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Analyzing the diachrony of Hebrew bein, originally a spatial preposition ‘within/among’, this article traces several grammaticization clines associated with bein’s gradual evolution into a rich variety of functions within various constructions. While its early function is purely locative, bein later participates in an array of constructions and sub-constructions, where its syntactic status, its semantic meanings and functions, as well as its discourse role, have shifted considerably. Bein may thus be part of a conjunctive or a disjunctive construction, but it may also be part of an ‘in any case’ adverbial, and later an ‘anyway’ discourse marker. It conveys different locative construals (‘within’, ‘among’ and ‘between’), but also various abstract symmetric relations, such as ‘difference’, ‘dispute’ and ‘separation’. Some bein constructions partition a set, focusing on a subset of it, while in other cases bein serves as an ‘all-purpose’ preposition. Nevertheless, our goal is to show how each grammatical, semantic and discoursal phase is well motivated, given the previous phase. Based on written historical corpora, from Biblical to contemporary Hebrew, we provide a step-by-step diachronic development from earlier to later bein functions.

Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keelt teise keelena omandavate 8–10-aastaste laste sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide arengut aasta jooksul 2022. ja 2023. aastal läbi viidud pildikirjelduskatse põhjal. Aasta jooksul suurenes õpilaste sõnavara, areng toimus kõikides sõnaliikides suhteliselt ühtlaselt, siiski oli lekseemide hulga kasv kõige suurem omadus- ja asesõnade puhul. Ka konstruktsioonides toimus märkimisväärne areng, lisandus uusi konstruktsioonitüüpe ning need muutusid komplekssemaks. Sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide hulk oli omavahel seotud: mida suurem oli õppija sõnavara 2022. a pildi kirjelduses, seda rohkem eri konstruktsioone oli lisandunud tema 2023. a pildikirjeldusse. Eri sõnaliikide sõnavara ulatus konstruktsioonide arengut ei paista mõjutavat. *** "Development of vocabulary and constructions in the speech of young learners of Estonian as a second language over the course of one year" The article examines the development of vocabulary and grammatical constructions on both phrase and clause level of children aged 8-10 years acquiring Estonian as a second language on the basis of a picture description test carried out in 2022 and 2023. Over the course of the year students’ vocabulary increased, development occurred relatively evenly in all parts of speech, however, the increase in the number of lexemes was the greatest for adjectives and pronouns. The growth of vocabulary was faster for children whose language skills were weaker in 2022. The constructions also developed significantly over the year: new types of constructions were added and they became more complex. In most children, the growth of structures was focused either on the phrase or on the clause level. The correlation between the number of lexemes and the number of constructions was significant: those children whose vocabulary was bigger in 2022 used more constructions in test conducted in 2023.The scope of the vocabulary of the different parts of speech does not seem to affect the development on the level of constructions. Data from the study on the relationship between vocabulary and constructions strongly support the view that syntactic development is driven by lexicon-level development, i.e. sufficient words must be acquired so that different types of constructions can be recognized and used.

We aimed to analyze the natural population characteristics and habitat growth conditions of the valuable seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. Its population characteristics and habitat conditions were assessed monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 and April to August 2022, respectively, on selected habitats. The average population density, coverage, and frequency of S. siliquosa were 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2, and 78.37 ± 5.98/m2, respectively. The average thallus length and width were 47.53 ± 4.35 and 46.33 ± 4.17 mm, respectively, while the branch width, thickness, and frequency were 2.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm, and 2.8 ± 0.2 times, with a receptacle length and width of 24.13 ± 2.07 and 2.81 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Among the 40 previously known natural habitats of S. siliquosa, growth was confirmed only in Sepo, Sebang, and Bangpo. The causes for the declining S. siliquosa populations could be attributed to habitat changes due to construction, coastal road maintenance projects, habitat disturbances, and increased pollutants. Habitat substrate disturbances and changes were the main causes of the decrease in S. siliquosa growth. Studies on environmental factors and habitat degradation, growth related to environmental factors, mass cultivation, and the marine ecosystem restoration of S. siliquosa are needed.

This study aims to determine the impact of green marketing (green perceived value), green products (green buildings), and environmental concerns on Jordanian consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan. The research population includes all consumers in Amman, the capital of Jordan, who might be interested in buying such buildings. A convenience sample is used to collect data from the respondents by distributing the questionnaire among 400 consumers using Google Forms. 357 questionnaires were found valid for statistical analysis. The results of the multiple regression test showed that R equals 0.815, which indicated that green marketing and consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan are positively and highly correlated, with a percentage of 81.5%. R square equals 0.664, indicating that the variation in green marketing explains 66.4% of the variance in consumers’ attitudes toward green buildings in Jordan. Moreover, the hierarchical multiple regression test showed that there is an increase in R and R2 values in the existence of product awareness as a moderating variable between green marketing and consumers’ attitudes toward buying green buildings in Jordan.

This paper offers the basic guidelines of a formalized version of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM; Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal Usón, 2008, 2011; Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera, 2014), the Formalized Lexical-Constructional Grammar (FL_CxG), which will pave the way for future computational developments, such as parsers or lexical databases. The FL_CxG deploys (i) the typologically oriented syntactic apparatus of Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin, 2005; Van Valin & LaPolla, 1997), (ii) the catalogue of constructional units arranged in a 4-layer typology, as proposed by the LCM, and (iii) some insights for semantic representations from the Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995; Pustejovsky & Batiukova, 2019), and Minimal English (Goddard, 2018). All the components of the FL_CxG (lexical units and construct(ion)s) are formally encoded as Typed Feature Structures in the format of Attribute Value Matrixes. These units are to be understood as constraints operating in the unification processes which underlie the generation/decoding of a given fragment of language.

Contrairement à d’autres pays, comme la France, la République démocratique du Congo ne dispose pas d’un code traitant uniquement de l’urbanisme. Cela ne veut pas dire que cette matière n’y est pas règlementée. Bien au contraire. Il existe un corpus de normes urbanistiques, notamment le décret de 1957 sur l’urbanisme ainsi qu’un arsenal des textes épars influant sur la constructibilité. Cependant, cette nature éparse du droit de l'urbanisme constitue une grande faiblesse pour l’harmonisation des actions à entreprendre par l’Administration pour contenir les initiatives individuelles anarchiques, débouchant sur des constructions anarchiques, qui prennent le dessus sur les besoins de la collectivité. Ainsi, en vue de contrer le développement de ces initiatives individuelles, d’une part, et de remédier à la difficulté de la dispersion des textes juridiques existant, d’autre part, nous suggérons la refonte des matières éparses sur l’urbanisme, mais aussi veiller à la légalité de certaines mesures d’application.

The archaeological excavations at Vitănești “Măgurice” tell-settlement began in 1993 encompassed in a larger objective which targets learning the main characteristics of the neo-Eneolithic habitation in the Teleorman River area. The 2009-2019 excavation seasons pursued several objectives. The first was accomplishing the research of the last settlement layer, Gumelnița B1. The second objective was starting the research on the next settlement layer, by digging up both sectors. One campaign, in 2012, was dedicated to researching an off-tell settlement, discovered in 1999, named “Vitănești II”. This article reviews the main results of research over the last decade. Thereby, the research carried out in the northeast sector (Sy) targeted several buildings and a large area of animal bones located at the edge of the settlement. Four burnt buildings belonging to the last habitation level, strongly deteriorated by late interventions, were found in this surface. An area with a heavy concentration of antler materials was found in the north-west side of the settlement, which could have been a workshop for processing antlers. The archaeological inventory is very rich, consisting of: in situ vessels, many antler-, bone-, and flint- artifacts, loom weights, grinding stones, and figurines. Among these are some remarkable finds: a gold pendant, an anthropomorphic vessel, and a figurine with eyes made of two pieces of shell. The rather inconsistent remains of the buildings, some of which were burnt, were discovered underneath this level, pointing to a prior habitation to the last existence sequence of the settlement on “Măgurice”. The last campaigns focused on the Sx sector, having as main goal identifying the remains of habitation prior to the last known habitation layer. The two researched surfaces, H-L and M-R revealed a complex situation. Thereby, the research revealed the remains of an unburnt building in H-L surface, indicating that it belonged to Gumelnița A2 level, based on the ceramic fragments. Many archaeological artifacts were discovered in the rest of the H-L surface, concentration of materials that also continued in the nearby surface, M-R. Because no buildings have existed in this area for a long time, a large amount of archaeological material has accumulated. The most interesting find made in the M-R surface is represented by the remains of a burnt building, coded L18, and next to it, a hearth (or oven) with a novel way of construction. The building had a rich inventory composed of an assemblage of grinding stones and many in situ vessels.

In English the NP1 V NP2 construction typically involves arguments that are construed as Agent and Patient, or Subject and Object. It is associated with the notion of transitivity and analyzed accordingly, even when it exhibits only the syntactic properties of transitivity but not its semantic characteristics. This phenomenon is well-known and has been accounted for by linguists (Lakoff 1977; Hopper and Thompson 1980, among others) as a result of the absence of some prototypical transitive features in the utterance. This paper aims at demonstrating that the NP1 V NP2 structure has a semantic value and conveys a general abstract sense, of which prototypical transitivity represents only one particular realization whose occurrence is determined by the semantic and aspectual properties of the context. It will be argued that the sense of this construction can be explained through concepts that are not usually used in the description of transitive utterances, namely conjunction and disjunction. In some examples, the subject enters a relation of conjunction or disjunction with the object. In others, it is the other way round.

This paper examines the degree to which learners’ L1 typology may affect the comprehension and production of L2 constructions. It has been suggested that English makes more use of constructional meaning than other languages (Goldberg, 2006: 120). Spanish learners of English have been found to face difficulties interpreting constructional meaning when it does not match the verb sense. One of the reasons for this failure may be the lack of a comparable construction in their native language (Martínez Vázquez, 2004). The caused-motion construction is common to satellite-framed languages but almost inexistent in verb-framed languages. I will hypothesize that learners of English with a source language that has a similar construction will make a better use of constructional meaning than learners whose native language does not contain this form-meaning correspondence. In order to test this hypothesis I made an extensive search for Motion verbs in the ICLE (International Corpus of Learner English). The writing produced by native speakers of three satellite-framed languages (German, Dutch and Swedish) was contrasted with the production of native speakers of verb-framed languages (Spanish, French and Italian). The results supply evidence of how the typology of the source language may facilitate or hinder the learning process.

In this work, we investigate the analytic causative microconstructions in Portuguese, from the theoretical conception of Use-Centered Functional Linguistics. We aim to analyze causation patterns in microconstructions with fazer, deixar, mandar, permitir, levar and obrigar - the most frequent data found in the media sample of PEUL, composed of the newspapers O Globo, Jornal do Brasil, Extra and O Povo. From the analysis of the groups of factors causative subject’s agentivity, caused subject’s animacy, and verbal process of the verb-effect, we sought to verify whether these microconstructions are semantically equivalent or whether there is a polysemy regarding their use according to the theory of Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2000; CROFT, 2001, among others). The results showed that there is a polysemic network with different forms of conceptualization of the causative structure, with selection dependent on the elements of the discourse.

Any economic entity may be represented by means of two fundamental financial images, the held financial position, respectively, on the one hand, and the achieved performances, on the other hand. If, regarding the financial position, we aim at a dual approach, reflecting the method of financing the assets based on equities and debts, with regard to the performances, we are considering a dual structuring according to engaged causes/expenses and achieved effects/incomes. For the purpose of substantiating relevant managerial decisions, an efficient management of the information provided by the financial position and performances is required. A relatively easy and extremely suggestive way of managing this information is the analysis based on the installment method, namely of indicators of percentage reports type regarding various aspects, like the companies’ structure, liquidity, solvability or profitability.

The paper presents a universal principle of design of flexible schemes of specialized technological equipment and a modular principle of design of construction and elements of special technological equipment. The construction elements of equipment, which allow changing the linear dimensions of this equipment in a wide range are designed. The application of designed elements for changing one or several linear dimensions of the equipment is possible in a complex and independently of each other. The possibility of application of proposed design changes of equipment with the preservation of the required strength characteristics is substantiated. Three-dimensional models of construction elements and equipment in general are developed. Researches by changing of reservoir design by using a replaceable construction element are carried out. An analysis of the strength characteristics of integral reservoir and reservoir with a replaceable end wall from various materials is presented.

Constructions with Predicatives for Psychological States in the Bulgarian Language – Nomenclature and Differential Characteristics. The study attempts to classify the possibilities for predicative constructions in the Bulgarian language from the semantic standpoint. The scope of the analysis are predicative constructions denoting internal experiences interpreted in Bulgarian as psychological states (and not processes, activities, etc.). Three main points of reference serve as a springboard for the analysis: (1) Predicative constructions are chosen as a research goal. (2) Semantic description operates along the lines of the thematic role of the Experiencer as long as it meets the criteria for constructions with predicatives for psychological states. (3) The place and the role of case relations, and in particular their markedness concerning clitics, are considered exemplary of a syncretic grammatical category at the morphology-syntax-semantics interface, thus playing a significant role in liaising the specifics of the construction under scrutiny at all levels of form and function. Special attention is paid to the role of the thematic and type-of-action (Vendlerian) classification of predicates and predicatives capable of entering into the constructions used for expressing psychological states of the Experiencer.

This paper is devoted to the brilliant Czech logician and philosopher of language Pavel Tichý (1936–1994) who, after emigrating to New Zealand in 1970 and spending half his life there as a political refugee, committed suicide shortly before returning to his alma mater, Charles University in Prague, as Chair of the Department of Logic in the Faculty of Arts. After tracing a biographical profile of the Czech logician, the paper explains some of the central ideas of Tichý’s highly original theory, called Transparent Intensional Logic, while locating it in the wider context of the analytic philosophy of language. The paper concludes by highlighting the role played by Tichý’s intensional theory in advancing various disciplines, including artificial intelligence, with the aim of shedding light on the significant contributions of the Czech logician, who has yet to gain due recognition.

The aim of this study is to reexamine the status of constructions in ARTEMIS (Automatically Representing TExt Meaning via an Interlingua-based System), a Natural Language Understanding prototype that seeks to provide the syntactic and semantic structure of a given fragment in a natural language. The architecture of ARTEMIS has been designed to conform to the tenets of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM), a theory in which constructions are a central tool for the linguistic description of languages. However, since ARTEMIS is a computational device, there are many formalization requirements which involve the adaptation of the LCM, a process which necessarily leads to reconsidering several issues, as are: (i) what counts as a constructional structure; (ii) how constructions contribute to parsing operations in ARTEMIS; and (iii) the location and the format of constructional patterns.

L’ article traite de la date de composition de l’ oeuvre de Procope, De Aedificiis ou Les Constructions. Il propose une réfutation en détail des arguments avancés dernièrement par Denis Roques, selon lesquels l’ oeuvre fut composée vers 560 et discute surtout d’ un passage de Théophane concernant la construction du pont sur le Sangarius. Il conclue en appuyant la datation traditionnelle de c.554 pour la composition de l’oeuvre.

This research shows the size composition of airborne dust fractions in selected dairy barns down to the smallest particles, including factors that influence this composition. Measurements with a Dust-Track 8530 laser photometer took place in the summer at external temperatures of 29.5 to 36 °C. In barns with straw bedding, the average total dust concentration TDC was 66.98 ± 28.38 μg·m−3 (PM10 60.11 ± 19.93 μg·m−3, PM4 49.48 ± 13.76 μg·m−3, PM2.5 44.78 ± 10.18 μg·m−3, and PM1 38.43 ± 9.29 μg·m−3). In barns without straw bedding, the average TDC was 55.91 ± 36.6 μg·m−3, PM10 33.71 ± 13.86 μg·m−3, PM4 30.69 ± 15.29 μg·m−3, PM2.5 27.02 ± 13.38 μg·m−3, and PM1 22.93 ± 10.48 μg·m−3. The largest TDC of 108.09 ± 32.93 μg·m−3 (PM10 69.80 ± 18.70 μg·m−3, PM4 68.20 ± 18.41 μg·m−3, PM2.5 53.27 ± 14.73 μg·m−3, and PM1 38.46 ± 5.55 μg·m−3) was measured in an old cowshed with stanchion housing for 113 cows, straw bedding, and ventilation through windows. In a modern cowshed for loose housing of 440 lactating cows without straw bedding, with natural ventilation and 24 axial fans, TDC was 53.62 ± 49.52 μg·m−3, PM10 20.91 ± 5.24 μg·m−3, PM4 17.11 ± 3.23 μg·m−3, PM2.5 13.71 ± 0.92 μg·m−3, and PM1 12.69 ± 2.82 μg·m−3. In all investigated barns, a large proportion of airborne dust particles (54.38 ± 20.82% of TDC) consists of the smallest PM1 dust particles (from 12.69 ± 2.82 μg·m−3 to 48.48 ± 1.18 μg·m−3).

This article aims at defining a class of Old English verbs of increasing based on both their common semantic components and grammatical behavior. On the theoretical side, the framework of verb classes and alternations is combined with Role and Reference Grammar. The data selected for this study have been extracted from both textual and lexicographical sources. After the analysis of the linking between syntax and semantics in this set of verbs, the conclusion is reached that āðindan, āweaxan, ēacan, (ge)ēacnian and (ge)weaxan are the best candidates for membership of the verbal class of increasing, considering the constructions and alternations that they present.

This paper is mainly concerned with analyzing the constructions and formation of negation in the Palestinian dialect to describe any patterns that might vary from MSA. It is not a comparative study between the Palestinian dialect and MSA .The data for this study were collected from various sources. These sources are people originated from Palestine , including myself , my family , relatives and my acquaintance . Negation is found in all languages and dialects with variations. The present paper is all about the different popular negation words – مو, مش,ما, لع, لاء, لا, etc., - used in the Palestinian society but it is quite common for anyone to be unsure of which word to use in different scenarios. Another question might also arise ''Why is there variation in forming the negative words in this dialect?'' Thus, this confusion of using the suitable form will be dissolved and hopefully clarified by the end of this paper.

Those who benefit from income obtained through salaries owe a final monthly tax that is calculated and deducted at source by the income payers. In this article, we present aspects regarding exemptions from the payment of income tax according to the Fiscal Code and the related Implementing Rules, alongside a series of examples, in order to provide the best understanding as possible.

Law has a constructed nature; the one which is distinguished from socio-empirical reality. Nevertheless, one can believe in dualism of contructionality and reality providing constructionality is independently thought to be different from reality and each of which has its distinct area. Furthermore, contract has a constructed nature. The question is whether there is an insist on its separation from reality; or what kind of effects would be followed by this independence? As long as this independence resulted in dominancy of contractual constructionality over reality, would it necessarily eventuate to have a fair contract? What are the challenges of pure dependency of contractual constructionality from reality? On the basis of this dependency, can one believe in the transformational and evolutionary function of law, particularly the contract? Denying both dominancy and pure dependency approaches, it sounds in all likelihood that it is the one and only way to keep the supremacy of will principle beside the principle of equity or the principle of the denial of distress and constriction; moreover, we should just emphasize how influenced the contractual constitutionality could be by the reality.

This paper approaches aspects related to the value added tax in the case of operations with real property. The presentation of the theoretical notions and the applications are grouped on types of operations: exempt from VAT; voluntarily liable to pay VAT, and liable to pay VAT under the law. The analysed taxpayers were mainly legal entities that carry out business subject to VAT. A small percentage is represented by information related to non-taxable natural persons trading in real property.

The circular economy is not only a system of waste management. It is a system which includes the products’ design construction, recycling of raw materials and whose aim is that all components and materials bring added value in different technical and biological cycles. The construction sector is currently among the world’s largest producers of waste. It is estimated that about 1.3 billion tons of construction and demolition waste is generated every year and half of it comes from the construction sector.The building industry has a significant impact on many sectors of the economy, on localjobs and quality of life. It requires vast amounts of resources and accounts for about 50% of all extracted material. According to experts, the amount of waste in the construction sector is the same or even higher than the amount of municipal waste. At the same time, the stream of construction waste makes up the biggest part of industrial waste. Currently, more than at any time before, there is a crucial need for new circular solutions, especially in the building sector. Therefore circular economy principles have a huge potential to contribute to reducing waste and to increased reuse of materials in buildings.

In tiefgreifend mediatisierten Welten ist Medienkompetenz ein Schlüsselbegriff. Für Politik, Wirtschaft und Bildung ebenso wie für Wissenschaft. Das Konzept Medienkompetenz und vor allem sein Gehalt für die Wissenschaft sind aber umstritten. Innerhalb des medienpädagogischen Diskurses hat es unterschiedliche Wendungen erfahren, die zuletzt dazu führten, dass es ganz abgelehnt wurde. Der Beitrag zeichnet die definitorischen Wendungen nach und legt schliesslich ein eigenes Verständnis vor. Dabei werden Kompetenz und Performanz im Anschluss an Giddens als zwei Dimensionen unterschieden (Dualität), die sich gegenseitig bedingen und reproduzieren. Ferner wird eine zweite Unterscheidung eingeführt, die zwischen Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen erster und zweiter Ordnung differenziert. Durch diese Unterscheidungen ist es möglich, bisher implizite Denkweisen über Kompetenz sichtbar zu machen, ohne dabei einer Seite der Dualität von Kompetenz ihre Berechtigung abzusprechen. Aus der vorgeschlagenen Kompetenzdefinition folgt schliesslich, dass das Nachdenken über Medienkompetenz nicht ausschliesslich Aufschlüsselung von einzelnen, vor allem medienbezogenen Kompetenzen sein kann, sondern vielmehr die Frage nach der Dualität von Kompetenz in tiefgreifend mediatisierten Welten impliziert.

The author considers the problem of placing buildings, structures and other objects in zones with special conditions for the use of territories in violation of the restrictions on the use of land plots established by law. Until August 2018, this issue was not regulated in the legislation, as well as the legal regime of protected zones and other zones with special conditions for the use of territories was not properly regulated. At the same time, the judicial practice on disputes over the demolition of these objects was not uniform. In connection with the adoption (in August 2018) of legislative acts affecting both the legal regulation of unauthorized buildings and regulation of the legal regime of zones with special conditions for the use of territories, the work makes attempts to analyze the current legislation, the main positions of the courts and understand the reasons that caused the adoption of new legislative acts. The author comes to the conclusion that at present the legal fate of objects located in zones with special conditions for the use of territories in violation of the restrictions established for land plots depends on a number of circumstances identified by the judicial authorities when considering disputes and having been enshrined in the norms of law. The methodological basis of the research is made up of general scientific (in particular, logical) and special legal (formal legal) methods of scientific knowledge. The logical method (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, etc.) made it possible to identify various legal grounds for the demolition of objects built in zones with special conditions for the use of territories in violation of the established restrictions. With the help of the formal legal method, the court practice of the applying the norms of civil legislation on unauthorized constructions in relation to the placement of objects in zones with special conditions for the use of territories was analyzed.

Despite the increased interest that collocations have received in EFL methodology lately, making language learners aware of these multiword constructions continues to represent a challenge for teachers. While there may be different ways of teaching collocations, finding activities that raise collocational awareness efficiently is no easy task. Collocational awareness can be defined as the ability of language learners (and users) to use and acknowledge word combinations in their entirety. Humour can be useful in this regard as it not only ensures a more relaxed atmosphere in the classroom but can also help students to acknowledge and remember specific linguistic structures (among them, also collocations) more easily. In line with Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 1997, 2006), it is believed that collocations are to be treated as constructions, pairings of form with a specific meaning and varying degrees of predictability – teaching them as such can contribute to a better understanding and acquisition of these constructions. After offering a brief overview of the characteristics of collocations and reflecting on the possible advantages of using humour in class, the paper shows possible ways of teaching collocations with humour. The exercises and activities suggested focus on both the productive and receptive competence of language learners and also incorporate the necessary skills required in the language learning process: listening, reading, writing, and speaking.

This article deals with the syntax and semantics of Old English End verbs on the basis of the framework of verb classes and alternations and the theory of Role and Reference Grammar. The analysis focuses on class membership and includes meaning components and argument realisation—linking in simplex and complex constructions and alternations. The inventory of verbs under analysis comprises a¯blinnan, ætstandan, blinnan, for(e)sacan, geblinnan, linnan, ofersittan, oflinnan, oðstillan and (ge)trucian. The main conclusion is that the morphologically related verbs a¯blinnan and blinnan are the strongest candidates for End verbs, given the syntactic constructions and morphosyntactic alternations in which they are found.

The trend towards recycling of unused or poorly used materials is a major challenge to society as it contributes to reducing resource and energy consumption. In terms of architecture, the use of these materials as alternative elements of construction is one of the objectives of green architecture. The use of shipping containers for construction works is a global approach. It is an economic and environmental solution that transforms unused containers into low-cost and fast-processing structures that can be assembled in different styles; used for residential, commercial or administrative purposes; The use of shipping containers in architectural terms in Egypt is very limited and represents only individual efforts in limited trials. He also does not find a high demand in Egypt for several reasons, some respect to technical reasons and others regard to humanitarian reasons. The study aims to identify the reasons for the lack of expansion in the use of shipping containers in the construction of buildings in Egypt, although there are a number of factors supporting this trend. This is done by studying the current state of container usage in Egypt and the obstacles and challenges facing the expansion of its use. It also presents a number of suggestions that contribute to supporting the idea; in addition to some secondary objectives of studying the advantages and disadvantages of using containers in architecture in general, and universal experiences in this direction The study follows the analytical approach that is carried out through the analysis of studies conducted in this direction and the study and evaluation of the current situation through available sources of information and related references.

The goal of thisarticle is to determine rational constructional and technological options for the development of underground space, in particular, the arrangement of underground parking lots under the specific hydrogeological conditions of Dnipro city. In thisarticle,the best practices in the construction of similar facilities in the worldare discussed. Arrangements for individual structural elements and structures as a wholewere considered. The main resources for their implementation are determined, the most important performance indicators are calculated, their comparison is carried out and proposals for the use of individual technological concepts are developed. The experience of underground space development in Dnipro city is studiedandthe problems of construction of underground structures under specific difficult hydrogeological conditions are identified. The proposed technological concepts make it possible to implement such design solutions under difficult hydrogeological conditions with dense development and preservation of historical buildings in the city.

Construction projects in Iraq suffer from weakness in several respects, starting from feasibility studies and planning until the end of construction lifespan. Therefore, a study was required to demonstrate the importance of using artificial intelligence in the construction of infrastructure projects and sustainable development to reduce costs, errors, time, and to conserve energy and natural resources as much as possible. The benefits of artificial intelligence in the construction industry have been explained through the stages of the project that have been carefully selected, which represent the stages from the beginning to the end of the life of the project according to what is defined and customary in the construction of infrastructure projects and sustainable development projects in Iraq. A questionnaire was organized for experts specializing in construction industry who have sufficient experience to indicate their opinion on the importance of using artificial intelligence at all stages of the project in Iraq, and the results showed that there is a clear discrepancy in this importance, sequentially from the great importance in design and planning and ending at the stage of supervision and implementation, which experts seem to have preferred, that this paragraph needs to be kept under human management and follow-up.

We present here a methodology for learning and teaching lexical knowledge based on the notion of “construction” and applied to French as a foreign language (university level). It is illustrated in a particular domain: that of verbo-nominal collocations allowing to express the beginning (appearance, birth, beginning), the continuation (persistence, continuation) and the end (disappearance, stop) of the existence of something; the verbs and nouns used come from the “transversal” lexicon of the human and social sciences in an academic context. It is shown that the (more or less strong) compatibilities and the incompatibilities between verbs and nouns can be explained to learners in terms of the ‘facet’ (i.e. point of view) that the verb imposes on the name, according to its meaning in the construction considered. It is also shown that the comparison of two constructions expressing the same main idea makes it possible to measure their degree of semantic proximity, on the basis of the (in)compatibilities of verbs with the major categories of nouns, and of their more or less strong affinity (or absolute incompatibility) with the types of names. The presentation of the structuring concepts (facet, category and type of nouns) is followed by a description of the didactic tools that they allow to design, and by the report of three didactic sequences set up as part of the training in academic writing.

With the gradual maturity of the terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) technology, it is widely used in the field of deformation monitoring due to its fast, automated, and non-contact data acquisition capabilities. The TLS technology has changed the traditional deformation monitoring mode which relies on single-point monitoring. This paper analyzes the application of TLS in deformation monitoring, especially in the field of ground surface, dam, tunnel, and tall constructions. We divide the methods for obtaining ground surface deformation into two categories: the method based on point cloud distance and the method based on displacement field. The advantages and disadvantages of the four methods (M2M, C2C, C2M, M3C2) based on point cloud distance are analyzed and summarized. The deformation monitoring methods and precisions based on TLS for dams, tunnels, and tall constructions are summarized, as well as the various focuses of different monitoring objects. Additionally, their limitations and development directions in the corresponding fields are analyzed. The error sources of TLS point cloud data and error correction models are discussed. Finally, the limitations and future research directions of TLS in the field of deformation monitoring are presented in detail.

The article is devoted to the current state of the protective forest plantations in the North-West Caucasus, the history of their creation and relevance in the national economy of the region of research. The issues of arrangement, design, breed composition of protective belts, the effectiveness of their use have been covered. At present, measures are needed in the North-West Caucasus to improve and ensure a qualitative change of generations of plantings, reconstruction of forest shelter belts, and therefore the issues under consideration are relevant. The research has revealed the current state, species composition, design of protective forest plantings in the Republic of Adygeya. Common oak, green ash, Tatarian maple, Amur maple are considered to be main forest-forming species. A brief ecological and biological characteristic of black walnut is given as a promising introduced species for field-protective forestation. Marked design - Open planted and permeable constructions are marked. In order to preserve soil fertility in the future, it is necessary to restore and construct new protective forest belts.

This paper presents data about the sociocultural construction of conflict and the killing of jaguars and pumas in a part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) of Costa Rica. Results from participant observation and 131 interviews revealed cultural differences between Ticos (non-Indigenous people) and Cabécar (Indigenous people) on four separate dimensions of conflict, where large felines were constructed as competitors, food, man-eaters, real and imagined. When compared to Ticos, Cabécar had more conflict, most likely because they live off the land and have frequent “real” encounters with felines. This study makes several contributions: 1) evidence suggests competition is not the only reason for killing large felines; motivations also include constructing them as man-eaters and as food, raising questions about the important role social and cultural factors play in solutions to conflict; 2) meanings from Cabécar are products of a traditional and modernised relationship with large felines; 3) Cabécar include jaguars as food, suggesting future research and conservation management must understand Indigenous Peoples' relations with large predators, including their diets and traditions; 4) potential for conflict may increase between Ticos and large felines as they repopulate; 5) culture is crucial to examine prior to management implementation.

What is the nature and function of mental representations in cognitive science, and in human language in particular? How do they come into existence and interact, and how is the information attributed to them stored in and retrieved from the human mind? Some theories treat constructions as primitive entities used for structure-building, central in both production and comprehension, while other theories only admit construction-like entities as devices to map the structure into semantics or to relate them to specific morphophonological exponents. In this positional piece, we seek to elucidate areas of commonality across what have traditionally been divergent approaches to the role of constructions in language. Here we outline a robust specification of the differences in how chunks of structure containing information are treated in the two main approaches, and we seek to offer a path toward a more unified theoretical stance.

We present a case study of grammatical constructions and how their function in a single language (Russian) can be captured through semantic and syntactic classification. Since 2016 an on-going joint project of UiT The Arctic University of Norway and the National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow has been collecting and analyzing multiword grammatical constructions of Russian. The main product is the Russian Constructicon (https://site.uit.no/russian-constructicon/), which, with over two thousand two hundred constructions (and more being continuously added), is arguably the largest openly available constructicon resource for any language. The combination of this large size with depth of analysis, containing both syntactic and semantic tags, makes it possible to view the interrelation of constructions as families and to discover trends in their behavior. Our annotation includes 53 semantic tags of varying frequency, with three tags that are by far more frequent than all the rest, accounting for 30% of the entire inventory of the Russian Constructicon. These three semantic types are Assessment, Attitude, and Intensity, all of which convey a speaker’s evaluation of a topic, in contrast to most of the other tags (such as Time, Manner, and Comparison). Assessment and Attitude constructions are investigated in greater detail in this article. Secondary semantic tags reveal that negative evaluation among these two semantic types is more than twice as frequent as positive evaluation. Examples of negative evaluations are: for Assessment VP tak sebe, as in Na pianino ja igraju tak sebe “I play the piano so-so [lit. thus self]”; for Attitude s PronPers-Gen xvatit/xvatilo (NP-Gen), as in S menja xvatit “I’m fed up [lit. from me enough].” In terms of syntax, the most frequent syntactic types of constructions in the Russian Constructicon are clausal constructions [constituting an independent clause like s PronPers-Gen xvatit/xvatilo (NP-Gen)] and constructions with the anchor in the role of adverbial modifier (like VP tak sebe). Our semantic and syntactic classification of this large body of Russian constructions makes it possible to postulate patterns of grammatical constructions constituting a radial category with central and peripheral types. Classification of large numbers of constructions reveals systematic relations that structure the grammar of a language.

The building workers sector is one of the most challenging sectors for Human Resources (HR) management. In this work, we propose a solution relying on Blockchain technology and present the design of a Blockchain-Oriented Software system conceived for managing the building workers sector with a focus on workers' safety, and it is guided by sustainable and Agile Methodologies in software design. The proposed approach takes advantage of different features of the Blockchain technology and provides transparency for labor inspectors, grants data integrity and immutability, relies on tamper-proof time stamps for any recorded activity, allows the implementation of Smart Contracts where clauses are automatically respected without the need of a trusted control authority, acknowledges the legal requirements in the field, including the possibility of creating an Operational Safety Plans, which construction companies have to provide, and finally implements the creation of vacant job positions that workers can find and apply to. In order to achieve these goals, we adopt the Blockchain-Oriented Software Engineering (BOSE) methodology to design Blockchain software applications and apply an Agile methodology centered on Blockchain Software development (called ABCDE) for the design and development of the decentralized application. Such a methodology allows us to center the software development around the actors of the system in the specific domain, such as Building Workers, Construction Companies, Labor Inspectors, and so on. In addition, we rely on the software sustainability analysis, based on the five dimensions of sustainability, to evaluate the approach and to avoid mistakes in the system development. We design system elements with specific diagrams, and we divided our system in the on-chain and the out-of-chain components. The implementation of the system, done by using Ethereum and the ERC721 standard, allows us to improve some aspect of the design, to know the deployment and usage costs, and to evaluate the effect of the user interface. Finally, we discuss the effects of our system and its sustainability, and we provide a comparison of our system with a similar per aims but centralized system.

Paraguayan Guarani features a pervasive pattern of aspectual polysemy whereby an underived monovalent predicate conveys both state and change of state senses, such as -o’ysã ‘be cold/get cold.’ The language also allows the derivation of monovalent predicates from causative verbs by the je-/ñe- prefix, yielding two distinct classes. The first one, called Class I, comprises predicates derived from causatives without an underived intransitive counterpart, such as -je-pe’a, from -pe’a ‘open (tr.).’ The second class, called Class II, are predicates derived from causatives with an underived intransitive counterpart, such as -je-jeko and -ñe-moro’ysã, from -jeko ‘break (tr.)’ and -moro’ysã ‘make cold,’ which are associated with the underived intransitives -jeka ‘break (intr.)’ and -o’ysã ‘be cold/get cold,’ respectively. It is shown that the aspectual polysemy pattern extends to je-/ñe-derived predicates, but that its distribution is restricted to Class I predicates. An apparent exception to this are some Class II predicates with a ‘feigned state’ interpretation, such as -ñembotavy ‘pretend to be dumb.’ The evidence reveals, however, that these are not true states, but instead activities. Furthermore, it is argued that the je-/ñe- predicates with this interpretation are not the product of a derivation process but are rather best analyzed as an independent construction.

Extreme climatic phenomena present risk factors for agriculture, health, constructions, etc. and are studied profoundly these past years using extreme value theory. Several relation that describe positive extreme values’ probability Generalized Extreme Value and Gumbel distribution are presented in the article. As a example, we show the maps of characteristic and reference values of the maximum depth of the frozen soil and thickness of hoar-frost with a probability of exceeding per year equal to 0,02, which is equivalent to the mean return interval of 50 years. The obtained results could serve as a base for elaboration of national annexes in constructions.

Finite element models for plate bending problems are constructed on the basis of approximations of moments fields. The bending and twisting moments are approximated in the finite element area by piecewise constant functions. The solution is based on the functional of the additional energy. Algebraic equations of equilibrium of nodes of grid of finite elements are formed using the principle of possible displacements and are included in the functional with the help of Lagrange multipliers. The necessary expressions for rectangular and triangular finite elements are obtained. Calculations of square clamped and hinged-supported plates on the action of uniformly distributed load are performed. Comparison of the obtained results with the results by the finite element method calculations in displacements is presented. It is shown that the presented method of calculating bent plates by the finite element method in stresses has the property of convergence from above. The displacements obtained by this method converge to the exact values from above, while the values of the moments is determined with reserve. When the grid of finite elements is crushed, the difference of the two solutions, in stresses and in displacements, decreases monotonically and the accuracy of the obtained results can be estimated from the value of this difference.

Are semantic classes of verbs genuine or do they merely mask idiosyncrasies of frequent verbs? Here, we examine the interplay between semantic classes and frequent verb-form combinations, providing new evidence from variation patterns in spontaneous speech that linguistic categories are centered on high frequency members to which other members are similar. We offer an account of the well-known favoring effect of cognition verbs on Spanish subject pronoun expression by considering the role of high-frequency verbs (e.g., creer ‘think’ and saber ‘know’) and particular expressions ((yo) creo ‘I think’, (yo) no sé ‘I don’t know’). Analysis of variation in nearly 3000 tokens of unexpressed and pronominal subjects in conversational data replicates well-established predictors, but highlights that the cognition verb effect is really one of 1sg cognition verbs. In addition, particular expressions stand out for their high frequency relative to their component parts (for (yo) creo, proportion of lexical type, and proportion of pronoun). Further analysis of 1sg verbs with frequent expressions as fixed effects reveals shared patterns with other cognition verbs, including an association with non-coreferential contexts. Thus, classes can be identified by variation constraints and contextual distributions that are shared among class members and are measurably different from those of the more general variable structure. Cognition verbs in variable Spanish subject expression form a class anchored in lexically particular constructions.

Linguistic corpora have changed the research paradigm in many linguistic disciplines, allowing researchers to exploit large data based on real occurrences in authentic contexts. Using a large multilingual corpus (InterCorp, available online), this paper aims to present the changes of research paradigms brought on by corpora in two domains: contrastive linguistics and translation studies. On the basis of research results obtained by using this corpus, we demonstrate new research possibilities offered by parallel corpora, in particular bi-directional (multidirectional) analysis and the study of the specific features of the language of translation (translation universals).

In this article we consider modality of desirability and facilities of its expression on materials of the modern Kalmyk language.

Author/s Siaw-Fong Chung F.Y. August Chao Tien-Yu Lan Yen-Yu Lin National Chengchi University, Taiwan ABSTRACT This paper investigates twenty-two prepositions in two different lexical bundles – [PREPOSITION the NOUN of] (at the point of, from the perspective of, etc.) and [VERB PREPOSITION the NOUN of] (shouted above the noise of, suffering from the effects of, etc.), the only difference being that the former does not include the head verb that is present in the latter. Strings of constructions were extracted from the British National Corpus and the types of possible verbs, prepositions, and nouns in each possible combination were analyzed. The paper also details an experiment in which the types of nouns under each of the twenty-two prepositions were coded by human subjects in terms of their semantic features. Finally, a computer program was also utilized to calculate the shared meaning of the different VERBs and NOUNs. The results showed that the nouns in [(VERB) PREPOSITION the NOUN of], though they might form clusters of meanings, may not behave in the same way with and without the presence of the verbs.

Author/s Rafael Alejo-González Universidad de Extremadura, Spain ABSTRACT In this paper, the acquisition of phrasal verbs (PVs) by L2 learners is explored from the perspective provided by a usage-based approach to language. This involves looking at low scope or item-specific schemas, which in this article are identified as the actual particles, prepositions and PVs used by the learners, together with the more abstract syntactic or semantic schemas that emerge from their use. Given the labour intensive work required by this type of analysis, the focus is placed on the use of verb-out constructions made by L2 learners of the PVs as reflected in a corpus of learner language, i.e. the Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Dutch, Russian and Bulgarian subsections of the ICLE (1,287,517 words). More concretely, I analyse L2 use of out-PVs at different grain levels and provide an account of the factors influencing the acquisition of these linguistic units. The results obtained from the analysis show 1) that out is underused by learners, at the lowest level of constituency, the level of the word and its collocates and that this may be due its low cue answer contingency (it is a short form with many meanings); 2) that out-PVs, as other formulaic sequences, shows a pattern of overuse of a small number of frequent verbs and underuse of the rest; 3) that, at a morpho-syntactic level, out-PVs used by L2 learners are typically frozen with little variability in both the tenses and the syntactic patterns chosen; and 4) that at the semantic level, more prototypical and frequent meanings in the text type analysed, not necessarily literal uses, are used with greater frequency by NNS. All in all, the usage-based approach adopted has allowed us to reveal the complexity of factors involved in explaining the difficulty L2 learners have in acquiring phrasal verbs.

The efficiency of project implementation time becomes one of the efforts in optimizing the use of implementation time. CPM is one of the network methods used to determine the critical path of each implementation. This research aims to optimize Time by applying CPM methods in the Kadiri University Clinic construction project in Kediri. The project consists of 2 floors with 12 essential items of work. The implementation time of the project is planned to be complete for 134 days. The data used in this study form a project schedule (Gantt chart). From the data, analysis of the sequence of implementation using the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) method and carried out the calculation of earliest start (ES), latest start (LS), earliest finish (EF), and latest finish (LF). Critical paths are known from slack/float calculations and are depicted in the form of network diagrams. From the analyses, it is known that the project can be complete within 71 days. The results were 63 days earlier than planned. With the use of the CPM method in project scheduling, optimal timing and critical implementation are found. So that it can be used as a reference in the performance of the project implementation.

Modern structures require more complex designs. There is an increased need for accurate approaches to assessing uncertainties in loads, geometry, material properties, and operational environments. However, information is scarce on the reliability of suspension roofs together with their joints. There is an urgent need for estimating stress-strain state and reliability of welded joints, so recommendations can be given based on the obtained data. In this paper, reliability of large-span suspension roofs was investigated and a fundamental approach is proposed for reliability determination of these joints at the design phase of suspension rod roofs. In this work, several joints were investigated: supporting joints between rigid threads and external/internal contours, intermediate joints of top /lower chords of supporting threads, as well as joints between vertical/horizontal links and supporting thread of a roof. To measure reliability of joints, logic and probabilistic methods were used conjointly with other methods based on mathematical statistics. The proposed approach can be applied to design of suspension roof systems and help to develop better designs for better safety, quality control and efficiency of these structures, providing economic and social benefits.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the correlations from the latest economic cycle (2001-2014) between the metallurgical, the construction and the machinery sectors in the European Union, in general, and in Romania, in particular. Using ANCOVA models, this analysis has three major objectives: first, to show that the machinery industry and the construction sector have a general impact on the metallurgy industry, regardless of the business cycle phases; secondly, to underline that the size of this impact differs across these phases and, thirdly, to illustrate that the relations between the three sectors were quite different in Romania and in the European Union. The interpretation of the results shows that the assumptions are largely confirmed.

Structural priming has been described as a measure of association between constructions. Here, we apply priming as a diagnostic to assess the status of the Chilean second-person singular (2sg) voseo, which exists in variation with the more standard tuteo. Despite being the majority variant in informal interactions, Chileans are reported to have little metalinguistic awareness of voseo and they avoid the vos pronoun, in some cases using the tú pronoun with voseo verb forms, leading to proposals that tuteo and voseo are conflated into a single mixed form. The patterning for priming, however, indicates otherwise. Analyses of some 2000 2sg familiar tokens from a corpus of conversational Chilean Spanish reveal that a previous tuteo or voseo favors the repetition of that same form, indicating that speakers do treat these forms as distinct. We also observe that invariable forms with historically tuteo morphology are associated with neither voseo nor tuteo, while the invariable voseo discourse marker cachái ‘you know’ retains a weak association with voseo. Furthermore, while tuteo is favored with a tú subject pronoun, this effect does not override the priming effect, evidence that, even with a tú pronoun, voseo and tuteo are distinct constructions in speakers’ representations.