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Abstract The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the most harmful pests of maize in Asia. It poses a significant threat to maize production, causing economic losses due to its strong ecological adaptation. In this study, we compared and analyzed the hemolymph proteome between freezing and resistance-freezing O. furnacalis strains using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to gain insights into the mechanisms of cold resistance. The results revealed that 300–400 hemolymph protein spots were common, with 24 spots showing differences between the two strains. Spectrometry analysis revealed 21 protein spots, including 17 upregulated spots and 4 downregulated ones. The expression of upregulation/downregulation proteins plays a crucial role in the metabolism, energy supply, and defense reaction of insects. Proteomics research not only provides a method for investigating protein expression patterns but also identifies numerous attractive candidates for further exploration.

The complete mitogenome of Corythoxestis sunosei (GenBank accession number MT611524) is 15,511 bp in length, and harbors 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and an A + T-rich region. The overall base composition is A (40.04%), C (10.64%), G (7.62%), and T (41.70%), showing AT-rich feature (81.74%). ATG, ATT, CGA were initiation codons and TAA and T were termination codons. All the 22 tRNAs displayed a common cloverleaf secondary structure, except for trnS1 which lacked the dihydrouracil (DHU) arm. Phylogenetic tree based on 13 PCGs showed that C. sunosei has a close phylogenetic relationship with Gibbovalva kobusi and Cameraria ohridella and belongs to Gracillariidae.

The complete mitogenome of Gunungidia aurantiifasciata (GenBank accession number MT012904) is 15,472 bp in length, and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. The overall base composition is A (40.01%), C (11.93%), G (10.63%) and T (37.43%), demonstrating an obvious bias of high AT content (77.44%). ATG, ATA, ATT, TTG were initiation codons and TAA, TAG, and T were termination codons. All 22 tRNAs have the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, with an exception for trnS1 (AGN). The phylogenetic relationship based on neighbor-joining method showed that G. aurantiifasciata is clustered with two Typhlocybinae species, which agree with the conventional taxonomy.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pealius machili (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is determined to be 15,736 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. The overall base composition is 34.60% for A, 10.87% for C, 12.16% for G, and 42.37% for T, with a high AT bias of 76.97%. Eleven reading frame overlaps and 16 intergenic regions were found in the mitogenome of P. machili. The trnS1 and trnS2 lost the dihydrouracil (DHU) arm, while trnL1 lacked the TΨC arm stem. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the 13 concatenated PCGs using neighbor-joining method and showed that P. machili is closely related to Aleurochiton aceris, which is in accordance with the traditional classification.