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The development of today's human era will enter the era of society 5.0. In this era, technology and humans are made the most important center for the development of life. Students in the era of society 5.0 are required to be able to develop soft skills and abilities so that they become material in dealing with changes and human development. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of counseling teachers for student readiness in entering the era of society 5.0 by using qualitative research methods in a systematic review used to synthesize (summarize) the results of research that are descriptive qualitative in nature with sources from several international, national, and international journals. a book that will produce information in the form of notes and data in a descriptive form based on literature studies through references relevant to research. As for the results of this study, students have challenges when entering the era of society 5.0, one of the challenges is that students must be able to develop and improve their abilities in facing the era of society 5.0. In developing and improving the abilities of students. Counseling guidance teachers can provide counseling guidance services that are innovative, creative and up-to-date in accordance with the needs of students which are adapted to the times.

Emotional intelligence and empathy are important in counseling practice and the counselor's life. The aim of this study was to identify demographic predictors of emotional intelligence, empathy, and general health and determine the predictive relationship between the three variables. In the cross-sectional case study, 133 counselors from Accra Metropolis were administered an online self-report survey consisting of the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Empathy Scale, and General Health Questionnaire. Findings revealed that emotional intelligence and empathy significantly predicted general health (F = 10.159, p0.05). Additionally, there was no difference in empathy (F=0.887, p>0.05, partial η2=0.021) and emotional intelligence (F = 0.05, p>0.05, partial η2=0.00) between licensed professional counselors and licensed lay counselors. Maintaining the health of counselors is very important because it has an impact on professional competence and on counseling practice. Thus, counselors and training institutions are expected to deepen efforts in creating awareness of the need to protect counselors' health for the benefit of clients and uphold the effectiveness of counselor practice.

Children and adolescents are considered as the valuable asset of any country. Such an emphasis is obviously based on the immense potentials of the youth persons to contribute intellectually, politically and economically to the society. They need to be well adjusted to their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual competences need to be properly developed. This is achieved through family, school community and society. Among all these agencies, the school system and the teachers play a vital role in molding healthy personalities. If a favorable environment is produced in schools, it would go a long way in promoting the mental health of children and adolescents, preventing several emotional problems, and offering timely intervention for their psychological problems through appropriate psycho social care by school counselors. The study is a modest attempt to examine the effectiveness of counseling services offered to the students and the difference it creates in certain domains of their personality. The research design is descriptive in nature and the sampling technique adopted for the study is stratified random sampling. From the findings it was concluded that, even though the emotional maturity level increases after a good counseling, it was observed that the results among adolescent boys showed a sheer decline in emotional maturity after their counseling. This shows some revamp in counseling models as such.

Children and adolescents are considered as the valuable asset of any country. Such an emphasis is obviously based on the immense potentials of the youth persons to contribute intellectually, politically and economically to the society. They need to be well adjusted to their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual competences need to be properly developed. This is achieved through family, school community and society. Among all these agencies, the school system and the teachers play a vital role in molding healthy personalities. If a favorable environment is produced in schools, it would go a long way in promoting the mental health of children and adolescents, preventing several emotional problems, and offering timely intervention for their psychological problems through appropriate psycho social care by school counselors. The study is a modest attempt to examine the effectiveness of counseling services offered to the students and the difference it creates in certain domains of their personality. The research design is descriptive in nature and the sampling technique adopted for the study is stratified random sampling. From the findings it was concluded that, even though the emotional maturity level increases after a good counseling, it was observed that the results among adolescent boys showed a sheer decline in emotional maturity after their counseling. This shows some revamp in counseling models as such.

Innovation is about creativity and the improvisation of new ways and techniques suited to the individual. Guidance and counseling are essential parts of teaching and learning in Ghana. Regarding guidance and counseling in schools, new ideas and creativity can help a country's technological, social, and economic growth. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effect of the counselor's service innovation behavior on effective counseling delivery and the feeling of psychological safety of the student-client in Ghana. The study hypothesized that the University Counselors' service innovation behavior will more than likely impact students' satisfaction and feeling of psychological safety; students' satisfaction in counseling will significantly affect their feeling of psychological safety; the service innovation behavior of the counselors will significantly impact students' psychological safety through their feeling of satisfaction in counseling, and; There will be an interactive effect between Students' satisfaction in counseling and counselors' service innovation behavior and clients' psychological safety. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross‐sectional research design. The respondents were engaged using purposive and convenience sampling techniques. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that counselors' service innovation behavior significantly positively affects clients' satisfaction and psychological safety. The results and the implications of the study are further discussed below.

Abstract Background Counseling for adolescents who consider or attempt suicide may help reduce suicide rates. However, the impact of the type of counselor (e.g., father, mother, sibling, friend, teacher, other) on suicidal ideation/suicide attempts remains unclear. Therefore, we examined this association in Korean adolescents. Methods Using data from the 2015 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 65,485 adolescents, we examined risk factors for suicidal ideation/suicide attempts according to sex using a multiple logistic regression analysis. In a subgroup analysis, we investigated the associations between counselor type and suicidal ideation/suicide attempts stratified by the cause of stress for both sexes. Results Male participants were less likely to consider suicide when counseled by their mother (odds ratio [OR] 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70–0.90) or friend (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80–0.99) and to attempt suicide when counseled by a friend (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.60–0.92) than were those who did not receive any counseling. Female participants were less likely to attempt suicide when counseled by their mother (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.53–0.82) or friends (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.58–0.83) than when not counseled. Furthermore, adolescents with achievement/career choice-related and family problems were at a lower risk of suicide ideation/suicide attempts when counseled by their mother or friend than when they received no counseling. Conclusions Suicidal ideation/suicide attempts showed different associations for both sexes in accordance with the type of counselor. Even if counseling by specialists for issues such as achievement/career choice-related or family matters is needed, the risk of suicide could be reduced through counseling by the people around them. Therefore, adolescents should form mutually supportive relationships through active communication with surrounding people.

The United States of America Code of Ethics for Counseling (ACA) has specific epistemological fundamentals and ideological assumptions that the assessment and analysis of it is very important. ACA is one of the most famous codes which is a model for many other codes of ethics in other countries; thus, it is very significant to discover its structure and epistemological themes in order to identify the main tendency of other codes and their shortages. In other words, searching the general soul of this Code and finding its theoretical background and cultural-attitudinal assumptions can be useful to formulate other countries' codes of ethics, including our own country, and avoid repeating some possible mistakes. As a result, the main question is as follows: what are the epistemological basis and cultural-attitudinal assumptions of ACA? This study tries to identify the cultural and ideological background of this Code and its shortages. Given that a psychological issue is not apart from a religious and ethical issue and there is an internal unity in them, some of the key ethical recommendations are studied. The epistemological foundation of this Code is based on some assumptions and understandings of Western liberalism about human's nature, denial or neglect of human's spiritual and transcendental dimension, as well as individualism in the method of cognition. Therefore, while a core criticism is presented about the epistemological and methodological foundations of this Code, its structural elements are mentioned.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING TEACHERS THROUGH REALITY THEORY SKILLS. The importance of an effective quality counselor is the whole person of the counselor. This is indicated by the ability of the counselor’s performance through the approach or theory of guidance and counseling. It aims to improve the quality of the counselor’s performance through the reality therapy that can bring the full direction of the counselor's personality. Reality therapy directs the counselor’s personality to be responsibility, honest (reality), sincere (right) to facilitate counselors in conducting guidance and counseling services. The embodiment of this is carried out through community service activities. The method of activity used is an online workshop (webinar) with steps, the first is the initial step (observation), the planning stage, the socialization stage, and the ongoing evaluation stage of the program. The community service activities were attended by 255 participants. The results obtained in community service activities are that 55% have clear abilities, 43% have sufficient abilities, and 2% have less abilities. Thus, the form of contribution to the science of guidance and counseling and education is expected to be implemented (reality therapy) together with stakeholders in order to achieve optimal and comprehensive success.

BackgroundThe Taiwanese military trains smoking cessation counselors to counsel officers and soldiers on quitting smoking as part time. The intention to stay among smoking cessation counselors affects the promotion of smoking cessation. This study investigated smoking cessation counselors' intention to stay by applying a conceptual model of intent to stay (CMIS) to analyze influencing factors.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we applied the CMIS to design a questionnaire. We invited 577 smoking cessation counselors trained in the military from 2016 to 2017. The response rate was 46.7%, and the questionnaire responses of 260 military smoking cessation counselors were analyzed. We used path analysis to verify the relationships among the various aspects of the CMIS.ResultsWe determined that smoking cessation counselors' intention to stay is directly affected by job satisfaction (β = 0.150, p = 0.014), job stress (β = −0.225, p < 0.001), and institutional identification (β = 0.431, p < 0.001). Career opportunities indirectly affect intention to stay through institutional identification, working environment indirectly affects intention to stay through job stress, and co-worker support and self-fulfillment indirectly affect intention to stay through job satisfaction and institutional identification. Our model could explain 36.7% of the variance in intent to stay among smoking cessation counselors.ConclusionOur results suggest that relevant policies should be formulated to enhance smoking cessation counselors' recognition, affirmation, and sense of belonging as related to smoking cessation counseling work, thereby raising their institutional identification and promoting their intention to stay.

Psychological well-being (PWB) is synonymous with happiness which is important for every prisoner. PWB is important for prisoners considering prisoners have different lives and Prisoners are increasingly depressed by the label of villains from the community. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of group counseling with the solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) approach to improve prisoners' pwb. This study used a quasi-experimental design with repeated measurements (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up). The research subjects were divided into two, namely 7 prisoners in the experimental group and 7 prisoners in the control group. Subjects were selected using purposive sampling technique based on inclusion criteria and PWB levels obtained from the psychological well-being scale. This study's results indicate that group counseling with the SFBT approach is proven to be effective in increasing PWB of Class II A prisoners in Pekalongan City during the pre-test vs post-test, and post-test vs follow-up. This study's results can be used as a consideration, reference, and alternative for counselors to use the SFBT approach in dealing with problems related to psychology, especially PWB.

Introduction: Community development and its prompting problems made it known that we are significantly in need of mental health specialists, especially counselors. The aim of the present study was to probe the quality of successful counselors' perceptions of the performance dimensions of therapeutic competence. Methods: This study was conducted using the phenomenological approach. The purposive sampling method was adopted to choose 20 counselors (interviewees) to participate in the study from amongcounselors at Shamim Counseling Centers of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in 2016.All the interviews were tape-recorded and then transcribed line by line. Finally, they were analyzed in accordance with interpretation analysis method. Results: In this paper, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The analyzed data of the interviews led to the identification of 8 main themes (Theoretical proficiency, Interdisciplinary knowledge, Insight into context, Specialization in intervention levels, Clinical specialization, Multicultural competence, Focusing on common therapeutic factors and Holism) and 30 sub-themes in terms of performance dimensions of therapeutic competence. Conclusion: The results of this study can help develop counselors' educational programs and evaluate counselors' level of competence and self-efficiency in the recruitment centers.

Wisdom is one of the fundamental qualities of personality, core competence, and predictors of effective counselor. The wisdom of a pre-service counselor is predicted to develop if the counselor has the opportunity to undergo, ask, reflect, and internalize his/her experiences through supervised counseling practice. The objective of the research is to compare the wisdom resulted by Indonesian pre-service counselors based on the number of supervision during counseling practices. The research used the ex post facto method. The sample of this research consisted of 489 sixth semester pre-service counselors of 11 guidance and counseling department in Indonesia, whereas 307 students only received < 3x supervision, and 182 students with >3x supervision. Data were collected using Indonesian Counselor's Wisdom Scale with Cronbach’s Alpha = .92. The t-test results show that there was a significant difference in the average score of wisdom and each dimension: religious, personal, social, emotional, reflective, and ethic of the pre-service counselors based on the number of supervised counseling practice where those with less supervision had better quality of wisdom. This means that the small number of supervised counseling practice experience but with a quality of supervisory working alliance can develop the wisdom of pre-service counselors.

Abstract Background Crisis hotlines play a key role in suicide prevention worldwide following different approaches regarding risk assessment and management of suicidality. This is to our knowledge the first study investigating depression stigma in crisis hotline counselors. The association between stigma and self-rated knowledge and their exploration of suicide risk and consecutive management of suicidal callers is being investigated. Methods Data on depression stigma, self-rated knowledge, self-reported exploration and management of suicidality was collected from 893 counselors working for the German crisis hotline. Stigma in counselors had been compared to matched population sample (1002). Results Crisis hotline counselors reported significantly lower depression stigma compared to the general population. Depression stigma and age associations differed in both samples. The reported exploration of suicide risk in callers differed depending on the self-rated knowledge about suicidality and depending on the personal depression stigma, but not the reported consecutive management. Conclusion Compared to the general population, crisis hotline counselors seem to have fewer stigmatizing attitudes toward depression. Attitudes and self-rated knowledge seem to influence the confidence in counselors regarding the exploration of suicidal callers, but not the consecutive management. The results indicate that a profound training and hands-on information about depression and suicide risk seem to be essential.

Summary. In this study, it was aimed to examine counsellors’ perceived competence, about providing help to children who have faced with death, loss and mourning, before the “death education” and how the new information they acquired reflected to their perceptions of competence. This is a qualitative study based on phenomenological design. The participant group consisted of 14 voluntary counsellors who participated in the seminar titled as “Death Education in Schools” which was prepared and presented by the researchers in line with the literature and the field experience in the spring term of 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the study were collected by semi-structured interviews from the participants before and after the “death education” seminar. Data analysis was performed by inductive content analysis. The findings of the analysis were structured under the themes as “professional inadequacy”, “beliefs about children's perceptions of death”, “personal feelings“, and “attitude towards giving ‘death education’ at school”. The themes occurred as a result of this study are thought to contribute to the field in developing and presenting more comprehensive programs.

Objective: To identify the role of supervisors as mentor in the academic performance of post graduate doctors in a public sector hospital of Karachi. Study Design: Post positivist quantitative quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi, from Aug 2017 to Jan 2018. Material and Methods: In this study pre-test scores of mentees and non mentored trainees (control group) were compared with the post-test scores. A total of 91 post graduate trainees and their supervisors was enrolled in this study. The trainees were randomly assigned to 2 group labeled as A and B. Group A was given mentoring sessions on fortnightly basis for three months. Group B was not given any mentoring during the initial 3 months. For data analysis the statistical software SPSS version 20.0 was used. Results: A total of 91 post graduate trainees participated in this study. There were 21 male participants and 70 female participants with male to female ratio of 1:3.3. The ages of the trainees ranged from 26 to 43 years. While comparing the pre-test and post-test scores between groups A and B, it was seen that both the post-test scores, at 3 months and at 6 months, were significantly different among both groups (p

This article discusses counselling communication found in Walisongo State Islamic University Semarang. Students in completing their final assignment are facing internal and external problems. Therefore counseling communication is needed to identify student problems preventively. Counselling communication techniques are carried out with verbal communication, vocal communication and body communication. This reserach uses descriptive qualitative approach. The data is gathered through in-depth interview, observation, and documentation. The research result shows that counselling communication which was conducted by the guardian lecturers using verbal communication could not maximally carried out due to lack of information of students who rarely interacted with the lecturers.

This paper describes professional identity of counselor educators teaching in a counselor profession education in Indonesia. The counselor identitiy was explored using a self-reported semi-open questionnaire and a focus-group discussion. Using the questionnaire, the couselors self-assessed their competency level of 75 competence-statement based on the government’s regulation. Their self-assessed level of competencies was compared to factors like age, teaching experiences, professional development as well as their self-efficacy toward the counselor competencies mandated by the government. To confirm the survey findings, a focus-group discussion was held and revealed culture-specific competencies that were not explicated in the regulation but deemed an important characteristic of the counselors’ identity. The study found that the counselors described themselves having average level of the mandated competencies and developing culture-specific competency related to technology literacy. The findings provide recommendation to set up context-suited professional development training that prepare the counselors for teaching in the profession training.

DEMANDS: COUNSELORS TO BE CREATIVE. Along with the development era of counselor, work demands become increasingly complex. Challenges will be constantly confronted by counselors as a result of the changes taking place. Changes in the work environment of counselors force them to be creative. Counselors should be able to find solutions, find new ways and adapt to changes that occur. So, on the process of education of potential counselors in Indonesia should also encourage the creativity of counselors in the realm of their scope of work. Such efforts need to be integrated with the counselor education curriculum. One of them is developing the SCAMPER Model to help candidate of counselors and professional counselors in Indonesia encourage their creativity.

In this study, it was aimed to examine counsellors’ perceived competence, about providing help to children who have faced with death, loss and mourning, before the “death education” and how the new information they acquired reflected to their perceptions of competence. This is a qualitative study based on phenomenological design. The participant group consisted of 14 voluntary counsellors who participated in the seminar titled as “Death Education in Schools” which was prepared and presented by the researchers in line with the literature and the field experience in the spring term of 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the study were collected by semi-structured interviews from the participants before and after the “death education” seminar. Data analysis was performed by inductive content analysis. The findings of the analysis were structured under the themes as “professional inadequacy”, “beliefs about children's perceptions of death”, “personal feelings“, and “attitude towards giving ‘death education’ at school”. The themes occurred as a result of this study are thought to contribute to the field in developing and presenting more comprehensive programs.

In this study, it was aimed to examine counsellors’ perceived competence, about providing help to children who have faced with death, loss and mourning, before the “death education” and how the new information they acquired reflected to their perceptions of competence. This is a qualitative study based on phenomenological design. The participant group consisted of 14 voluntary counsellors who participated in the seminar titled as “Death Education in Schools” which was prepared and presented by the researchers in line with the literature and the field experience in the spring term of 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the study were collected by semi-structured interviews from the participants before and after the “death education” seminar. Data analysis was performed by inductive content analysis. The findings of the analysis were structured under the themes as “professional inadequacy”, “beliefs about children's perceptions of death”, “personal feelings“, and “attitude towards giving ‘death education’ at school”. The themes occurred as a result of this study are thought to contribute to the field in developing and presenting more comprehensive programs.

This article is devoted to the phenomenon of dialogue in everyday psychotherapy. The results of phenomenological research are illustrated by fragments of the interviews. Dialogue (as the occurrence оf life, a genesis event according to M.M. Bakhtin) is characterized by the following features: personal nature of communication that is not role-based; naturalness of speech; expressed purpose of supporting the “client”; the counselor’s authority in the eyes of the “client”; the novelty of the content; substantial changes in the state of the client. We distinguish between two basic types of dialogues: a dialogue with a predominant activity of a “client” and a dialogue with a predominant activity of a “counselor”. We note that within the framework of the dialogical approach it is possible to speak about a particular isomorphism of the phenomena of professional and everyday psychotherapy; we analyze the possibilities of considering the dialogue as a kind of a “connective tissue” of professional and everyday psychotherapy.

Implementation of the 2013 curriculum will create problems for high school learners who can not afford in choosing the right direction of subject groups and subjects appropriately, so that will cause difficulties in learning and tendency to fail in learning. The determination of the direction of the subject group and the subjects should be in accordance with the general basic skills (intelligence), talents, interests and preferences of each learner so that the learning process goes well and the tendency to succeed in learning. Therefore, the guidance and counseling service in the direction of the subject group and the subject is very necessary for the learner to be able to make choices according to his potential ability and the possibility of success in learning.

Motivation is one of the most important aspects of sports coaching program. Various facilities for athletes overcoming psychological problems should be held, including counseling program conducted by professional counselors. Athletes sports wrestling West Sumatra PON XIX get motivation increases with counseling by a counselor and motivator of the team during the preparation and training, so we get the result of increased achievement and medal counts for PON XIX. The results showed that counseling provides a constructive role to increase the motivation of athletes wrestling West Sumatra PON XIX.

4-H Residential Camp Counselor Training empowers youth ages 14-18 to be positive role models, leaders, and mentors to their campers. This new 38-page guide, written by Jessica Altum Cooper and published by the UF/IFAS Florida 4-H Youth Development program, provides preparation and training modules to help youth reach their full potential as the next generation of community leaders. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h398

Through this study, some topics which were ever communicated by participants together in a meeting of Support Group, examples violence cases expe-rienced by each member, and the form of gender emancipation. The process of com-munication taking place in the Support Group has resulted in producing members who are able to overcome their problem. One of the results can be detected from the members' attitude, when communicating in the forum, namely dare to tell their problems. Essentially, the success of realizing a therapy in group depended on the communication competence and the commitment having to be possessed by those discussion participants.

SMA Negeri 1 Reteh has two departments: IPA and IPS. Majors placement is an effort so that all students can develop their knowledge and skill, accordance with their potential and interests. Students who take unsuitable courses with their potential and interests, will have a lot of problems in learning. Interest in their department can be influenced by parent, peer, and counselor. The purpose of this research is to describe and determine the contribution a parent support, peer, and counselor to the occupied student’s interest. This study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational method. The population in this study were students of class X and XI, the technique used purposive sampling. The instrument used a questionnaire with Likert scale. The results of the parent-support reliability test is 0.922, peer is 0.908, counselor is 0.906, and the interest of students in the occupied department is 0.944. The data were analyzed using multiple regression. The findings of this study indicate that the results description support of parent, peer, and counselor individually or together to the student's interest in the occupied department in high category and results hypothesis the support of parent, peer, and counselor individually or together contribute to the student's interest in the occupied department.

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. During the course of developmental tasks, teenagers often fall into the negative direction that causes them to commit acts that violate the law so that sanctions in the form of criminal punishment. One of the developmental tasks traversed by teenagers is the task of selecting and planning future jobs/careers. However, the conditions faced by teenagers inside the Prison are very complicated. Lack of information about careers that can be inmates in their teens, this makes it difficult for them to make career planning in the future. This paper discusses the role of counselor in helping career planning for inmates in their teens.

In addition to state laws, the counseling profession’s code of ethics and training standards stipulate that counselors clearly uphold ethical standards and identify with a distinct professional counselor identity. We investigated 411 postgraduate counseling supervisees’ experiences with ethical and professional identity development during supervision in the US The results of the survey indicated that supervisors do not directly and consistently pass a professional counselor identity to the supervisee. However, supervision encompassed ethical considerations. Study results are not a reflection of nor the sole responsibility of supervisors. The counseling profession must also assume responsibility for these outcomes and better support counseling supervisors in passing a counselor professional identity from the supervisor to the supervisee. Additional research could determine how to support supervisors in passing a counselor professional identity to the supervisee during supervision.

This study is setting of issues about how the perception of task and work motivation influencing much on the performance of BK teacher/counselor at Junior High Schools in Kupang city. The goal is to describe the influence of perception on task and work motivation of BK teacher/counselor in the performance of duties in the school. The research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive methods. The results of this study showed that the perception of task and work motivation of BK teacher/counselor give a very significant influence on the performance of BK teachers/counselor in execution of duty.

Student psychological counseling is one of the means to acknowledge student identity by employing counseling tools that allow the psychologist to make use of a set of skills essential in achieving envisaged outcomes. To act as counseling psychologist for students is to guide actions by the five wh- questions: who (the client is), why (the counselor is approached), who (the counselor talks to), what (problem the student has to tackle), how (the problem can be solved). Some of the most important features that contribute to solving student problems are the counselor’s deontology, trustworthiness and attitude that are to be relied on without impeding the client’s personality traits. Thus, developing awareness of the features underlying student psychological counseling and acting accordingly is the real test for any professional in the field. Therefore, the real challenge is not being in the lion’s den, but living with it.

A person’s fulfillment may be achieved only when the three levels: personal, family and professional interweave. In the dynamic society in which we live, the trend is to emphasize only one of these levels, in the prejudice of the others. Therefore, the term “workaholic” is very often used. This, namely having a job to consume almost all our time, is often associated with the idea of career.The concept of vocational career has recently appeared in Romania, along with the transition to a society founded on performance. A strong emphasis is laid on vocational career in multinational companies as the managers cover all the necessary stages when hiring an individual, their choice being founded on the convenient profile of the employee, suitable for the company needs. Thus, vocational motivation appears as a gain for both parts. The respect towards the employee is shown through the company concern for his career development. It is what is called in the specialty literature the paternalist model of welfare, promoted by David Guest. The reciprocity within a company will bring forth the desire of assertion, of improvement and implicitly of performance. In general, the choice of a career in a field or another is a subjective motivation, dictated by certain factors at a given time. The study carried out in this article is based on the administration of questionnaires in the attempt to discover which are the motivations of pupils and students in choosing a university, a profession, if such choice is based on judicious information or influence of subjective factors. Also, the role that skills and qualities of each plays in choosing the career path is not negligible, aiming to whether individuals are aware of their professional profile. The importance of vocational counselor in educational institutions, schools, universities is of great significance because it is a professional who can guide pupils and students objectively in choosing a future profession that is consistent with their abilities and skills.

This article continues the study published in the Journal of Counselling Psychology and Psychotherapy No.4/2011. Both publications describe the results of theoretical investigations - the differentiation of 6 basic ways of understanding of the concept "dialogue" in psychological studies of communication and psychological practice. In the previous part the five of them were described: dialogue as a form of verbal interaction, dialogue as a shared thinking process, dialogue as a cooperated activity for overcoming contradictions between partners, dialogue as communication based on true motives of partners, dialogue as communication based on the personal style (A. Bodalev) of relationship. This article describes in detail the sixth way of understanding the concept: dialogue as an existential event, as mutual personal meeting (Florenskaya T.A., Kop'yev A.F., Vorob'eva L.I. et al.). Author compares the dialogue approach in counselling (Kop'yev A.F.) and spiritual-oriented approach in psychotherapy (Florenskaya T.A.) also based on the concept of dialogue.

The article presents the reflections of the practice of psychologist who works in phone counseling service: it points out the functions and role of this psychological service for big city life. The author describes social mission and goals of a telephone service as well as some goals which are less obvious parts of the work even for some experts in this field.

無This article explains what's wrong with reference service. Users often have low inspections of what the reference librarian have to offer. Perhaps limited to a belief that librarians know where things are. Perhaps limited to a understanding what can the reference librarian do. But be a reference librarian, she (he) has a lot of stuffs need to do, has a lot of plains try to design. She doesn't have any break. Everytime we talk about the number of increasing reference services, increasing the number of reference books. But we seldom talk about the increasing depression on the reference librarian. this paper talks about coping with success and failure on reference service in Taiwan.

The article begins with short introduction referring to the role of advisors, teachers and sages in the political life with emphasis on the changes connected with the emergence of Athenian democracy and education offered by the sophists. Athenian state offers excellent opportunities for political education, on the other hand the existence of a sage in the system based on the popular rule in the eyes of some intellectuals proves to be difficult, or impossible. Plato’s reaction on the death of Socrates results in his resigning from public activity, Isocrates however finds his own way of life in accordance with his views. He seemingly retreats from political activity, because he does not present his speeches in the assembly, still he takes part in political life by writing treatises referring to the contemporary issues. The treatises To Nicocles and To Philip prove that his interests were not limited to the Athens; he was eager to consider different political systems and believed that addressing the powerful leaders might be quite an efficient way to influence political reality. In the treatise To Nicocles he offers the general set of principles that should be obeyed by a king in order to preserve his authority and take good care of the state, the treatise To Philip comprises an appeal to the king of Macedon encouraging him to unite Greece in the crusade against Persia. In spite of obvious differences in the historical context, both works present mixture of moral idealism and political pragmatism characteristic for Isocrates, who put en effort in establishing for himself the position of political commentator and advisor. His professional activity added a new quality to the political culture of Athens, where an individual either took active part in assemblies and administration, or chose the life of a private man. Isocrates escaped this alternative and introduced a new model of an intellectual in the public sphere.

Presentation of the volume about counselling and guidance