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The article examines the problems of such a social phenomenon as bullying among youth. The issue of relationships in a group, especially during the period of maturing and active development of personality, is very relevant. These relationships are not always constructive and aimed at cooperation: there are often situations of aggression that accompany the communication process in the group. One type of such aggressive behaviour is bullying, the manifestations of which are studied in this work. The authors have conducted a research using a quantitative method (questionnaire survey in 82 constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and qualitative methods (focus groups and project sessions). The most common forms of bullying have been identified. The authors have determined the subjects that, according to the respondents, should provide assistance to victims of bullying and the provocateurs of bullying (among whom are not only aggressors, but also victims). At the same time, as the research results show, new questions have arisen regarding the issue of the phenomenon, both terminological (what does modern youth understand by bullying) and socio-psychological (what are the similarities and differences between the aggressor, provocateur, victim), which will be solved at the next research stages.

The increase in cases of bullying and cyberbullying has raised concerns about its impact on the mental health of young people, particularly its relationship with test anxiety, underscoring the need to delve deeper into this issue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether suffering and perpetrating aggressive acts (bullying and cyberbullying) are related to different dimensions of test anxiety. A total of 912 Spanish students (girls 52.7%) aged between 10 and 16 years (13.43 ± 1.73) participated in this study. The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (CAEX-A) were used. The association between test anxiety and bullying/cyberbullying (as victims and aggressors) was calculated via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression. All analyses were performed separately for boys and girls and adjusted for age, body mass index, maternal educational level, and academic performance. Students in bullying or cyberbullying contexts achieved significantly higher values in practically all anxiety factors analyzed (p < 0.05), especially in cognitive responses: 33.14% and 22.56% for bullying and cyberbullying victims, respectively, and 22.56% and 23.9% for aggressors. Victims of cyberbullying harassment had a high risk (OR: 8.311) of suffering diarrhoea, palpitations, chest tightness, nausea and fainting during exams, as well as avoidance behaviors (OR: 5.106) (both p < 0.001). The results, disaggregated by gender, showed that the relationship between feeling bullied in face-to-face interactions and experiencing test anxiety was only evident for girls, which seems to place them in a more vulnerable situation. Female victimization, although less frequent, could have lasting and harmful consequences. These findings highlight the need not only to implement intervention strategies in the school setting aimed at preventing and reducing bullying and cyberbullying but also to address anxiety and its physical and cognitive manifestations in both victims and aggressors.

The text aims to bring into attention a well-known issue in the field of deviance and delinquency, respectively of family violence, from the perspective of a crisis period we are all going through at global level, the COVID-19 pandemic. Starting from various theoretical assessments with an interdisciplinary character, we set out to analyze the situation regarding the domestic violence in our country in 2020, in the midst of a pandemic. Therefore, we identified various particularities regarding the domestic violence phenomenon, more precisely on the notification of the cases, as well as on the institutional, specialized intervention manner. Although the analysis of police statistics does not necessarily indicate an increase in the level of intrafamily violence compared to 2019, we believe that the „black figure“(the cases not reported to the authorities) hides a big part of this phenomenon. The crisis periods aggravate the social dysfunctions and family conflicts, which is why, at the end of this paper, we’ve made a set of proposals for streamlining the intervention in support of the victims.

Domestic violence is a social problem that deeply affects all countries in the world. Even though most societies are against it, and even more so, condemn any act of violence against women, the reality is often hidden or simply overlooked. This type of abuse causes serious traumatic consequences for both women and children, whether they are directly involved or not. This phenomenon is both a social and a health problem. The research focused on identifying the factors that influence women that are victims of domestic violence to remain with their aggressor. The research instrument is the interview, applied to 10 subjects, female victims of domestic violence. The results confirmed the hypotheses established at the beginning of the paper: family influence, financial dependence, low level of education and children are the main factors that influence victims to remain in an abusive relationship.

This paper explores the ways in which experiences of domestic violence in early childhood shape adult relationships and sense making of violence in adult life. Our data consists of interviews with 10 people who experienced domestic violence, most of them before the age of 9 and who also experienced inhibition, depression, anxiety, relationship conflicts with parents and partners in their adult life. Relationship with parents were severed; gender differences in couple relationships manifested in man interviewees trying not to be aggressive, while in women interviewees struggling with being the target of violence in their relationships. All interviewees believed that violence is not a way to solve problems.

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical and applied aspects of bullying prevention in foreign countries and on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of foreign experience, to develop proposals for effective measures to prevent bullying in Ukraine. Methodology. Methodological tools are selected in accordance with the purpose, specifics of the object and subject of research. In the process of research the dialectical method of scientific knowledge of social and legal phenomena in their contradictions, development and changes is used, which allows to objectively assess the level and effectiveness of bullying prevention in Ukraine; formal-logical method, by means of which elements of the legal mechanism of violence prevention are revealed; comparative law method is used in the analysis of current legislation and international regulations. The theoretical basis of the publication were the works of domestic and foreign scientists on aspects of bullying prevention. The scientific novelty of the publication is that it outlines the main measures to prevent bullying in foreign countries. A number of recommendations have been proposed that can be used in precautionary measures for bullying and victim assistance. Conclusions. Given the catastrophic growth of this phenomenon in the country, there is an urgent need for constant updating of guidelines for teachers and psychologists to prevent bullying in schools. On the example of such countries as Sweden, Great Britain, Finland, the United States, Spain, Norway, Canada, Japan, it is necessary to introduce special programs in the field of educational activities, the purpose of which is to educate young people in the spirit of tolerance, democracy and human needs. attitude to their peers and other positive aspects. In tandem with numerous legal mechanisms, such an approach will make it possible to eradicate bullying not only in practice but also in the minds of Ukrainian society

The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of the application of a social pedagogical strategy in the prevention and reduction of bullying in 8th grade students of the Marceliano Polo Educational Institution of the municipality of Cereté - Córdoba. The study is of qualitative approach and is framed within the case study design with a sample of 36 eighth grade students and 2 teachers. The instruments were the survey form, the interview form and the field diary. For the data analysis, a triangulation of the information was done, in other words, the interview, the surveys and the development of the social pedagogical strategy Ëducating my Emotions¨ were assembled to carry out a comprehensive study which showed students’ thoughts and teachers’ perceptions clearly. The results obtained were able to establish the characterization of the students against bullying which was in a high percentage in the Verbal and Social dimensions, in terms of the teachers' perception it was shown that they know about the problem of bullying but do not use prevention strategies Finally, the application of the emotional intelligence strategy contributed to improve the behavior and coexistence in the students, as well as to face better everyday and non-everyday situations.

Coexistence between adolescents in educational centres and people outside these centres is increasingly mediated by the use of different technologies. The present study analyses the perceptions of 4,273 students in secondary education in Aragon (Spain) on how the positive relationships that occur in the educational centre (among students and their classmates, teachers, school principals and other staff) and between the family and the school mediate the prevention of bullying and cyberbullying. The study was performed in 20 educational centres of the Autonomous Community of Aragon, considering the stratified representation of the provinces, private and public schools, and rural and urban areas. The study was conducted by applying questionnaires on bullying and cyberbullying, among other questions, and by evaluating the relationship between students and the rest of the educational community. An analysis was elaborated from a structural equation model (SEM), using as exogenous variables the student’s assessment of relations with the rest of the members of the educational community and, as endogenous variables, victimization, aggression and perception of bullying situations and cyberbullying (bystanders). This study concluded by exposing aspects related to these protective factors, which are so important for the development of a positive coexistence and personal relationships. Our research brings advances towards a positive and transformative vision for preventing bullying and cyberbullying. From this proposal, we find interesting the importance and necessity to overcome the silence of cyber-victimized adolescents, reinforcing not only the peer network in the educational centre but also teacher and family networks.

Introduction: Physical abuse against children must be reported to the General Directorate for Social Assistance and Child Protection or to the District Police Departments by all specialists in the medical field, including dentists. The aim of this study was to analyze the traumatic injuries of the oral cavity as well as the injuries located on other parts of the body, resulting from the physical abuse inflicted by various means in children. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on a group with 67 patients aged between 3 months and 18 years, namely 49 boys and 18 girls, residing in Bihor County, in rural and urban areas, victims of physical violence, between 2014-2018. The data were retrieved from the archives of the Bihor County Forensic Medicine Service, the Municipal Clinical Hospital “Dr. Gavril Curteanu” Oradea, Pediatrics Department, as well as a private dental practice in Oradea. We have analyzed the parameters related both to the victim and the aggressor. The data collected were statistically analyzed and processed and the results were rendered with the help of descriptive and correlational studies. Results: Following the child physical abuse, during the analyzed period, the most affected soft tissues in the oral and dental field were the lips (71.6%) and the cheeks (71.6%), whereas teeth (29.9%) and jaw bones (7.5%) were the most affected hard tissues. The most common associated injuries were located in the cephalic extremity (26.9%) and limbs (10.4%), and the average number of detected lesions was 2.31 ± 1.427, ranging between 1 and 7. The average age was 6.63± 3.7409 years, most of the victims being boys (73.1%) living in rural areas (64.2%). Conclusion: Physical abuse in children is a sensitive topic that must be properly addressed, given its long term consequences. The results of our study are in accordance with the majority of published data in terms on the most vulnerable categories of children and the most often encountered injuries. Given that cases of physical abuse are underreported by dentists, most often because they do not know how to proceed, it is required that all dentists be trained in diagnosing the most accurate forms of physical abuse and be notified of the ethical obligation to report any suspicion of physical abuse.

This contribution explores the representation of the verbal image of aggression in the texts of the English-language digital mass media. The research is based on the quantitative and qualitative semantic analyses of 174 authentic English texts (journalistic reports and newspaper articles) produced during the period of 2013-2015 and selected on the basis of special criteria, which were elaborated in our previous works on detecting descriptors of aggression in written texts. The aim of the research is to reveal the structural components of the verbal image of aggression reproduced in the worldview of Russian native speakers after reading English texts (British and American digital newspapers articles) and to find out if the resulting cognitive model refers to the real act of aggression. The paper contributes to the research field of psycholinguistics, emphasizing the need to support people’s psychological health in the context of an aggressive media environment, which produces high psychological tension. The research methodology is based on a modified associative experiment procedure, which involves 98 native speakers of Russian (university students majoring in linguistics and translation). The obtained results demonstrate a great variability of the structural elements of aggression verbalized in mass media texts. They also indicate that the focus of the reader’s attention is deliberately shifted towards the formation of a hostile cognitive model of the world, with the aggressor and the third party involved in the aggressive act in the center of the battlefield, and the victim of aggression on the periphery. The findings are illustrated by textual examples from authentic British and American newspaper articles and supplied with the author’s commentaries.

Commercial cinema in Spain, as in the rest of the world, has gone to great lengths to describe visually, without any intention of protest, each and every one of the forms of violence against women: physical, psychological, financial, social and, lastly, sexual. Beyond insinuating and intimidating compliments and gazes, sexual violence is something that is excepted in scripts, even in those of famous directors who create powerful female characters. The aim of this paper is to know how the Spanish directors, of both sexes, represent the topic of sexual violence, paying attention to the masculinity of the characters. To this end, a content analysis was performed on twelve films from a narrative perspective. In a second stage, employing methodological triangulation and a questionnaire as a quantitative tool, university students were asked about how they perceived the scenes of sexual violence in these films. The results show, on one side, that rape is the act of sexual violence more represented and, on the other hand, a lack of awareness about the treatment of rape in Spanish cinema, as well as its rejection by young audiences.

BackgroundSchool violence and bullying are prevalent problems that affect health in general, especially through the development of emotional and behavioral problems, and can result in the deterioration of the academic performance of the student victim. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rates of aggressive behaviors according to types of school violence and bullying, sociodemographic characteristics, and variation by department, region, and time in the period between 2014 and 2018 in Peru.MethodsThe design was observational and cross-sectional based on data from the Specialized System for Reporting Cases of School Violence (Sistema Especializado en Reporte de Casos sobre Violencia Escolar—SíseVe) in Peru, which covers a population of 23,641 students at the initial, primary, and secondary levels of Basic Regular Education [Educación Básica Regular (EBR)], for the 2014–2018 period. The prevalence rates of the different types of school violence and bullying, the sociodemographic characteristics, and the variation by department, region, and time in the period between 2014 and 2018 were estimated.ResultsPsychological violence/bullying occurred at higher prevalence rates (185.8 and 62.6 per 100,000 residents). Women from public institutions reported greater sexual violence, mostly by teachers (67.8%) than by other students (32.2%). The Selva region had the highest prevalence rate of sexual violence (10.1 per 100,000 residents). The departments of Tacna and Piura had the highest and lowest rates of psychological/verbal violence and bullying in 2018 (95.79 and 25.31 per 100,000 residents).ConclusionPsychological/verbal violence and bullying is highly prevalent among students; women report being victims of sexual violence by administrative personnel of public institutions. The Selva region had the highest rate of sexual violence, and Piura and Tacna had the highest and lowest rates of violence and psychological/verbal bullying. Based on these results, it is suggested to conduct evidence-based prevention programs in Peruvian schools to reduce these social problems.

School bulling has become a media highlight, a serious concern for the school staff and parents who are concerned about the safety and wellbeing of their children. Bullying has also been a subject of numerous scientific studies and research. Bullying has been defined as a worldwide problem and a major concern which is also accompanied by physical, social and psychical effects which unfortunately can lead the victims in most cases to commit suicide. This research aims at making deep analysis of the presence and the frequency of bullying activities among low secondary schools in the town of Gjakova. The research hypothesis applied in this study are: • Bullying frequency and characteristics • Feelings of victims who were subjected to bullying • Student position over school staff and parents reaction to prevent bullying This research has involved students from VI to IX grade of lower secondary schools in Gjakova with the total number of n= 300 students. When we look at the results deriving from the applied questionnaire, it indicates that bulling is present in Gjakova lower secondary schools This research shows that 39.3% of students have been subject of bullying and 33.3% are aggressors. As far as the gender is concerned, 6 % of those involved in the research have stated that the aggressor was indeed a female, while 11% stated that they were victims of a male aggressor. This shows that the percentage of male aggressor is higher. According to the victims, they were being directly bullied with 49% of the cases, 33% were virtually bullied and 16% were bullied in both forms. According to the statements from the aggressors involved in bullying, 56% of them have bullied other directly, 12% virtually and only 4% in both forms. Students who were subject of bullying expressed negative feelings 19.7% of which were felt sad, 10.03% angry and 10.03% distressed. 7.03% of students who were being bullied reported to have missed classes due to this fact.

In the article the of home policy and foreign-policy image of Russia is examined on a background Russian-western ideological contradictions. Reasons of negative perception of character of the Russian state are distinguished by western researchers and population. The historical comparative analysis of internal despotism and external aggressiveness of the states is presented in the days of the rule of Ivan IV, some European monarchs by the aim of understanding of essence of the mythologized negative idea about Russia in the west.

Male violence against women is humankind’s most notable example of lack of affection. Myths that have blamed women for the expulsion from Paradise, genital mutilation, domestic violence, the use of sexual violence as weapon of war, or women being stoned, are all reflections of the circumstances in which women are defenseless victims. In Spain, it appears that the influence of the media has failed to penetrate deeply into the social conscience, something that is needed in order to tackle this scourge. The aim of this research is to determine the influence that news-related television contents have had upon gender violence and, more specifically, the way in which the aggressor is depicted in audiovisual storytelling. This study encompasses both a quantitative methodology –which has been gathered from the analysis of the 3660 yearly news editions from five national Spanish networks- and a qualitative methodology as well, through the use of comprehensive interviews of the individuals who closely work with this social problem.

Understanding the causes of adolescents' aggressive behavior in and through technological means and resources requires a thorough analysis of the criteria that they consider to be identifying and defining cyberbullying and of the network of relationships established between the different criteria. The present study has aimed at making a foray into the attempt to understand the underlying structures and mechanisms that determine aggressors' and victims' perceptions of the cyberbullying phenomenon. The sample consisted of 2148 adolescents (49.1% girls; SD = 0.5) of ages from 12 to 16 (M = 13.9; SD = 1.2). The data collected through a validated questionnaire for this study whose dimensions were confirmed from the data extracted from the focus groups and a CFA of the victim and aggressor subsamples. The analysis of the data is completed with CFA and the construction of structural models. The results have shown the importance and interdependence of imbalance of power and intention to harm in the aggressors' perceptual structure. The criteria of anonymity and repetition are related to the asymmetry of power, giving greater prominence to this factor. In its perceptual structure, the criterion “social relationship” also appears, which indicates that the manifestations of cyberbullying are sometimes interpreted as patterns of behavior that have become massively extended among the adolescent population, and have become accepted as a normalized and harmless way of communicating with other adolescents. In the victims' perceptual structure the key factor is the intention to harm, closely linked to the asymmetry of power and publicity. Anonymity, revenge and repetition are also present in this structure, although its relationship with cyberbullying is indirect. These results allow to design more effective measures of prevention and intervention closely tailored to addressing directly the factors that are considered to be predictors of risk.

The family protection and support, the development and consolidation of family solidarity, basedon friendship, affection, moral and material encouragement of family members is a national goal. The acts ofviolence among members of one family can seriously affect the very existence of the family, frequentlycausing the dismemberment of it. The deeply harmful effects of violence among members of one family, bothfor them and for society, as well as the recrudescence of such violent acts imposed as a major priority theprevention and combating of this form of the violence. Family violence is a social problem and, at the sametime, a serious violation of human rights, being exercised in different forms: the punishment of minors, therestriction of the woman’s (man’s) independence, the non-respect of the rights, feelings, opinions,expectations of the woman (man), violence among brothers, abuse against elderly family members etc.. It isalso a social relation whose consequences cannot be ignored at the level of political decision, from theperspective of accession to the European Union’s structures of our country.

The article is devoted to the study of nouns nominating the image of an aggression in the modern American national variety of the English language.

Introduction. The research is focused on the issue of domestic violence against women. It deals with the definition of violence, concepts and models of individual areas by summarising the research findings and the possibilities of methodological tools for measurement of significant factors of violence against women. Aim. The primary goal of the research is to define significant factors which determine violence against women. Materialand Methods. Methods of research – survey, document analysis and database statistical analysis. Results. Primary results of quantitative research reveal that women of all ages and educational groups are at risk. Mostly women aged 26–45, living in rural areas with middle school education without maturity exam (final exam). Violence in families involves men of all age groups with emphasis on increased incidence in specific categories: mostly men aged 36–45, living in rural areas with secondary (high school or comprehensive school) education. Another field of interest represents analysis of negative family situations, impact of violence against woman on her psychological conditions, and reasons why victims carry on marriage and/or partnership. Conclusions. It can be concluded that the most frequent negative phenomena during aggressor's and/or victim's childhood were physical violence of father against mother, alcohol – possibly father's alcoholism, poverty, physical punishment of children, and patriarchal model of the family. Two thirds of victims continue marriage/partnership in order to maintain the family, to keep the father for children, and for financial reasons. There is a frequent social criminality in poor biological families of aggressors, i.e., a commission of crime because of lack of finances.

The theoretical part of the paper describes the problems of new media, bullying and its modified form – cyberbullying, place, time and characteristics of the protagonists of traditional bullying and cyberbullying, including a comparison of traditional bullying and cyberbullying, according to criteria that are specifically defined. The second part informs about the results of research of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among university students provided by Ostrava´s questionnaire of cyberbullying. The conclusion of the work points out that most of university students are more likely to interfere with traditional bullying than cyberbullying. With traditional bullying met 466 students (45.2 %) compared to 205 students (19.9 %), who clashed with cyberbullying. The preferred defense against cyberbullying strategies are: to confide in parents, to block access to footage of cyberbullying on the Internet, to tell a friend outside the school and the school report cyberbullying.

The aim of this investigation was not only to identify the prevalence of bullying behavior whithin a group of teenagers from primary and secondary education, but to establish relationships between the type of actor (perpetrator, victim, witness and perpetrator-victim) with gender, age and the level of educational training as well. 120 students were evaluated in a public educational institution by a correlational design, by using a questionnaire for the detection of violence prepared by the Ombudsman of Spain. The data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 using the chi-square (x2) and the Spearman correlation coefficients. The prevalence of abuse was 69,2%, mainly verbal and social forms of violence. It stands out the direct and indirect physical abuse perpetrated by women and a large number of students with mixed role of aggression and victimization. Gender and age did not show relationships with bullying, but abusive behavior is significantly associated to the training level.

Through exercising anthropology in a legal context, I was able to observe the existence and consequences of cruel and violent acts carried out by non-governmental armed groups – in this case paramilitary – which due to their structure, methodology and organization allow me to draw a comparison of these acts with what I have called a “school of death” with the functionality of an academic school – for life. I reflect about the position of the victim, the aggressor and mine as a forensic expert and a person that is interfering with this School of Death. The former, based on the description and study of a forensic case that represents one of several judicial diligences carried out by state forensic teams before Law 975 of 2005 took effect, known as the “Law of Justice and Peace”, which, according to the legal text, “has as an objective to facilitate the peace processes and the individual or collective reincorporation into civil life of members of armed groups at the margins of the law, guaranteeing the right of the victims for truth, justice and reparation.”

A violência doméstica é um fenômeno complexo, afetando famílias indistintamente. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em oferecer um atendimento psicológico de forma a reduzir o comportamento violento do marido à esposa. O cliente tinha o terceiro grau completo, pertencendo à classe média alta. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na sala de Psicologia da Delegacia da Mulher. Foram realizadas 15 sessões durante 6 meses. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados envolveram as técnicas Entrevistas com agressor, Questionário sobre crenças, Escala de auto-estima, Inventário de depressão, Escala de tática de conflito. As técnicas consistiram de: tarefa de casa, registro de comportamentos violentos/pensamentos que desencadeavam agressões, técnicas de autocontrole, auto-aplicação de time-out, manejo de raiva, análise de pensamentos disfuncionais, treino de assertividade, relaxamento, role-play, leitura/discussão de textos. Durante o atendimento houve um episódio de agressão à esposa, de proporção menor, se comparado a anteriores. O cliente não apresentou episódios de violência à esposa nos dois meses subseqüentes ao término da intervenção.Domestic violence is a complex phenomenon which indistinctly affects families. The goal of this work consisted in eliminating the violent behavior of a male batterer . The client was an upper-middle class man who had a University education. The intervention took place at the Psychology Office of the Woman’s Police Station. Fifteen sessions were held over a period of six months. Assessment instruments involved: Interviews with Batterer, Questionnaire about Domestic Violence Believes, Self- esteem scales, Beck depression Inventory and the Conflict Tactics Scale. Intervention techniques involved: homework, self-recording of violent behavior and thoughts that triggered aggression, self-control techniques, time-out, anger management, analysis of dysfunctional thoughts, assertiveness training, relaxation, role-play and readings followed by discussion. Throughout the psychological intervention there was only one episode of aggression which was of minor proportion compared to previous ones. The client did not present any violent behaviors in a two months follow-up.

This paper presents the results of investigations carried out during the period September 2012-February 2013, on a group of 184 persons definitively convicted to the execution of custodial sentences for crimes of murder, in the Maximum Security Penitentiary of Craiova. Our goal is to analyze, from a socio criminological point of view, the aetiology of murder crimes and the research questions involve the chronological type of approach to the aggressors' life in relation to family environment, school environment, group of friends, criminal history and context of the offense. It also presents features of the relationship between aggressor and victim, analyzed according to the theory of the transition to the act, forwarded by Étienne De Greef. In order to obtain relevant information, we used the sociological survey, analysis of social documents, interview and observation. The results obtained using these research methods, the statistical techniques and procedures are complemented by case studies, of which, in this paper, are presented excerpts from the theoretical elements which reveal the ecological model of violence, risk factors associated to delinquent behaviour or delinquency a life choice. Our investigations were carried out within a larger research project, which included lots of people who have committed crimes of murder, rape and robbery. The results are presented in the thesis entitled Violent crime in Romania. Evaluation, aetiology and social prevention and can be used to develop national strategies for the prevention of violent crime.