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Climate change increases stressors that will challenge the resiliency of global agricultural production. Just three crops, wheat, maize, and rice, are estimated to sustain 50% of the caloric demand of the world population, meaning that significant loss of any of these crops would threaten global food security. However, increasing cropping system diversity can create a more resilient food system. One crop that could add diversity to wheat-dominated cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest is proso millet, a climate-resilient, small-seeded cereal crop that is highly water efficient, able to grow in low fertility soils, and has a desirable nutritional profile. Proso millet shows potential for adoption in this region due to its short growing season, compatibility with regional equipment, and environmental requirements, however US cultivars have been developed for the Great Plains and little research has been conducted outside of this region. To better understand the potential for adoption in the inland PNW, seven commercially available varieties were planted in a researcher-run trial in Pullman, WA and in a series of producer-run trials across the region in 2022. Samples were analyzed for mineral concentration (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, and K), seed morphology phenotypes (seed area, seed eccentricity, thousand seed weight, and seed color), and agronomic phenotypes (grain yield, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, and percent emergence). Varieties from the researcher-run trial showed significant differences for all traits excluding percent emergence. Samples from producer-run trials showed differences by location for concentration of all minerals and for all seed morphology traits but were not analyzed for agronomic phenotypes. Samples from producer-run trials showed no difference by variety for mineral concentration but showed varietal differences for all seed morphology phenotypes. Most minerals were positively correlated with one another (0.28

This publication provides the most up-to-date information on adapted cool-season forage varieties for our growing season. The recommendation of varieties is based on multi-location, multi-year cultivar evaluation experiments that may include trials in Florida (https://programs.ifas.ufl.edu/forage/technical-information/), Georgia (https://georgiaforages.caes.uga.edu/species-and-varieties/variety-trials/forage-variety-trial-information.html), Alabama (https://aaes.auburn.edu/blog/2024/06/05/winter-forage-summary-tables-2023-2024/), and other states.

This publication provides the most up-to-date information on adapted cool-season forage varieties for our growing season. The recommendation of varieties is based on multi-location, multi-year cultivar evaluation experiments that may include trials in Florida (https://programs.ifas.ufl.edu/forage/technical-information/), Georgia (https://georgiaforages.caes.uga.edu/species-and-varieties/variety-trials/forage-variety-trial-information.html), Alabama (https://aaes.auburn.edu/blog/2024/06/05/winter-forage-summary-tables-2023-2024/), and other states.

There is an urgent need to adapt crop breeding strategies to boost resilience in the face of a growing food demand and a changing climate. Achieving this requires an understanding of how weather and climate variability impacts crop growth and development. Using the United Kingdom (UK) as an example, we evaluate changes in the UK agroclimate and analyse how these have influenced domestic wheat production. Here we quantify spatial and temporal variability and changes in weather and climate across growing seasons over the last four decades (1981–2020). Drawing on variety trial data, we then use statistical modelling to explore the interaction between genotype and agroclimate variation. We show that changes in the UK agroclimate present both risks, and opportunities for wheat growers, depending on location. From 1981–2020, in Wales, the West Midlands, large parts of the North West, and Northern Ireland, there was an overall increase in frost risk in early spring of 0.15 additional frost days per year, whilst in the east early frost risk decreased by up to 0.29 d per year. Meanwhile, over the period 1987–2020, surface incoming shortwave radiation during grainfill increased in the east by up to 13% but decreased in Western areas by up to 15%. We show significant inter-varietal differences in yield responses to growing degree days, heavy rainfall, and the occurrence of late frost. This highlights the importance of evaluating variety-climate interactions in variety trial analyses, and in climate-optimised selection of crops and varieties by growers. This work provides guidance for future research on how climate change is affecting the UK agroclimate and resulting impacts on winter cereal production.

Identification of high yielding and stable genotypes is one of the main goals in all breeding programmes. Estimation of hybrids is often aggravated due to the presence of genotype x environment (GE) interaction. One of the ways to eliminate negative effect of this interaction is the application of reliable statistical models such as AMMI model, which singles out high yielding and stable genotypes that have positive reaction to the improvement of production environments. This research aimed to establish specific maize hybrids interactions in different environments in two years by AMMI analysis. Twelve KWS maize hybrids belonging to FAO 400-500, were examined in two years over eight locations in Vojvodina. The highest yield in both years had the hybrid KWS2 (12.764 kg ha-1). Based on the AMMI1 model, hybrid KWS9 showed the highest stability and adaptability at all locations. According to AMMI2, hybrids KWS1, KWS3 and KWS12, had the highest stability and adaptability, while hybrids KWS2, KWS6, KWS8, KWS9 and KWS10 showed a satisfactory level of stability and it is necessary to pay attention to which locations they have positive interactions in order to be recommended in such regions. Nevertheless, based on the AMMI2, locations Temerin, Kikinda and Zrenjanin, showed similar interaction response, which points out that the number of trial locations could be reduced. Obtained results would contribute to the more precise decision in hybrids recommendation for the certain region, but also in defining further aims in maize breeding.

Trailing lantana [Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.] is a low-growing, woody ornamental valued for its heat and drought tolerance and repeat blooming of purple or white flowers throughout much of the year. In 2011, trailing lantana was predicted to have high invasion risk by the UF-IFAS’s assessment of non-native plants in Florida, and therefore it was no longer recommended for use. All cultivars fall under this designation unless proven otherwise. Eight trailing lantana varieties were obtained from wholesale growers or naturalized populations found in Texas and Australia. Plants were propagated vegetatively, finished in 4-inch pots, and planted in field trials located in central (Balm) and northern (Citra) Florida. Throughout the 24-week study from June to November, mean plant quality was between 4.4 and 4.7 (on a 1 to 5 scale) for U.S. varieties and 3.9 for the Australian form. Mean flowering was between 4.1 and 4.5 (on a 1 to 5 scale) for U.S. trailing lantana varieties and 3.5 for Australian trailing lantana. Australian trailing lantana differed from other U.S. varieties tested, being smaller in size, more sensitive to cold, and having a high female fertility index (producing abundant fruit with viable seed per peduncle). Our findings indicate that some U.S. varieties of trailing lantana are unlikely to present an ecological threat and merit consideration for production and use.

Cultivar selection is an important managerial task for commercial farmers. Numerous available options provide marketing opportunities for farmers; however, they can also make cultivar selection time-consuming. For the past 13 years, a team of Penn State Extension educators and university faculty has implemented a new model to evaluate cultivars for key vegetable crops to assist farmers. Our approach started by building relationships within the vegetable industry with farmers, seed company representatives, and farmer-driven organizations who support our program with funding and gift-in-kind donations. We also added rigor to cultivar evaluations by conducting trials of key vegetable crops over 2 years at three locations. The results were used to develop cultivar recommendations, which were disseminated through various face-to-face and distance Extension avenues. The results were also published in refereed journals. The combination of funding, Extension products, and refereed articles led to university support. A drawback to our approach was the difficulty implementing uniform production methods at three experimental sites. The input of a statistical consultant assisted with overcoming this drawback. This model also required the use of strategies common to successful teams. Our methods are described here for those who desire to build a similar program.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) epidemics in sugar beet have been increasing in recent years causing higher use of fungicides. Concomitantly, the availability of effective fungicides is at risk because of resistance development in the fungus, the lack of new active ingredients as well as restrictive approval practices. A key option for an integrated management of CLS is cultivation of resistant varieties. Because of the yield penalty in resistant varieties, acceptance in commercial practice so far has been low. The aim of our study was to characterize recent sugar beet varieties registered in Germany in terms of resistance and tolerance to CLS and their value for integrated pest management. The genetic basis of CLS resistance in varieties is protected by intellectual property rights even after variety registration and not open to the public due to economic competition. To gain reliable data for cultivation, varieties have to be tested for their resistance traits under field conditions at varying levels of infection with Cercospora beticola. In collaboration with variety related stakeholders, 15 sugar beet varieties were tested in 49 field trials in Germany from 2014 to 2016 for their yield response to CLS. The trials were set up in a split-plot design with and without infection (i.e., with and without fungicide). The classification of varietal reaction to CLS is based on symptomatic leaf area (susceptibility) and the resulting relative yield loss (tolerance). Since the relation between both parameters varied among varieties, it was used as an additional parameter to describe tolerance. On this basis, three groups of varieties were identified. They can be characterized as a susceptible, a resistant and a presumably tolerant cluster. A comparison of the data with an older dataset originating from 2009 to 2011 revealed that yield performance of recent varieties with resistance to C. beticola caught up with susceptible varieties due to breeding progress. They showed no yield penalty in the absence of the disease and better economic performance than susceptible varieties. It is assumed that these varieties will allow a substantial reduction of fungicide use for an advanced integrated pest management under central European conditions.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) characteristically has high N uptake efficiency and low N utilization efficiency (NUtE, seed yield/shoot N accumulation). Determining the NUtE phenotype of various genotypes in different growth conditions is a way of finding target traits to improve oilseed rape NUtE. The aim of this study was to compare oilseed rape genotypes grown on contrasting N supply rates in pot and field experiments to investigate the genotypic variations of NUtE and to identify indicators of N efficient genotypes. For 50 oilseed rape genotypes, NUtE, dry matter and N partitioning, morphological characteristics, and the yield components were investigated under high and low N supplies in a greenhouse pot experiment and a field trial. Although the genotype rankings of NUtE were different between the pot experiment and the field trial, some genotypes performed consistently in both two environments. N-responder, N-nonresponder, N-efficient and N-inefficient genotypes were identified from these genotypes with consistent NUtE. The correlations between the pot experiment and the field trial in NUtE were only 0.34 at high N supplies and no significant correlations were found at low N supplies. However, Pearson coefficient correlation (r) and principal component analysis showed NUtE had similar genetic correlations with other traits across the pot and field experiment. Among the yield components, only seeds per silique showed strong and positive correlations with NUtE under varying N supply in both experiments (r = 0.47**; 0.49**; 0.47**; 0.54**). At high and low N supply, NUtE was positively correlated with seed yield (r = 0.45**; 0.53**; 0.39**; 0.87**), nitrogen harvest index (NHI, r = 0.68**; 0.82**; 0.99**; 0.89**), and harvest index (HI, r = 0.79**; 0.83**; 0.90**; 0.78**) and negatively correlated with biomass distribution to stem and leaf (r = −0.34**; −0.45**; −0.37**; 0.62**), all aboveground plant section N concentration (r from −0.30* to −0.80**), N distribution to the vegetative parts (silique husk, stem and leaf) (r from −0.40** to −0.83**). N-efficient (N-responder) genotypes produced more seeds per silique and had significantly higher NHI and HI than did N-inefficient (N-nonresponder) genotypes. In conclusion, across the pot and field experiments, the 50 genotypes had similar underlying traits correlated with NUtE and seeds per silique may be a good indicator of NUtE.

Inhibition of in vitro pollen germination to characterize the pistil origin of the autoincompatibility of olive (Olea europaea L). The in vitro pollen compatibility of the two table olive varieties 'Meski' (Tunisia) and 'Picholine' (France) was studied for five trees under irrigated conditions. Evaluation of the results demonstrated that 'Picholine' had the highest germination rate of pollen grains on standard culture medium at 86.4%. The autocompatibility test for 'Meski' showed a decrease in the germination rate from 44.8 to 21% when pollen grains were placed on a medium containing its pistil mixture. 'Picholine', meanwhile, exhibited stable or even decreased values ranging from 76 to 87% with its own pistil mixture. The 'Picholine' pollen exhibited its highest germination rate (77.6%) in the medium containing the 'Meski' pistil mixture, indicating the intercompatibility of 'Meski'. The addition to the medium of phenolic components extracted from 'Meski' pistils at three concentrations showed that the lowest germination rate of 'Meski' pollen grains (9.7%) was obtained at the highest concentration, C3 (2.826 mg·ml-1). The inhibitory effect of this concentration was significantly lower on the 'Picholine' pollen grains at 45%.

Results obtained from a network of large-plot trials conducted in 2009 and several previous years have shown that there are a number of newly released NS cultivars of soybean that can be recommended for large-scale commercial growing. We have placed on the market a broad range of new cultivars differing in their growth period duration (maturity groups 000, 00, 0, I, II) and other agronomic traits (growing requirements, chemical grain composition, etc.). For the next planting season, we have secured sufficient quantities of top quality seed of both our well-established cultivars and our new releases, including the new early varieties Alisa, Galina and Bečejka, the medium-maturing new cultivars Sava and Diva, and the late-maturing new cultivars Rubin and Idila. We will also have limited quantities of our latest releases available, the varieties Iskra (I), Victoria (I) and Trijumf (II). We have recently registered four very early cultivars, Gracija (000), Julija (00), Mercur (00) and Prima (00), all of which are particularly suitable for growing soybean as the second crop. Our recommendation is that the new cultivars be introduced gradually to large-scale production and we are hoping they will become popular with the growers. .

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o ganho obtido na discriminação de cultivares de milho pelo ajuste da produtividade de grãos em experimentos inadequados quanto à população final de plantas. O ajuste, ou não, da produtividade de grãos, em função da população variável, nos 31 ensaios de competição de cultivares de milho utilizados, foi realizado com os métodos: sem correção, regra de três, método de Zuber, covariância da população média, covariância da população ideal, método de Cruz, método de Vencovsky & Cruz e método de correção estratificada. O índice de diferenciação de Fasoulas foi utilizado para verificar o ganho na discriminação das cultivares de cada método em relação aos dados sem correção da população. O ganho depende do método de ajuste empregado, obtendo-se, de maneira geral, ganhos mais elevados com o uso dos métodos de correção estratificada, covariância com a população ideal e covariância com a população média. Os ensaios com populações heterogêneas são mais proveitosos, embora a discriminação das cultivares seja menor que a obtida em ensaios com populações homogêneas. Ensaios com populações distanciadas do nível desejado permitem ganhos maiores, porém menor discriminação relativa a ensaios com populações adequadas.The objective of this work was to verify the increase of corn cultivar discrimination by using the final plants population to adjust grain yield. The adjustment, or not, of the corn cultivars grain yield considering the population variate for 31 corn trials was made with the methods: without correction, three rule, Zuber method, covariance of the average population, covariance of the ideal population, method proposed by Cruz, method proposed by Vencovsky & Cruz and the method of stratified correction. The Fasoulas differentiation index was used to verify the cultivar discrimination improvement of each method in relation to the data without correction. The profit depends on the method used to correct the grain yield, producing greater profits with the methods of stratification corrections, covariance for the ideal population and covariance for the average population. Bigger profits are obtained in assays with heterogeneous populations, however the cultivar discrimination is smaler than the obtained in assays with homogeneous populations. Assays with populations more spaced away from the desired levels allow greater profits, but lesser discrimination in relation to the assays with adequate populations.

Among vegetables produced both for raw consumption and processing, tomato is one of the most important one in Europe, by production area and by yield as well. In the past years several study dealt with the investigation of the inner content of tomato, with special regards to antioxidant content. In this paper cherry tomato varieties and landraces from conventional and organic production were compared. Besides basic investigations sensory analysis were designed and Antioxidant Capacity (AOC) and Total Phenol Content (TPC) were measured. The aim of the research was to compare varieties and to study the effect of variety and production methods on antioxidant capacity and sensory profiles.

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit crop of rapid growth and early yielding. In recent years, papaya cultivation has extended to subtropical regions due to its commercial interest. In South East Spain, protected cultivation is, however, mandatory to ensure the optimal development of the crop. Even more, to assure profitability, the selection of plant material well adapted to the structural constrains and the climatic conditions inside greenhouses is essential. With this objective, different papaya cultivars with diverse geographical origin, characteristics and pedigree have been compared. ‘BH-65’, ‘Siluet’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Intenzza’ and ‘Red Lady’ papaya cultivars were thus grown under a plastic greenhouse in Almería, SE Spain and their growth, phenology, yield and fruit quality compared in a 21-month production cycle. The results showed that ‘Siluet’ and ‘Sensation’ papayas are well-adapted to greenhouse protected cultivation, produce high yield, and optimal fruit quality for long and short distance markets. Cultivars like ‘BH-65’ could be of interest for low-height greenhouses due to its reduced plant vigor and high fruit quality. However, ‘BH-65’ yield is low. According to the European consumer preferences, the cultivation of ‘Siluet’ and ‘Sensation’ is recommended, for the harsh conditions the greenhouse cultivation imposes in subtropics.