field of urban reconstruction. Some recommendations for further planning and development planning policies that are used for logical development and growth of settlements, in particular in order to preserve the identity of the village, are proposed.

Up-to-date maps of a city’s urban structure types (USTs) are very important for effective planning, as well as for different studies and applications. We present an approach for the classification of USTs at the level of urban blocks based on high-resolution spaceborne radar imagery. Images obtained at the satellite’s ascending and descending orbits were used for extracting line and polygon features from each block. Most of the attributes considered in the classification concern the geometry of these features, as well as their spatial disposition inside the blocks. Furthermore, assuming the UST classes of neighboring blocks are probabilistically dependent, we explored the framework of probabilistic graphical models and propose different context-based classification models. These models differ with respect to (i) their type, i.e., Markov or conditional random fields, (ii) their parameterization and (iii) the criterion applied for establishing pairwise neighboring relationships between blocks. In our experiments, 1,695 blocks from the city of Munich (Germany) and five representative UST classes were considered. A standard classification performed with the Random Forest algorithm achieved an overall accuracy of nearly 70%. All context-based classifications achieved overall accuracies up to 7% higher than that. The results indicate that denser pairwise block-neighborhood structures lead to better results and that the accuracy improvement is higher when the strength of the contextual influences is proportional to the similarity of the neighboring blocks attributes.

Urban sustainability has been connected to form and compactness of the urban tissue. At the same time the relationship between urban form and energy efficiency is strongly affected by climate. This paper investigates the effect of climate conditions on the relation between urban morphology and energy efficiency of urban blocks, focusing on the Greek city context. A set of building block typologies is analyzed with regard to their form factors such as S/V ratio, coverage ratio and building ratio for the climatic conditions of two cities, each one belonging to a different climatic zone. Heating and cooling loads are calculated at an urban block scale for the climate of the city of Thessaloniki (zone C) and of the city of Heraklion (zone A) in order to draw conclusions about the relation between geometry factors and energy efficiency. The results of the research indicate that there is a strong relationship between urban morphology factors and energy efficiency and that the total load demand of urban blocks can be described as a function of form parameters. Results of the research, concerning the energy demand calculation, are valuable since they indicate the energy profile of each typology according to climate and can be used for defining different urban strategies towards sustainability in a context-based climate dependent analysis.

Due to the emergence of a new way of shaping settlement space, process when the basic characteristics of the traditionally formed blocks are lost, an idea about searching the role of the urban and rural block in forming the structure and the identity of a settlement is initiated.1 The basic aim of the research is to prove that the block has always been an integral part, and sometimes even inseparable part of a settlement structure, its recognizable element and a significant place of neighboring, and that due to this it is important to preserve its values in future interventions in settlements. In order to understand the cause for the disappearance of the traditional block, its characteristics have been researched in the settlements from the past and the interdependence between the forms of settlements and the blocks has been established.