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Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence has been increasing worldwide over time. This study investigated whether drinking was associated with CRC risk. Methods: We designed a case-control study nested in a mass CRC screening program in Quzhou, China. Cases were newly diagnosed CRC in 2020–2022. Controls were randomly sampled using frequency match. Drinking variables included drinking status, frequency, duration, and others. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results: The crude OR (cOR) (95 % CI) of drinking between 153 cases and 650 controls was 1.46 (0.99, 2.16) in current drinkers, 3.31 (1.44, 7.60) in former drinkers, 1.82 (1.21, 2.74) in drinking 6–7 days/week, and 3.48 (1.29, 9.37) in drinking 1–19 years. Stratifying by sex, all drinking variables in women but not all in men were consistently associated with CRC risk. The adjusted OR (aOR) (95 % CI) was 1.01 (0.59, 1.74) in current drinking men, 2.27 (0.78, 6.64) in former drinking men, and 4.24 (1.61, 11.13) in current drinking women. The aOR (95 % CI) of drinking whisky was 0.19 (0.04, 0.83), 1.89 (0.86, 4.17), 2.25 (1.05, 4.83), and 1.82 (0.85, 3.92) in men drinking ≤0.5, >0.5–≤1.0, >1.0–≤1.5, and >1.5 Liter/week (Ptrend = 0.011), and 3.80 (1.03, 14.00) and 9.92 (2.01, 49.00) in women drinking ≤0.5 and >0.5 Liter/week (Ptrend = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: There was sex difference in drinking associated with increased risk of CRC which association was stronger in women than that in men. Men’s association between drinking whisky and CRC risk was J-shaped.

Abstract In high frequency (HF) hybrid sky‐surface wave radar, the first‐order sea clutter broadening is severe under the action of ionospheric phase disturbance and bistatic angles. In this study, a spread sea clutter suppression method based on prior knowledge and joint domain localised (JDL) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the first‐order sea clutter broadening mechanisms and model under the action of ionospheric phase disturbance and bistatic angles are introduced. Secondly, the space‐time coupling characteristics of the first‐order sea clutter is analysed. Then in order to better suppress clutter or avoid target information loss, the spread sea clutter suppression method based on space time adaptive processing is proposed. In the proposed method, the space‐time distribution characteristics and simulation model of the first‐order sea clutter is used as the prior knowledge into JDL algorithm to improve the sea clutter suppression performance. Finally, the performance of sea clutter suppression based on JDL algorithm is simulated and analysed. And the proposed spread sea clutter suppression method based on prior knowledge and JDL algorithm is proved by measured data.

ObjectivesTo assess antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals aged 50 and older.MethodsWe conducted a post-market cross-sectional seroepidemiology study. We recruited 4,632 vaccinated individuals aged 50 and older, measured their total serum SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody (TA), and collected correlates. The primary outcome was the geometric mean titer (GMT) of TA, and the secondary outcome was the decline of TA with age. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used to examine the associations of the TA GMT with age, and trend analyses were used to test whether their associations were significant.ResultsAll participants had a detectable TA, which was generally at a low level across all age groups. The TA GMT (95% CI) in AU/mL was 3.05 (2.93, 3.18); the corresponding arithmetic mean (95% CI) was 17.77 (16.13, 19.42) in all participants and 4.33 (3.88, 4.84), 3.86 (3.49, 4.28), 3.24 (2.92, 3.59), 2.77 (2.60, 2.96), and 2.65 (2.48, 2.83) in the age groups of 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-74, and 75 years or older, respectively. The TA GMT decreased with age with a Ptrend < 0.001. The TA GMT was significantly lower in those with hypertension or diabetes compared to those with neither.ConclusionThe inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is effective in individuals aged 50 and older. This is the first study that has found an inverse dose-response relationship between ages and the low-level TAs. Older people, especially those with chronic diseases, should get the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and their vaccination frequency, dose, and method may need to be different from those of younger people.

Phycocyanin (PC) concentration is used as an indicator to characterize cyanobacteria biomass while monitoring eutrophication in inland water. Remote sensing provides useful methods for quantifying PC concentration; however, there is a shortage of datasets for the long-term monitoring of PC concentration when only a single remote sensing data is used. Therefore, PC concentrations obtained from multisource remote sensing images should be compared before integrating them for long-term monitoring. In this study, machine learning (ML) regression algorithms are used to develop PC concentration retrieval models suitable for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) images, and their accuracies are compared. The two optimal retrieval models are applied to satellite images acquired on the same days to compare the spatial consistency of the two PC concentration retrieval results. The results show that the sensitive spectral range of PC concentration is 560–680 nm. Among the ML regression algorithms, gradient boosted tree (GBT) regression exhibits the highest PC retrieval accuracy for both the MODIS images (R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 61.9 μg/L) and OLCI images (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 45.44 μg/L). The PC concentrations retrieved from the MODIS and OLCI images acquired in bloom and no-bloom periods have a high spatial consistency in most areas of Chaohu Lake. Their correlation coefficient also exceeds 0.7, and the average relative error reaches 0.293 μg/L. However, a large difference exists in areas with high PC concentrations, which may cause by the poor applicability of atmospheric correction algorithms and PC retrieval models in these areas. The proposed PC concentration retrieval models developed using GBT regression in this paper can expend the idea for the quantitative retrieval of other inland water quality parameters in inland water, and the conclusions should enable the effective integration of MODIS and OLCI images for the time series monitoring of PC concentrations in reservoirs and lakes.

The aim of the study was to understand the dynamic changes in daily step counts (DSC) during the development of chickens and to further explore the effects of exercise on the growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and tibial strength of cocks. A total of 600 (half male and half female) 1-day-old Wannan chickens with similar hatching weights were raised under the same rearing conditions. All birds were wing banded and housed in identical cages for from 1 to 8 wk in the experimental poultry house. The dimensions of the cages were 70 × 70 × 40 cm (length × width × height). At the age of 9 to 16 wk, these birds were reared in indoor pens (2 m × 2 m, 1,000 cm2 per bird). In addition, they also had a free-range grass paddock (20 m × 30 m, 1 m2 per bird). The DSC of male and female Wannan chicks were recorded from 70 to 112 d by using a pedometer. At 112 d of age, based on the average DSC, birds were divided into groups representing the highest (HS), medium, and lowest (LS) number of step groups. Fifteen cocks from each group were selected for subsequent experiments. Compared with the LS group, the HS group displayed higher tibial strength (P = 0.025) and lower BW, cooking loss (P = 0.014), shear force (P = 0.023), and drip loss (P = 0.008). The DSC had no effects on the female BW or male carcass parameters. There was no significant change in the DSC of all birds from 70 to 112 d. However, male chickens took more steps than females at 15 (P = 0.025) and 16 (P = 0.012) week of age. In conclusion, the effects of the DSC on the BW of Wannan chickens depend on sex, and enhanced exercise could improve the meat quality and tibial strength of cocks.

In this article, we consider a diffusion system with the Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ for short) chemical reaction. The existence and stability of V-shaped traveling fronts for the BZ system in $\mathbb{R}^2$ had been proved in our previous papers [30, 31]. Here we establish the existence and stability of pyramidal traveling fronts for the BZ system in $\mathbb{R}^3$.

In this paper, we propose and investigate an almost periodic SEIR model with stage structure and latency, in which time-dependent maturation and incubation periods are incorporated. Two threshold parameters for the persistence and extinction of population and disease are introduced: the basic reproduction ratio $\hat{R}_{0}$ for population and the basic reproduction ratio $R_{0}$ for disease. If $\hat{R}_{0}1$, it is shown that the disease tends to die out if $R_{0}1$. By virtue of numerical simulations, we verify the analytic results and investigate the effects of the fluctuations of maturation and incubation periods on disease transmission.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in sellar region, to explore the indication and safety of pathological biopsy in sellarregion. Methods and Results Eight patients with LCH who underwent biopsy by endoscopic transsphenoidal approach from November 2011 to November 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The ratio of male to female was 1:1. The median age of 8 patients was 15.50 years old. All patients had central diabetes insipidus as the inaugural manifestation,and 7 patients had hypothalamus⁃related symptoms. Lesions in 7 patients involved the pituitary stalk, and in 5 patients involved the intrasellar region. The most common site of involvement was both intrasellar region and pituitary stalk (3patients), followed by both pituitary stalk and hypothalamus (2patients). MRI showed isointensity (8cases) on T1WI, isointensity (6cases), hypointensity (onecase) and heterogeneous intensity (one case) on T2WI, while 6 with homogeneous enhancement and 2 with heterogeneous enhancement. The hyperintensity on T1WI of posterior pituitary was absent in all patients. The posterior pituitary bright spot was absent in allpatients. Only one patient had a transient hypothalamic dysfunction after operation. None patient had cerebrospinal fluid leakage, central nervous system infection, unplanned secondary operation, death and other adverse events within one month after operation. Conclusions There were no specific clinical manifestations for LCH in sellar region, and this disease should be considered to differentiate from pituitary adenomas, germ cell tumor and lymphocytic hypophysitis. Biopsy was considered as "gold standard" for diagnosis. And biopsy by endoscopic transsphenoidal approach was a safe and reliable way for confirmation. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.07.012

Objective Metastatic carcinoma in sellar region is a rare disease. This article is to discuss the metastatic origin, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in sellar region, and to summarize the experience in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Methods and Results From January 2014 to October 2019, six patients with metastatic carcinoma in sellar region were confirmed by pathological examinations after endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Four patients presented with mass effect in sellar region as the first manifestation, and 2 patients were associated with a history of malignant neoplasm. The common clinical manifestations were headache and visual disturbance. The lesions mainly involved cavernous sinus and pituitary gland. Three patients whose lesions involved adenohypophysis presented with pituitary hypofunction, of which 2 patients were diagnosed as non⁃functional pituitary adenoma on admission. Conclusions Presentations associated with metastatic carcinoma in sellar region can be the first manifestation of malignant neoplasm. Compared with pituitary adenomas, metastatic carcinoma in sellar region is more prone to present with diabetes insipidus and pituitary hypofunction. Relying solely on imaging diagnosis is relatively limited, and differential diagnosis should be considered in multiple aspects to reduce the misdiagnosis rate. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.03.009

Objective To explore the characteristics, risk factors of postoperative infections for patients with growth hormone (GH)⁃secreting pituitary adenoma after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, and to share the experience of diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Methods A total of 122 patients with GH⁃secreting pituitary adenoma who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery were included from January 2016 to October 2019, and the data of postoperative body temperature, postoperative infection and related possible risk factors were analyzed. Results The incidence of postoperative infections in patients with acromegaly was significantly higher than that with other types of pituitary adenomas [9.84% (12/122) vs. 3.77% (8/212), P=0.025]. Central nervous system infection (7 cases) and bacteremia (4 cases) were the most common types of infections. Gram ⁃ negative bacilli were predominant (10 cases). The postoperative peak body temperature of patients with infections (12 cases) was significantly higher (P = 0.000) and appeared later than non ⁃infectious group (110 cases, P= 0.000). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage (OR = 5.520, 95% CI:1.193-25.551; P = 0.029) and female (OR = 7.804, 95% CI: 1.088 - 55.948;P = 0.041) patients were major risk factors for postoperative infections. Conclusions For patients with GH ⁃ secreting pituitary adenoma who underwent endoscopic surgery, postoperative infections were uncommon but serious complication, especially for females, for those who experienced intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and postoperative peak body temperature delayed. Early identification and timely treatment are very important. Empirical anti ⁃ infective treatment should cover Gram ⁃ negative bacteria. Repair using autologous fat fascia and nasoseptal flap may reduce the incidence of postoperative infections in patients who suffered severe cerebrospinal fluid leakage. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.03.013

This article concerns the spatial spreading speeds for lattice differential equations with general time and space dependence. Firstly, we give the concept of spreading speed intervals. Then, under the suitable assumptions we show the existence and properties of spreading speed intervals.

Background Pituitary stalk occupation can result from various lesions, therefore the diagnosis is difficult to a certain extent. The clinical significance of the biopsy to pituitary stalk occupying lesions on suprasellar region remains controversal. Objective To analyze the value and safety of pituitarys talk biopsy by endoscopic extended transsphenoidal approach in the diagnosis of pituitary stalk occupying lesions. Methods and Results There were 16 patients who received pituitary stalk biopsy by endoscopic extended transsphenoidal approach from 2011 to 2017, and reconstruction of sellar floor was done by bath-plug technique and pedicled nasoseptal flap. Postoperative pathological examination identified germinoma in 10 cases, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) in 3 cases, lymphocytic hypophysitis in 2 cases and craniopharyngioma in one case. After operation, 2 patients had central nervous system (CNS) rhinorrhea, while no patient had new hypopituitarism, damage of visual field and eyesight, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, unplanned secondary surgery, death or other serious complications. Conclusions Pituitary stalk biopsy by endoscopic extended transsphenoidal approach is a safe and reliable surgical method which is instructive for patient's diagnosis and treatment plan. It is worth popularizing widely. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2019.03.007

Focusing on the problem that differential spatial modulation (DSM) couldn’t obtain transmit diversity and has high decoding complexity,a new differential spatial modulation scheme based on the orthogonal space-time block code was proposed and the proposed scheme is called OSTBC-DSM.There were two matrices in this scheme:the spatial modulation matrix and the symbol matrix.The former was aimed to activate different transmit antennas by setting the position of nonzero elements,and the latter structured symbolic matrix by using orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) as the basic code block.The proposed scheme could obtain full transmit diversity and higher spectral efficiency compared with the conventional DSM schemes.Moreover,the OSTBC-DSM supported linear maximum likelihood (ML) decoding.The simulation results show that under different spectral efficiencies,the proposed OSTBC-DSM scheme has better bit error rate (BER) performance than other schemes.

In this paper we derive a lattice model with infinite distributed delay to describe the growth of a single-species population in a 2D patchy environment with infinite number of patches connected locally by diffusion and global interaction. We consider the existence of traveling wave solutions when the birth rate is large enough that each patch can sustain a positive equilibrium. When the birth function is monotone, we prove that there exists a traveling wave solution connecting two equilibria with wave speed $c>c^*(\theta)$ by using the monotone iterative method and super and subsolution technique, where $\theta\in [0,2\pi]$ is any fixed direction of propagation. When the birth function is non-monotone, we prove the existence of non-trivial traveling wave solutions by constructing two auxiliary systems satisfying quasi-monotonicity.

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a relatively new bioinspired heuristic for global optimization based on the mathematical models of biogeography. By investigating the applicability and performance of BBO for integer programming, we find that the original BBO algorithm does not perform well on a set of benchmark integer programming problems. Thus we modify the mutation operator and/or the neighborhood structure of the algorithm, resulting in three new BBO-based methods, named BlendBBO, BBO_DE, and LBBO_LDE, respectively. Computational experiments show that these methods are competitive approaches to solve integer programming problems, and the LBBO_LDE shows the best performance on the benchmark problems.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2 endoscopic spine surgeries on the biomechanical properties of normal and osteoporotic spines. Methods Based on computed tomography images of a healthy adult volunteer, 6 finite element models were created. After validating the normal intact model, a concentrated force of 400 N and a moment of 7.5 Nm were exerted on the upper surface of L3 to simulate 6 physiological activities of the spine. Five types of indices were used to assess the biomechanical properties of the 6 models, range of motion (ROM), maximum displacement value, intervertebral disc stress, maximum stress value, and articular protrusion stress, and by combining them with finite element stress cloud. Results In normal and osteoporotic spines, there was no meaningful change in ROM or disc stress in the 2 surgical models for the 6 motion states. Model N1 (osteoporotic percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy model) showed a decrease in maximum displacement value of 20.28% in right lateral bending. Model M2 (unilateral biportal endoscopic model) increased maximum displacement values of 16.88% and 17.82% during left and right lateral bending, respectively. The maximum stress value of L4–5 increased by 11.72% for model M2 during left rotation. In addition, using the same surgical approach, ROM, maximum displacement values, disc stress, and maximum stress values were more significant in the osteoporotic model than in the normal model. Conclusion In both normal and osteoporotic spines, both surgical approaches were less disruptive to the physiologic structure of the spine. Furthermore, using the same endoscopic spine surgery, normal spine biomechanical properties are superior to osteoporotic spines.