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The successful management of lepidopteran moths in orchards usually depends on the precise forecast of adult activity. However, the seasonal phenology of moths varies between crop cultivars and years, making it difficult to schedule the control measures. Here, we monitored male flight activity of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta and summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana by using sex pheromone traps in peach orchards of three different cultivars for three successive years. We developed a logistic multiple-peaks model to fit data and then calculated degree-days (DD) required for male activity and neonate emergency. Results show that G. molesta and A. orana males had 4–5 and 3 flight peaks per year, respectively. The seasonal phenology of G. molesta or A. orana was quite stable with an identical timing of each flight peak between cultivars in a year. The flight activity was usually higher in the second and third peaks for both moths, with a higher cumulative number of G. molesta males captured than that of A. orana. Compared to A. orana, G. molesta emerged early in spring and required lower degree-days to reach the subsequent flight peaks and for neonate emergency. Our results suggest that to decline the possibility of outbreaks of moths during the growing seasons, pheromone traps should be scheduled in April with a cumulative DD between 49.6 and 207.1 for G. molesta and in mid-May–early June with a cumulative DD between 450.4 and 866.7 for A. orana, aiming to trap the newly emerged male adults or disrupting female mating success of overwintered moths in orchards. Based on the thermal requirement for egg hatching (i.e., 79.4 DD for G. molesta and 90.0 DD for A. orana), insecticide treatments would be applied in late-April–early May and late May–early June to reduce the field population density of neonates of G. molesta and A. orana, respectively, to reduce fruit damage in orchards. Furthermore, pheromone traps set up in late July–early August (573.8–1025.2 DD) for G. molesta and in mid-September (1539.7–1788.9 DD) for A. orana may suppress overwintering populations and thus decrease pest infestation in next year.

Aim of study: To address diversification of citrus cultivars to increase the variety and profitability of orchards to adapt them to environmental changes. Area of study: State of São Paulo, a subtropical region of southeastern Brazil. Material and methods: The study evaluated the phenological intervals, thermal sum, vegetative and productive performance, and fruit quality of the sweet orange cultivars ‘Rubi’ (R), ‘Lue Gin Gong’ (LGG) and ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’ (VDS) grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime (RL) and 'Swingle' citrumelo (SC). The field experiment was conducted over consecutive growing seasons 2018-2021. Main results: The duration of the phenological intervals was little influenced by the rootstocks. The harvest time was approximately 245 days after anthesis (DAA) for R, 402 DAA for LGG, and 407 DAA for VDS, regardless of rootstock. Scion cultivars grafted onto RL showed larger canopy volumes and greater weight, length, and diameter of fruits than those of SC trees, and the combinations with SC were more productively efficient than RL due to lower canopy volume. The R scion cultivar presented superior yield performance and fruit colouration than LGG and VDS. The physicochemical quality of the fruits showed improved results with the combinations of LGG/RL, LGG/SC, VDS/RL, and VDS/SC. Research highlights: These results may be useful when planning the diversification of scion/rootstock combinations for new orchards, identifying dual-market orange cultivars for industrial processing and natural consumption, and determining the combinations that are better adapted to undesirable climatic conditions.

Cleruchoides noackae Lin & Huber (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was imported to Brazil in 2012, to manage the exotic pest Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), which has been damaging eucalyptus plantations. Knowledge of the thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae is important to improve mass rearing methods for this parasitoid and the effectiveness of its release to manage T. peregrinus. The objective was to evaluate the development period, thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae at different temperatures. The egg-adult period of this parasitoid varied from 43 to 14 days at 15 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The emergence of C. noackae adults was higher at 15 °C, 18 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C. Female and male C. noackae need 226.75 and 230.41 degree-days and temperatures higher than 10.06 °C and 9.90 °C, respectively, to complete egg-adult development. The number of parasitized eggs per C. noackae female was higher at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, with 5.82, 7.73 and 5.50 eggs, respectively, than at 30 °C (0.45). Cleruchoides noackae longevity was greater at 15 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C. The net reproductive rate of the parasitoid was higher at 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C, 3.05, 4.70 and 0.16, respectively. The finite rate of increase of C. noackae was greater at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, than at 30 °C and the intrinsic rate of increase was negative at 30 °C, −0.100. The temperatures 21 °C and 24 °C and from 18 °C to 27 °C are the most adequate for the reproduction and population increase of C. noackae parasitizing eggs of T. peregrinus, respectively.

Abstract Prolonged migration windows buffer migratory animal populations against uncertainty in resource availability. Understanding how intensifying droughts from climate change influence the migration window is critical for biodiversity conservation in a warming world. We explored how drought affects the seaward migration of endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) near the southern extent of their range in California, USA. We tracked stream departures of juvenile coho, measuring streamflow and temperature in seven streams over 13 years, spanning a historic drought with extreme dry and warm conditions. Linear mixed effects models indicate that, over the range of observations, a decrease in seasonal streamflow (from 4.5 to 0.5 mm/day seasonal runoff) contracted the migration window by 31% (from 11 to 7 weeks). An increase from 10.2 to 12.8°C in mean seasonal water temperature hastened the migration window by three weeks. Pacific salmon have evolved to synchronize ocean arrival with productive ocean upwelling. However, earlier and shorter migration windows during drought could lead to mismatches, decreasing fitness and population stability. Our study demonstrates that drought‐induced low flows and warming threaten coho salmon in California and suggests that environmental flow protections will be needed to support the seaward migration of Pacific salmon in a changing climate.

Abstract Olive moth, Prays oleae, is one of the most important phytophagous of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean basin. Its control is based on the application of chemical insecticides, sometimes combined with the release of natural enemies. The need for application is established according to population thresholds. How-ever, the wide range of environmental conditions requires the adoption of comple-mentary elements that allow the adequate time of applications to the phenological stages responsible for the damage. During the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, weekly observations of the insect phenology have been performed in 10 plots of olive trees at different altitudes (253 m to 1017 m) in the province of Jaén (southern Spain), recording daily temperature variations at 4-hour intervals. This has allowed deter-mining the thermal integrals for the three insect generations and to specify the in-fluence of the altitude on its development periods, more especially in those corre-sponding to the philophagous and carpophagous generations. This knowledge has allowed the development of a model-chronogram for the adjustment of treatment dates based on crop altitude.

Building energy requalification in Italy and Europe has been much discussed in recent years due to the high percentage of existing buildings with poor energy performance. In this context, it is useful to obtain a user-friendly and fast tool to predict the thermal energy demand (TED) for space conditioning and the related primary energy consumption (PEC) as a function of climatic stress. In this study, the SLABE methodology (simulation-based large-scale uncertainty/sensitivity analysis of building energy performance) is used to simulate representative Italian buildings, varying parameters such as geometry, envelope and HVAC (heating, ventilating and space conditioning) systems. MATLAB® in combination with EnergyPlus is used to analyze 200 buildings belonging to two structural types (multi-family buildings and apartment blocks) built in 1961–1975. Nine scenarios (as-built scenarios and eight retrofit ones) are investigated in 63 climatic locations. A regression analysis shows that the classical HDDs (heating degree days) approach cannot give an accurate prediction of TED because solar radiation is not accounted for. Thus, new climatic indices are developed alongside solar radiation, including the heating stress index (HSI), the cooling stress index (CSI) and the yearly climatic stress index (YCSI). The purpose of our work is to obtain climatic stress curves for the prediction of TED and PEC. Testing of this novel approach is performed by comparison with another building energy simulation tool, showing a low discrepancy, i.e., the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error is between 12% and 28%, which confirms certain reliability of the approach here proposed.

The limited scion-rootstock combinations used in sweet orange orchards in Brazil reduce the commercial potential of citrus and lead to greater susceptibility to pests and diseases. Aiming to provide germplasm diversification, the research evaluated the Folha Murcha (FM) and Charmute de Brotas (CB) orange trees grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL) and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (SC) rootstocks. The study was conducted in the southern center of the state of São Paulo, in the subtropical region of southeastern Brazil. The grafted trees were planted in September 2016. The field experiment was conducted over two seasons. The combinations were evaluated based on the duration in days and degree-days of the phenological intervals, growth and yield performance, alternate bearing, fruit ripening, and quality. The trees of the two scion cultivars grafted onto RL had the shortest crop cycle, the earliest fruit ripening, and the largest canopy volume. SC produced fewer alternate bearings with greater production efficiency. The CB/SC combination produced fruits with a better color index, higher total soluble solids content, and a higher technological index. This assessment can be useful in planning orchards for dual-purpose markets, such as table fruit and the juice industry.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) and their energy consumption are topics of widespread concern. This study used remote sensing images and building and meteorological data as parameters, with reference to Oke's local climate zone (LCZ), to divide urban areas according to the height and density of buildings and land cover types. While analyzing the heat island intensity, the neural network training method was used to obtain temperature data with good temporal as well as spatial resolution. Combining degree-days with the division of LCZs, a more accurate distribution of energy demand can be obtained by different regions. Here, the spatial distribution of buildings in Shenyang, China, and the law of land surface temperature (LST) and energy consumption of different LCZ types, which are related to building height and density, were obtained. The LST and energy consumption were found to be correlated. The highest heat island intensity, i.e., UHILCZ 4, was 8.17°C. The correlation coefficients of LST with building height and density were −0.16 and 0.24, respectively. The correlation between urban cooling energy demand and building height was −0.17, and the correlation between urban cooling energy demand and building density was 0.17. The results indicate that low- and medium-rise buildings consume more cooling energy.

Abstract Subalpine conifers are highly sensitive to climatic changes. In these trees, the intra-annual dynamics of cambial activity and phenological process in xylem development are closely associated with climatic conditions. However, these scientific findings have not been verified for subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we initiated such a study with four subalpine conifers, viz. Abies koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Picea jezoensis, growing between 1573 and 1594 m a.s.l. at Deogyusan National Park. Microcores (Ø 2 mm) of these trees were obtained using a mini borer, called as Trephor, every week between April 7 and September 25 in 2017 to monitor their growing seasons, the intra-annual dynamics of the cambial activity, and the number of cells during phenological phases of cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening. For the study, five trees were selected for each conifer species. Results showed that the cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, and P. jezoensis required at least 73.8 heat-sum values, whereas the T. cuspidata needed 109.6 heat-sum. The durations of cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, T. cuspidata, and P. jezoensis were 134 (127–144), 113 (92–128), 113 (106–120), and 100 (76–128) days, respectively. The intra-annual variations of the number of cells in the cambium, during the cell enlargement phase and cell-wall thickening phase showed predominantly a bell-shaped curve, with a delay of approximately 2–4 weeks between each other. On the other hand, the number of cumulated mature cells showed an S-shaped curve. Through this study, the first fundamental data on phenological process in xylem development of subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea have been successfully presented.

The invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees across North America. A. planipennis was first detected in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 2017 and has the potential to become a serious threat to the city's ash canopy which accounts for ~30% of the public tree inventory. The goal of this study was to predict when adult A. planipennis emergence and peak activity would occur in Winnipeg to help logistical planning for the implementation of a city-wide management program. The management program would focus on detection and limiting the spread of the beetle with the objective of preserving ash trees as long as possible allowing for more proactive management of the EAB infestation. To predict adult emergence and peak activity of A. planipennis, we used local weather station data to calculate the number of degree-days accumulated in each year for the 1970–2019 period using three different degree-day accumulation models. Developmental thresholds for A. planipennis were derived from previous North American studies. The estimated mean emergence dates for the 50-year period were June 14 ± 8.5 days (double sine model), June 14 ± 8.5 days (single sine model), and June 19 ± 9.1 days (standard model) whereas the peak activity dates were July 16 ± 8.8 days (double sine model), July 17 ± 8.7 days (single sine model), and July 21 ± 9.4 days (standard model). Meteorological records indicate that temperatures in the Winnipeg region have increased over the study period. However, our predicted emergence dates do not significantly differ over the 50 years examined in the study, although estimated peak activity dates are significantly earlier, suggesting that EAB movement may benefit from climate change. The results from this study will provide managers with information regarding the temporal behavior of A. plannipennis in Winnipeg allowing for improved timing of control measures and monitoring, thereby extending the projected life span of a significant ash tree population within the Winnipeg urban region. The management model developed for Winnipeg could serve as an example for other locations in the prairie region of North America.

The ongoing climate change over Central and Southeast Europe has a great potential to affect significantly the public energy demands and in particular the energy consumption in the residential heating and cooling sector. The linkage of the ambient daily extreme and mean temperatures and the energy needs for condition or heat buildings can be quantified as numerical indicators as the heating and cooling degree-days. In the present study, these indicators are calculated according the UK Met Office methodology from the daily mean and extreme temperatures, which, in turn, are computed from the output of the MESCAN-SURFEX system in the frame the FP7 UERRA project. The study, which is performed in a very high resolution, is dedicated on the analysis of the spatial patterns as well as assessment of the magnitude and statistical significance of the temporal evolution of the heating and cooling degree-days. It reveals general tendencies which are coherent with the regional climate warming, but with high spatial heterogeneities. The study confirms the essential impact of the ongoing climate change on the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning industry over Central and Southeast Europe.

Abstract Numerous studies have highlighted the merits of grafting to improve the performance of vegetable crops. However, the technique is hindered by several obstacles, including the synchronization of seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, and the effects of rootstocks and climatic conditions on grafting success rates. This study sought to gain insights into how such technical obstacles affect tomato grafting. An initial experiment conducted in a greenhouse set out to assess the relevance of using degree-days to predict the growth rates of seedlings used for grafting (i.e., stem diameters above cotyledons). The success rate for grafting a tomato variety (Tanya) on 10 different rootstocks from different species—namely tomato, eggplant, african eggplant, and a wild species—was assessed at different temperatures (i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). The effects of grafting on plant vigor (i.e., fresh biomass), number of leaves, and plant height, and on the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in the plant stem were assessed 2 weeks after grafting. The results show the advantage of using degree-days to predict the ready-to-graft stage of seedlings, as it reduced the discrepancy among trials. The grafting success rate was more than 90% at 15 and 20 °C, but decreased significantly with higher temperatures, down to 20% at 40 °C. Larger variations in growth rate for seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, a lower grafting success rate, and less vigor were recorded for heterografted plants than for homografted plants. The lower hydraulic conductivity measured in the stems of grafted plants, especially heterografted plants, was consistent with the lower plant vigor observed. Further studies are needed to investigate how grafting affects the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in later developmental stages of grafted plants.

Abstract The objective of this work was to deter mine the base temperatures, thermal time requirements, and length of the main reproductive growth stages of acai palm (Euterpe oleracea) in the northeast of the state of Pará, in eastern Amazon, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from 2017 to 2019 in a 10 ha acai plantation, using the time-series analysis. Plant phenology was monitored weekly, and local weather conditions were monitored daily. The lower and upper base temperatures were of 12.92 and 32.46°C, respectively, for pre-flowering; 13.50 and 32.23°C for flowering; 12.14 and 32.55°C for green fruit stage; 11.64 and 32.78°C for fruit color-changing stage; and 11.23 and 32.94°C for maturation. The thermal time requirement and the average cycle length for the ideal harvest time of acai palm were 3,893.15 degree-days and 283 days, respectively. The thermal time requirement and the duration of the reproductive growth stage for acai palm are influenced by the period of the year and the variability of air temperature, which, when high, reduces the cycle of the crop, and when mild, increases it.

Most of the existing carbon emission studies based on the IPAT framework considered the size effect rather than structure effect of population. However, it is proved with the micro-data household evidence that the demographic structure explains the unexpected trends better. To complete the framework, this study integrated the structure effects with the STIRPAT model base on the household life-cycle consumption theory as different age groups differ in carbon consumption behaviors. For further analysis with the frequent extreme weather events caused by global warming and their catastrophic effect on human activities, this study also harmonized Köppen criteria with the theories model by Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann and considers climate factors precipitation (PRE), annual degree-day (DD), and temperature anomaly (TA) with the extended model to investigate whether population aging trend provides room for or creates barriers to carbon reduction. NASA night-time light (NTL) data DMSP/OLS and VIIRS/DNB is adopted as the proxy for population density to weight the relevant climate data from over 30,000 weather stations worldwide. The combined dataset is from 150 countries, and the period is during 1970–2013. The Panel Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method is used to solve the problems of cross-sectional correlation, non-stationarity, and endogeneity since sample countries are closely linked in the global meteorological system which make each cross-sectional disturbance term likely to be contemporaneously correlated, and endogeneity of carbon emission under the same global agreement constraint. The empirical results show that the age structure had significant and different impacts on carbon emissions. The general influence of age growth is an inverted U shape as the younger group consumes less than the older group, and offspring leave the family when the householder turns 50. The EKC theory is also checked with the threshold model of per capita income on carbon emissions to determine how many countries reached carbon peak. This study proved that the aggregated carbon consumption pattern is aligned with the microlevel evidence on household energy consumption. Another distinguished finding is that population aging may generally lead to an increase in heat and electricity carbon emissions, contrary to what some household energy consumption models would predict. We explain the uplifted tail as the “effect caused by the narrowed adaptation temperature range” when people are getting older and vulnerable. It should be noted that as the aging trend becomes severe worldwide and extreme weather events happen with higher frequency, the potential energy spending and thus carbon emission on air conditioning will undoubtfully overgrow. One important method is to improve the building energy efficiency by retrofitting old buildings’ insulations. Implementing new green building standards in carbon reduction must not be ignored. Evidence shows that if the insulation of pre-1990s houses is reconstructed with modern materials, carbon emissions caused by residential cooling and heating can be reduced by about 20% every year. Overall, promoting an efficient building style provides reduction capacity for the industrial sector, and it is a way to achieve sustainable growth.

Understanding the link between the energy-efficiency of buildings and climatic conditions can improve the design of energy-efficient housing. Due to global climate change and growing requirements for building energy-efficiency, the number of publications on climate zoning for buildings has grown over the last 20 years. This review attempted to give the reader an up-to-date assessment of the scientific literature in the field of climate mapping for buildings on a global and national scale, filling in the gaps of previous works and focusing on details that were not presented before. There were 105 scientific sources examined. The most dominant climate zoning variables were thoroughly analyzed. A clear categorization of climate zoning methods with specific criteria was shown. The most used methods were evaluated, emphasizing their similarities and differences, as well as their essential components and advantages. The main literature review was supported with bibliometric and bibliographic analysis. The existence of many climate zoning methods can be an indicator of the lack of agreement on the most effective strategy. A tendency has been established for the popularization among scientists of methods based on machine learning and building energy simulations, which are relatively easy to use and have proven to be the most reliable climate zoning methods. A transformation is emerging by shifting from a climate-based to a building performance-based climate zoning approach.

This study aims to evaluate the correlation among growing degree-days (GDD), canopy height (CH), and leaf area index (LAI) for Guinea grass irrigated, considering the different combinations of the nitrogen and boron rates and cycles of regrowth. The experiment was carried out from August/2017 to August/2018 in a field experiment, and the climate of the region is classified as subtropical. A randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme (4x3x11) with four replications was used. The treatment was (i) boron fertilization: 0, 1, and 2 kg ha-1; and (ii) nitrogen fertilization: 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 kg ha-1 distributing to 11 growth/cutting cycles. We observed the high correlation between GDD and the parameters evaluated of CH and LAI. The nitrogen results showed a low influence on canopy height and the leaf area index, and boron results did not influence these parameters.

Abstract Cooling and heating degree‐days (CDD/HDD) are important metrics used in energy studies as a proxy for determining demand and consumption patterns of residential/commercial buildings and work spaces. Driven by the requirements of energy impact modellers, policymakers and building design experts; a new historical high‐spatial resolution, global gridded dataset of degree‐days constructed using various base (threshold) temperatures (Tb) is presented in this study. Derived using sub‐daily temperature from a quality‐controlled reanalysis data product (Global Land Data Assimilation System—GLDAS), the dataset called ‘DegDays_0p25_1970_2018’ includes monthly and annual (i) CDD; (ii) HDD; and (iii) CDD computed using wet‐bulb temperature (CDDwb) at 0.25° × 0.25° gridded resolution, covering 49 years over the period 1970–2018. The Tb used for assembling DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 include 18, 18.3, 22, 23, 24, 25°C for CDD and CDDwb; and 10, 15, 15.5, 16, 17 and 18°C for HDD, respectively. The data of individual indices are made publicly available in the commonly used scientific Network Common Data Form 4 (NetCDF4) and Georeferenced Tagged Image File (GeoTIFF) formats. DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 fills gaps in existing energy indicators’ datasets by being the only high‐resolution historical global gridded time series based on multiple threshold temperatures, thus offering applications in wide‐ranging climate zones and thermal comfort environments. The richness of DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 lies in its flexibility by allowing users to aggregate the degree‐days not only at varying spatial scales (such as administrative levels, national boundaries, economic organizations e.g. OECD; with or without population weights), but also at varying temporal scales (such as seasons), thereby offering climatologists with a potential to examine global teleconnection patterns more discretely.

ABSTRACT: This study determined the meteorological variable that most contribute to the productivity of sugarcane stalks in the northwest and central regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The following sugarcane genotypes were used: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, and IAC87-3396. The UFSM cultivars originate from a mutation process in the breeding program conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, and have low temperature tolerance. The productivity-associated morphological characters included in the models were average stem diameter, average stem number per meter of furrow, and average stem height. The following meteorological variables were used: minimum air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, and accumulated thermal sum. Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlations, and Stepwise regression were performed between morphological characters and meteorological variables: minimum air temperature had the greatest influence on sugarcane productivity in the studied regions, and accumulated thermal sum showed the highest correlation and contributed most to stem diameter and average stem height. Thus, the models indicated that the growth of sugarcane is positively associated with the accumulated thermal sum, and sugarcane can be cultivated at the studied regions.

ABSTRACT Water management and meteorological conditions during the cropping phase play an essential role in maintaining the commercial quality of cut flowers. This study evaluates water requirement, sensitivity to water deficit, and commercial quality of gladiolus ‘Amsterdam’ produced with automated irrigation in different growing periods. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five replicates and consisted of the growing period factors (winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019) and the irrigation level factors (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, and 100% - L4 of crop water requirement). An automatic irrigation controller was used for irrigation management. At the harvest point, we evaluated the stems for the diameter, number of flowers, spike length, and floral stem length. We also evaluated stomatal conductance, leaf area, and duration of phenological phases on degree-days. The application of 100% crop water requirement using an automatic irrigation controller in the autumn/winter cycle results in better commercial classification. The treatment with 45% of the crop water requirement extended the total duration of the cycle. In conclusion, flower stems of better commercial classification are obtained with 100% of crop water requirement during the autumn/winter cycle.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields.

Abstract In Egypt, parasitic weed species, Orobanche crenata Forsk is one of the major constraints to the production of faba bean, which is considered the most important food legume in the country. The broomrape fly, Phytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach (Diptera, Agromyzidae) is particularly suitable for biological control since it is oligophagous feeding in the larval stage, only on Orobanche species. The objective of the present study is to estimate the number of annual generations of P. orobanchia, using growing degree-days (GDD) in Alexandria region, Egypt. Results revealed that development of Phytomyza immature stages (from egg deposition to adult emergence) required 103.5, 90.0, 79.5, and 93.5 DD through 31, 20, 18, and 16 days for the investigated four generations, respectively. Percentage of infested Orobanche capsules positively increased with increasing accumulated degree-days. A linear model for predicting infested capsules with P. orobanchia through knowing DD was estimated. The constructed model may be used also in predicting Orobanche capsule infestation with P. orobanchia. Results also indicated that estimating the degree-days will help in predicting the occurrence of the first egg laid for P. orobanchia in O. crenata flowers in the field for the first generation and subsequent generations. Knowledge of the Phytomyza activity will provide a prediction for adult emergence and subsequent egg laying and potential damage by larvae according to infestation percent of Orobanche capsules through the successive generations. This may help the biological control programs to justify the required numbers of Phytomyza and adequate time for releases to obtain the maximum destruction of Orobanche seeds.

Abstract Background Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis and Varestrongylus eleguneniensis are two potentially pathogenic lungworms of caribou and muskoxen in the Canadian Arctic. These parasites are currently undergoing northward range expansion at differential rates. It is hypothesized that their invasion and spread to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are in part driven by climate warming. However, very little is known regarding their physiological ecology, limiting our ability to parameterize ecological models to test these hypotheses and make meaningful predictions. In this study, the developmental parameters of V. eleguneniensis inside a gastropod intermediate host were determined and freezing survival of U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis were compared. Methods Slug intermediate hosts, Deroceras laeve, were collected from their natural habitat and experimentally infected with first-stage larvae (L1) of V. eleguneniensis. Development of L1 to third-stage larvae (L3) in D. laeve was studied at constant temperature treatments from 8.5 to 24 °C. To determine freezing survival, freshly collected L1 of both parasite species were held in water at subzero temperatures from -10 to -80 °C, and the number of L1 surviving were counted at 2, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days. Results The lower threshold temperature (T0) below which the larvae of V. eleguneniensis did not develop into L3 was 9.54 °C and the degree-days required for development (DD) was 171.25. Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis showed remarkable freeze tolerance: more than 80% of L1 survived across all temperatures and durations. Larval survival decreased with freezing duration but did not differ between the two species. Conclusion Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis have high freezing survival that allows them to survive severe Arctic winters. The higher T0 and DD of V. eleguneniensis compared to U. pallikuukensis may contribute to the comparatively slower range expansion of the former. Our study advances knowledge of Arctic parasitology and provides ecological and physiological data that can be useful for parameterizing ecological models.

The averaged indicators of the weight growth of four generations of trout at different temperatures in the time interval of the life cycle from the transfer of larvae to cultivation until the fish reaches a portioned commercial weight of 400 g when the first withdrawal of products for sale takes place have been analyzed. It has been shown that fish of different generations passes into the weight category "goods" sequentially, but after reaching different ages, while there is no direct correlation between the terms "generation formation" – "first withdrawal for sale". According to our data the most intensive weight growth of fish has been noted in the temperature range equal to 8–13 °C. An increase in the water temperature in the cages to 15–18 °C has led to a slowdown, and then to the suspension of the accumulation of fish biomass. In cages operating in the area of Kola NPP heated water trout of April generation gains the commercial weight of 400 g in 7–8 months after landing of larvae for cultivation, November trout – after 15 months. Trout of October and January generation reaches commercial weight at 11 and 9 months, respectively. The stretching of timing of biomass accumulation is most pronounced in the autumn generation of trout. It has been found that the greatest increase in weight per unit body (145.1 mg per day) is provided by the trout of the January biological group, the smallest – by the November trout (75.8 mg per day). The energy reserve of heat allowing for differently derived individuals to reach a commodity weight of 400 g, is in the range from 3 320 to 5 300 degree-day.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the plastochron index of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevine varieties in Fronteira Oeste, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2010, in a completely randomized design, using 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines grown in the municipalities of Itaqui, São Borja, and Maçambará, which were referred to as sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phenological monitoring of the varieties was done from the beginning of sprouting until the pruning of canes (green trimming). The daily thermal sum (dTS, oC day) was calculated using the cardinal temperatures for node appearance in grapevines (10, 25, and 35ºC), whereas the accumulated thermal sum (aTS, oC day) was obtained by adding up the dTS. The plastochron index was estimated by the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression between the number of nodes per cane and aTS. In all three sites, both 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' required degree-days of 10°C and aTS of 810ºC to complete the cycle from the beginning of sprouting until the end of flowering. The estimated plastochron indexes of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines, in Fronteira Oeste, in the state Rio Grande do Sul, were 40.4 and 49.7ºC day per node, respectively.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological characteristics and yield of 'Vênus' grapevine (Vitis labrusca) grafted onto different rootstocks, as well the physicochemical traits of its grapes during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 crop seasons. The evaluated rootstocks were 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 571-6'. The length of the main phenological stages of the grapevine and its thermal demands were assessed during two growing seasons and expressed as days after pruning and degree-day sum, respectively. Grapevine yield and berry physicochemical characteristics were assessed during three crop seasons. 'Vênus' phenological cycle and thermal demands, as well as the chemical characteristics of its grapes, varied with the climate conditions during the crop seasons. Low temperatures increased the grapevine cycle, and higher rainfall indices caused a decrease in the soluble solids of berries, as well as an increase in their titratable acidity. The 'IAC 766' and 'IAC 571-6' rootstocks promote a greater precocity to 'Venus' grapevines, and 'IAC 572' promotes a higher grapevine yield and better physicochemical characteristics of 'Vênus' grapes.

This study analyzed the behavior of the annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) BRS Ponteio and dual-purpose wheat (Triticum aestivum) BRS Tarumã with different doses of ammonium sulfate as topdressing and evaluated the exponential growth model to explain the physiological development of both species. For each species, a completely randomized design was used with four replications per treatment with 9m2 area, in which the following treatments were distributed: 0, 150, 250, 350 and 450 kg nitrogen per hectare applied as ammonium sulfate. The cumulative and adjusted productions to the exponential growth model at the end of the cycle were, respectively: BRS Ponteio 150 = 5,620; 250 = 5,920; 350 = 7,585 and 450 = 8,491 and BRS Tarumã 150 = 3,922; 250 = 5,060; 350 = 7,024 and 450 = 7,491 kg dry matter per hectare. The cultivars analyzed without nitrogen application had limited growth and showed no adjustment even to the first order linear model. The application of nitrogen decreased the interval between cuts and increased dry matter production per hectare following the exponential growth model.

Latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. in nectarines cause great economic losses since they are not detected and rejected at harvest and can appear at any time post-harvest, even at the consumer’s home. The effect of a pre-cooling chamber, water dump operation, and cold-storage chamber on the activation and/or development of preharvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines were studied under different postharvest conditions: (a) cold storage for 0, 1, or 3 d at 4 °C at either 75% relative humidity (RH) or 100% RH before water dumping, (b) water dumping for 10 minutes at 15 °C, and (c) cold storage for 0, 3, or 10 d at 4 °C at either 75% RH or 100% RH after water dumping. These storage conditions were transformed to fungal physiological time. For visualization of the latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., the nectarines were placed in sterile paper bags and frozen at −20 °C for 48 h in order to damage the epidermis. To compare different handling scenarios, the incidence of latent infection was modelled for physiological time description by a modified Gompertz model. The activation and/or development of preharvest natural latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest was mainly related to temperature and incubation time at postharvest. Storing nectarines with any postharvest handling less than 11 days at 4 °C avoids brown rot symptoms and reduced the activation and/or development of pre-harvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., while more cold days caused the exponential phase of latent infection activation and/or development. The Gompertz model employed could be used for predicting the activation and/or development of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest conditions and looks at the postharvest life. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of post-harvest handling on latent infections in fruit have been studied.

The storage of seeds is a commonly used means of preserving plant genetic diversity in the face of rising threats such as climate change. Here, the findings of research from the past decade into thermal requirements for germination are synthesised for more than 100 plant species from southern Western Australia. This global biodiversity hotspot is predicted to suffer major plant collapse under forecast climate change. A temperature gradient plate was used to assess the thermal requirements underpinning seed germination in both commonly occurring and geographically restricted species. The results suggest that the local climate of the seed source sites does not drive seed responses, neither is it indicative of temperatures for optimal germination. The low diurnal phase of the temperature regime provided the most significant impact on germination timing. Several species germinated optimally at mean temperatures below or close to current wet quarter temperatures, and more than 40% of species were likely to be impacted in the future, with germination occurring under supra-optimal temperature conditions. This research highlights both species vulnerability and resilience to a warming climate during the regeneration phase of the life cycle and provides vital information for those aiming to manage, conserve and restore this regional flora.

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a pest of tropical origin which recently invaded Africa, the Far East and Australia. Temperature, therefore, plays an important role in its invasion biology, since this pest does not go into diapause. The aim of this study was to determine the development rate of S. frugiperda at different temperatures and to calculate the number of degree-days (°D) required for each stage to complete its development. This study was conducted at five different temperatures—18, 22, 26, 30 and 32 ± 1 °C. Larvae were reared individually in Petri dishes with sweetcorn kernels provided as food. The development rate of S. frugiperda increased linearly with increasing temperatures between 18 and 30 °C and larval survival was the highest between 26 and 30 °C. The optimal range for egg, larval and egg-to-adult development was between 26 and 30 °C. The optimum temperature with the fastest larval development rate and lowest mortality was at 30 °C. The pupal development period ranged between 7.82 and 30.68 days (32–18 °C). The minimum temperature threshold for egg and larva development was 13.01 and 12.12 °C, respectively, 13.06 °C for pupae and 12.57 °C for egg-to-adult development. Degree-day requirements for the development of the respective life cycle stages of S. frugiperda were 35.68 ± 0.22 for eggs, 204.60 ± 1.23 °D for larvae, 150.54 ± 0.93 °D for pupae and 391.61 ± 1.42 °D for egg-to-adult development.

Long-term data records are essential to detect and understand environmental change, in particular in generally data-sparse high-latitude and high-altitude regions. Here, we analyse a 47-year air temperature record (1965–2011) at Tarfala Research Station (67° 54.7′N, 18° 36.7′E, 1135 m a.s.l.) in northern Sweden, and a nearby 11-year record of 100-m-deep ground temperature (2001–11; 1540 m a.s.l.). The air temperature record shows a mean annual air temperature of −3.5±0.9°C (±1 standard deviation σ) and a linear warming trend of ±0.042°C yr−1. The warming trend shows large month-to-month variations with the largest trend in January followed by October. Also, the number of days with positive mean daily temperatures and positive degree-day sums has increased during the last two decades compared to the previous period. Temperature lapse rates derived from the mean daily Tarfala record and an air temperature record at the borehole site average 4.5°C km−1 and tend to be higher in summer than in winter. Mean summer air temperatures at Tarfala explain 76% of the variance of the summer glacier mass balance of nearby Storglaciären. Consistent with the observed increase in Tarfala's air temperature, the ground temperature record shows significant permafrost warming with the largest trend (0.047°C yr−1) found at 20 m depth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as temperaturas basais e a exigência térmica da mangueira, na região nordeste do Estado do Pará. Um experimento foi realizado em um pomar de mangueiras de 25 hectares, durante as safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, sendo acompanhadas diariamente a fenologia e as condições meteorológicas desde a floração até a colheita. As duas safras experimentaram diferentes condições meteorológicas, e, por isso, a duração do ciclo e a exigência térmica diferiram significativamente. As temperaturas basal inferior e superior para a cultura da mangueira foram de 13 °C e 32 °C, respectivamente, a exigência térmica média encontrada para a mangueira atingir o ponto de colheita comercial foi de 1.024,23 °C dia-1 a 1.157,99 °C dia-1 e a duração média do ciclo da mangueira foi de 110 a 112 dias.The objective of this study was to estimate the threshold temperatures and the thermal requirement of mango, in the northeast of the state of Para. One experiment was carried out in a mango orchard of 25 hectare during the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 season in which the phenological and meteorological conditions were daily monitored from flowering to harvest. Both mango seasons were submitted to different meteorological conditions, and therefore, both the duration of the reproductive stage and the mean thermal requirement were significantly different. The thresholds temperatures (lower and higher) of the mango were 13 °C and 32 °C, respectively, the thermal requirement found for the mango orchard reach to the harvest stage was 1,024.23 °C day-1 and 1,157.99 °C day-1, and the mean duration of the mango season was 110 and 112 days.

Abstract Understanding the effects of environmental variation on insect populations is important in light of predictions about increasing climatic variability. This paper uses the univoltine western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) as a case study and employs deterministic and stochastic modeling to evaluate how insect population dynamics is shaped by density‐dependent survival and annual variation in temperature, which are key in regulating insect populations. Field data showed that larval survival varied significantly between years but was constant for a range of densities. Survival dropped only beyond a threshold density, a feature resembling generalized Ricker functions used in modeling density‐dependent survival due to scramble competition for resources. We used soil temperature data for 20 yr to model annual variation in developmental time and survival. The deterministic model, where the developmental time was same across years, showed that though survival was high and did not change for a range of densities (i.e., density‐independent survival), predicted densities were large enough that strong density dependence could occur in the field (i.e., predicted densities fall in the region where survival drops sharply) and that populations could exhibit stable equilibrium, cycles, etc. Interestingly, populations with lower density‐independent survival were less likely to produce stable equilibrium compared to populations with higher density‐independent survival. We found that population densities were at stable equilibrium when both mean developmental time and fertility were relatively low or when developmental time and fertility were relatively high. This in turn implies that, in warmer regions, where mean developmental time will be lower, stability is more likely for insect populations with low fertility; species in warmer regions will experience cyclical and unstable dynamics when fertility is high. While increase in the mean developmental time reduces overall survival, increasing variation in developmental time could increase mean survival, a consequence of the Jensen's inequality, since survival was a concave decreasing function of developmental time. Hence, both mean and variability in temperature affect the dynamics of insect populations. Finally, we found that stochastic variation in soil temperature produced large variation in predicted population densities that could potentially enhance or diminish the effect of density dependence.

Knowledge of the larval-age distribution in the field is important for prediction purpose and timing of insecticide applications for insect pest management. This studies acts by calculating the average of thermal units in degree-days (dd’s). The average of thermal units required for completion of generation is 544.98, 640.63 and 599.66 degrees-days (°C) as calculated from air temperatures derived from thermograph and satellite images, and soil temperatures from satellite images, respectively, considering 9.89 °C as a developmental threshold. These were higher than the estimated value of dd’s based on laboratory data (524.27 degrees-days (°C)). There was a difference between degree days obtained from air temperatures derived from satellite images and thermograph by 59.2 dd’s, this value represented only about 2.85 days. In order to improve the predictability, a factor was estimated between them which is 0.81, 0.96 and 0.87 in case of thermograph, soil and air temperature that derived from satellite images so the predicted stages was highly improved. Egg hatching was estimated to be 80% complete by ≈80.45 dd’s. At 174.85 DD, mostly all larvae in the field experiment were from the first to third instars. The presence of more mature larvae (fourth to sixth instars) was not noticed until 197.59 dd’s. These data indicate that, the best timing for control application against Spodoptera littoralis would be at 174.85–197.59 dd’s. The results are important for quick prediction purposes, control timing and also as valuable tools used in an integrated control program for managing S. littoralis in Egypt.

Aims: This research analyzes four climate indices derived from gridded, interpolated data to assess New Zealand’s climate structure and variation among wine regions. Methods and results: High resolution gridded data based on 1971-2000 climate normals was used to characterize climate indices depicting viticultural suitability in a geographic information system. The statistical properties of each index were assessed over 21 New Zealand viticulture regions. The results show predominately cool to moderately warm climate suitability in New Zealand, comparable to many European and United States regions. While many viticulture regions have one primary class of suitability, variability of climate within regions can be significant, with some regions containing two to four climate classes, making them suitable for a greater range of cultivars. Conclusion: While the indices depict broad patterns expected over New Zealand, both within and between region variations can be substantial among the indices. However, two indices, Growing Season Average Temperature (GST) and Growing Degree-Days (GDD), are functionally identical, but GST is easier to calculate and overcomes many methodological issues in GDD. Significance and impact of the study: This research provides the basis for evaluating general suitability for viticulture in New Zealand, assists comparisons between viticulture regions in New Zealand and worldwide, and offers growers measures of assessing appropriate cultivars and sites.

The present study aimed to estimate the basal temperature and thermal sum for the following tropical forage plants: Brachiaria decumbens, cultivar Basilisk; Brachiaria brizantha, cultivar Marandu; Brachiaria brizantha, cultivar Xaraes; Panicum maximum, cultivar Mombaça; Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzania; and Cynodon spp, cultivar Tifton 85, in ten cutting seasons, under irrigation. The climatic data were collected in an automatic weather ministration installed in the experimental area and used for irrigation management. The relative development or regression equation method was used to calculate the basal temperature. The estimated basal temperature values were 15.4; 10.5; 14.2; 13.4; 12.4 and 15.1 ºC and the demands were of 2,088.1; 3,542.5; 2,486.5; 2,838.5; 2,701.7 and 2,134.5 degree days for cultivars Basilisk, Marandu, Mombaça, Tanzania, Xaraes and Tifton 85, respectively. The relative development method revealed linearity between plant development and room temperature. Basal temperature can help elaborate climatic zoning for forage species in Brazil and allow the selection of the best suited species for each region in Brazil.

Oil palm is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Because of its high productivity and perennial nature, it has been expanding quickly. Commercial plantations consist mostly of the African palm E. guineensis Jacq. However, producers in Latin America are increasingly planting the O × G interspecific hybrid, a cross between African palm (E. guineensis) and the American palm (E. oleifera (Kunth) Cortés). This interspecific hybrid has emerged as a promising solution to diseases such as the bud rot of oil palm because of the apparent partial resistance of this genotype to the disease. This work studied and described the phenology of the O × G interspecific hybrid. The phenology stages were coded using the BBCH scale. The scale for the phenophases was defined using a three-digit code. Due to the nature of the palm, no descriptions were used for stage two (formation of side shoots/tillering) and stage four (development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetative reproductive organs) because these stages do not apply to oil palm. The scale was constructed using germinating seeds, pre-nursery and nursery plants and five year-old palms. For the description of the stem elongation, different age palms of the same O × G hybrid were used. Observations were performed during an 18-month period. Additionally, the interval for the change from one phenology stage to another was determined both in days and degree-days (DD). The interspecific O × G hybrid required 6408 DD from when the spear leaf unfolds until the bunch was ripened and harvested, and 4427.6 DD from leaf unfolding to anthesis.

Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, is an important pest of date palm on the Arab peninsula. This sucking insect causes great damage to the trees and reduces the quantity and quality of the dates. Effect of temperature on the development of the immature stages of O. lybicus was studied in the laboratory by rearing them at nine constant temperatures, ranging from 15 to 35°C. Development was successfully completed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C for eggs and from 20 to 32.5°C for nymphs. The lower thermal thresholds for development of eggs, nymphs and egg-adult were estimated by means of linear regression as 12.9, 12.9 and 13.2°C, respectively. Thermal units required for the development of the same stages were 572.5, 648.2 and 1184.4 degree-days, respectively. The lethal high temperatures were also estimated using a nonlinear model as 34.5, 43.4 and 34.6°C for eggs, nymphs and total immature stages, respectively. The development rate and survival data indicate that the optimum temperature range for O. lybicus is 25-27.5°C.

O experimento foi instalado no município de Aparecida do Rio Doce-GO, no sudoeste Goiano, durante os anos de 2007 e 2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento fenológico, bem como o requerimento térmico em diferentes épocas de poda: (1) 09-07-07, (2) 28-09-07, (3) 03-03-08 e (4) 19-04-08. Avaliou-se a duração, em dias, dos estádios fenológicos: poda até gemas inchadas; gemas inchadas (gema algodão) a início de brotação (ponta verde); brotação a 5 - 6 folhas separadas; 5 - 6 folhas separadas ao início do florescimento; início do florescimento ao pleno florescimento, pleno florescimento a "chumbinho"; "chumbinho" a "ervilha"; "ervilha" a ½ baga; ½ baga à início da maturação e início da maturação até plena maturação. Os requerimentos térmicos foram obtidos em termos de graus-dia (GD) necessários para atingir os seguintes subperíodos: poda a brotação, brotação a floração e floração a colheita. A duração do ciclo foi de 127; 130; 163 e 161 dias para as épocas de podas 1; 2; 3 e 4, respectivamente, sendo que, nas épocas 1 e 2, a colheita foi antecipada em 32 dias em relação às demais. Os períodos compreendidos entre início e final de maturação, ½ baga a início da maturação; "ervilha" a ½ baga apresentaram a maior duração nas 4 épocas de poda. O maior e o menor requerimento térmico, considerando temperaturas-base de 10 e 12 °C, foram registrados para as podas de julho (menor ciclo) e de abril (segundo maior ciclo) com 2.214,5 e 1.911,5 GD e 1.960,3 e 1.638,3 GD, respectivamente.The experiment was carried out at Aparecida do Rio Doce, located at the Southwestern part of Goias State, during the years of 2007 and 2008, aiming the characterization of the phenological stages and thermal requirements "Niagara Rosada" in different pruning times: (1) 7/9/07, (2) 9/28/07, (3) 3/3/08 and (4) 4/19/08. The number of days were evaluated for the following phenological phases: pruning times to bud swelling,_bud swelling to bud breaking, bud breaking to five to six leaves unfolded, five to six leaves unfolded to beginning of flowering, beginning of flowering to ending of flowering, ending of flowering to fruit set (pellet-like berries), fruit set to the pea-size berries, pea-size berries to beginning of bunch touch, beginning of bunch touch, beginning of bunch touch to veraison and veraison to berries ripe. Heat summation requirements were observed in degree-days (DG) necessary to start the following subperiods: pruning to budding, budding to flowering and flowering to harvest. It was evaluated the days duration of the following phenological stages: 127, 130, 163 and 161 days for pruning 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, taking into account that in pruning times 1 and 2 the harvest was anticipated 32 days as compared to the others. The periods between the beginning and ending of the maturation, beginning of bunch touch to beginning of maturation, pea-size berries to beginning of bunch touch presented the longest duration in the four pruning times. The highest and lowest thermal requirement, considering base temperature 10 °C and 12 °C, was recorded for pruning realized in July (lower cycle) and in April (second highest cycle) with 2.214.5 and 1.911.5 DG and 1.960.3 and 1.638 DG, respectively.

Algumas espécies de tesourinhas (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) são importantes predadoras da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de temperaturas constantes no desenvolvimento de Doru luteipes (Scudder) e Doru lineare (Eschs.). D. luteipes não completou seu desenvolvimento nas temperaturas de 30 e 32°C, enquanto D. lineare não completou apenas na temperatura de 32°C. O período de incubação variou de 8,0 (25°C) a 17,2 dias (18°C) e de 4,6 (30°C) a 14,5 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes e D. lineare, respectivamente. A duração do período ninfal variou de 30,4 dias (25°C) a 63,6 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 20,4 dias (30°C) a 60,5 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) variou de 38,4 (25°C) a 80,8 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 25 (30°C) a 75 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. Portanto, as temperaturas elevadas foram desfavoráveis para ambas as espécies, observando-se que D. luteipes é mais susceptível à elevação térmica.Some Earwigs species (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) are important predators of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The effects of constant temperatures on the development of Doru luteipes (Scudder) and Doru lineare (Eschs.) were evaluated. The development of D. luteipes was not completed at 30 and 32°C, whereas D. lineare did not complete only at 32°C. The incubation period ranged from 8.0 (25°C) to 17.2 days (18oC) for D. luteipes and D. lineare, respectively. The duration of the nymphal stage ranged from 30.4 (25°C) to 63.6 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and, from 20.4 (30°C) to 60.5 days (18°C) for D. lineare. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) varied from 38.4 (25°C) to 80.8 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and from 25 (30°C) to 75 days (18°C) for D. lineare. Therefore, high temperatures were unfavorable for both species, but D. luteipes is more susceptible to higher temperatures.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb) a partir da unidade fototérmica (UF) para o cultivo experimental de manga Alfa sob condições de cerrado. Foram utilizados dados diários da temperatura do ar disponibilizados pela Estação Agrometeorológica Padre Ricardo Remetter, localizada em Santo Antônio do Leverger-MT (15,8° S e 56,1° W, 140 m), e avaliação sensorial do estádio de maturação dos frutos de manga. A Tb foi determinada pelo método da menor variabilidade das unidades fototérmicas (UF) acumuladas do período da floração à colheita dos frutos, variabilidade avaliada pelo coeficiente de variação (cv) simulado para diferentes valores da Tb. De julho a novembro de 2007, em três plantas de um pomar demonstrativo irrigado, foram identificados 82 frutos para o acompanhamento do crescimento e maturação. Entre esses frutos, em meados de dezembro de 2007, foi possível identificar 13 frutos que atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, após um período médio de observação de 112 dias. Para exigência fototérmica de 1.878.166,1 UF, encontrou-se Tb de 10 °C, valor consistente com os apresentados na literatura para a cultivar de manga, o que comprova a eficiência do método que combina a ação da temperatura e do fotoperíodo sobre a maturação dos frutos e que confere um caráter mais racional que o método tradicional da soma térmica.In this study was to determine the lower base temperature (Tb) for Alfa mango fruit, using the photothermal units (PTU) method in cerrado conditions. The meteorological data for the study were acquired from "Padre Ricardo Remetter" meteorological station located at Santo Antonio do Leverger, MT, Brazil (15,8° S and 56,1° W, 140 m), and the fruit data was acquired by sensorial evaluation of mango fruit maturation state. The Tb was determined by less variability of the coefficient of variation (cv) method applied to the PTU sum, from flowering to harvest, simulated for different values of Tb. In the period from July to November of 2007, in tree plants from of an irrigated experimental field, were marked 82 fruits in which we observed the growing and maturation. From the marked fruits were identified 13 fruits that were at harvest point, in December of 2007, after an average observation period of 112 days. For a photothermal requirement of 1878166,13 PTU was observed Tb for the fruits of 10 °C, this value is consistent with those reported in the literature, which proves the efficiency of the method that combines the action of temperature and daylength on fruit maturity and providing a more rational method than the traditional heat units method.

Foram determinadas para figueiras podadas em julho, agosto, setembro e outubro, as temperaturas mínima e máxima basais, a soma térmica expressa em graus-dia e a influência da temperatura na duração do período compreendido entre a poda e o início da colheita, em Botucatu-SP, nos anos de 2002 a 2006. Os valores de temperaturas mínima e máxima basal estimados foram de 8ºC e 36 ºC, respectivamente. As épocas de poda que apresentaram melhores resultados em sazonalidade e produtividade foram, respectivamente, agosto e julho, necessitando de uma soma térmica média de 1.955 e 2.200 graus-dia.It was determined for the fig trees pruned in July, August, September and October, the most minimum and maximum basic temperatures, the thermal sum express in degree-days and the influence of the temperature in the duration of the period between the prune and the beginning of the harvest, in Botucatu - SP, from 2002 to 2006. The estimated values of minimum and maxim basal temperature were 8ºC and 36 ºC, respectively. The prune periods that presented better results in seasonal variation and productivity were August and July, and it was necessary a medium thermal sum of 1955 and 2200 degree-days.

Knowledge of the number of growing degree-days in the sowing-flowering period of the corn plant is important for the crop planning. The objective of the present work was to analyze the behavior of different maize hybrids during the vegetative growth stage, under contrasting climatic conditions, with regard to accumulated growing degreedays requirement at sowing-flowering sub-period, plant growth and grain productivity. Eighteen maize hybrids were evaluated during the growing seasons 2007-2008 (normal rainfall) and 2008-2009 (water deficit) in field experiments at the Federal University of Santa Maria. Number of days and degree-days until tasseling and silking, plant and ear height and grain yield were evaluated under the two contrasting growing environments. Under low rainfall conditions, the accumulated degree-days from sowing to tasseling and silking were about 10% higher than under normal rainfall. Plant and ear height were reduced more than 30% and grain yield decreased above 80%. Water deficit at vegetative growth stage resulted in higher degree-days requirements and decrease in grain yields.

Os efeitos da cobertura plástica (CP) sobre a fenologia e o requerimento térmico da Vitis vinifera L. 'Moscato Giallo' foram estudados em dois ciclos (2005/2006 e 2006/2007). Determinou-se a duração média dos principais períodos fenológicos por meio de avaliações semanais, desde a poda até a queda das folhas. O somatório térmico em graus-dia acumulados (GD) foi calculado considerando-se a temperatura-base de 10ºC, e medidas da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima ao longo de todo o ciclo, nas áreas coberta e descoberta (testemunha). A cobertura plástica aumentou o somatório térmico e antecipou o início da brotação, reduzindo a duração das etapas fenológicas da poda até a mudança de cor das bagas. Entretanto, a redução da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) proporcionada pela cobertura plástica atrasou, em média, 18 dias o processo de maturação das uvas da cultivar Moscato Giallo. A soma térmica acumulada (poda até colheita) das áreas coberta e descoberta foi, respectivamente, 2.079 e 1.847 GD no primeiro ciclo, e 1.864 e 1.640 GD no segundo ciclo. A cobertura plástica exige uma alteração nas práticas culturais, como a necessidade de poda verde para reduzir os efeitos da restrição de RFA e o atraso na data de colheita, em relação ao cultivo convencional, em função da menor taxa de evolução da maturação sob a cobertura.The plastic overhead cover (POC) effects on phenology and thermal requirement of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. 'Moscato Giallo' were evaluated in two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). The phenology was weekly determined since the winter pruning until the falling of the leaves. The thermal requirement as degree-days (GDºC) was calculated in the same period using 10ºC as base temperature and measured of maximal and minimal air temperature throughout both cycles in covered and uncovered areas. POC increased the thermal sum and it anticipated the budburst and decreased the duration of phenological phases from the winter pruning until the changing of the colors of the berries. However, the POC restricted the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and it reduced in 18 days the ripening process of grapes, in relation to uncovered plants. The thermal sum accumulated (pruning to harvest) under covered and uncovered areas was respectively, 2079 and 1864 GDºC in the first cycle, and 1847 and 1640 GDºC in the second cycle. POC demands alterations in vineyard management such as the green pruning (aiming to reduce the effect of PAR restriction) and the delay in harvest date due to lower ripening under POC, in comparison to uncovered cultivation.

A temperatura do ar é um dos elementos meteorológicos mais importantes que afetam o desenvolvimento da planta de melancia. Para representar o efeito da temperatura do ar sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, tem-se usado o método da soma térmica, por ser um método simples e por ser uma melhor medida de tempo biológico que dias do calendário civil ou dias após a semeadura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a soma térmica de três subperíodos de desenvolvimento da planta de melancia por diferentes métodos de cálculo. Um experimento em campo foi conduzido em Santa Maria, RS, com duas datas de semeadura durante o ano agrícola 2006-2007 (05/09/2006 e 21/09/2006). Usou-se a cultivar "Crimson Sweet" no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com seis repetições. Os subperíodos foram semeadura-emergência (SE-EM), emergência-florescimento (EM-FL) e florescimento-colheita (FL-CO). A soma térmica diária (STd, °C dia) foi calculada por três métodos considerando-se as temperaturas cardinais de 10°C, 33°C e 42°C. A soma térmica acumulada (STa, °C dia) para os três subperíodos foi calculada somando-se os valores de STd. Não se constatou diferença na duração (STa) do ciclo total e dos subperíodos entre os três métodos de soma térmica utilizados. A duração (STa) do subperíodo EM-FL foi similar nas duas datas de semeadura (417°C dia), mas a STa dos subperíodos SE-EM e FL-CO variou de 98 a 130°C e de 770 a 840°C dia, respectivamente.Air temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that drive development in watermelon. Thermal time is usually used for representing the effect of the air temperature on plant development because it is a simple method and a better time descriptor than calendar days or days after sowing. The objective of this study was to calculate the thermal time of three developmental phases in watermelon using different methods. A field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with two sowing dates during the 2006-2007 growing seasons (09/05/2006 and 09/21/2006). The cultivar 'Crimson Sweet' was used and the experimental design was a complete randomized block with six replications. Developmental phases were sowing-emergence (SO-EM), emergence-flowering (EM-FL) and flowering-harvest (FL-HA). Daily degree-days (DDD, °C day) were calculated with three methods using the cardinal temperatures of 10°C, 33°C and 42°C. Thermal time (TT, °C day) during the three developmental phases was calculated by accumulating DDD. There was no difference in the duration, in TT, for the total cycle and the developmental phases among the three methods of thermal time used. The duration (in TT) of the EM-FL phase was similar (417°C day) in the two sowing dates, but the TT of the SO-EM and FL-HA phases varied with sowing date from 98 to 130°C day and from 770 to 840°C day, respectively.

Foram determinados para o café arábica cv. Mundo Novo, a temperatura base inferior e a soma térmica, expressa em grausdia, além do acúmulo de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e real (ETr), para o subperíodo florescimento-colheita, utilizando-se dados fenológicos de cultivos dos anos de 1971 a 2004. Foi proposto ainda um fator de correção para o cálculo de graus-dia em função da disponibilidade hídrica nos oito primeiros decêndios após o florescimento. Os valores de temperatura-base e soma térmica obtidos foram de 10,2ºC e 2887 graus-dia e 10,5ºC e 2761 graus-dia, quando determinados sem e com correção pelo fator hídrico, respectivamente. O acúmulo médio de Eto para o subperíodo do florescimento à colheita foi de 761mm e para Etr 689 mm; quando se levou em consideração o acúmulo de ETr apenas no início do desenvolvimento dos frutos (oito primeiros decêndios), o valor médio foi de 721mm. A utilização de métodos que levaram em consideração a influência da disponibilidade hídrica melhorou a estimativa da temperatura base e a soma térmica no subperíodo do florescimento à colheita do cafeeiro Mundo Novo.Base temperature and heat requirement, using degree-days were evaluated for coffee cv. Mundo Novo. The sum of reference (ETo) and actual (ETr) evapotranspiration were also determined for the flowering-harvest phenological stage, using coffee phenological data for the growing season from 1971 to 2004. A correction factor was proposed for the degree-days sum related to available water on the first eighty days during the beginning of flowering. The obtained values of base temperature and degree-days requirements were, respectively, 10.2ºC and 2887 degree-days and 10.5ºC and 2761 degree-days when evaluated with and without adjustement for water deficit. The mean value for ETo sum was 761 mm, and for ETr, 689 mm. When considered the sum of ETr during the development of the berries (first 80 days after flowering) was considered the mean values were 721 mm. The correction factor for water deficit improved the determination of base temperature and heat sum for the flowering-harvest stage for Mundo Novo coffee plants.

This research aimed at studing Telenomus remus Nixon biology reared on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) eggs at different temperatures. Based on the development of the cycle (egg-adult), the thermal requirements and the number of parasitoid generations at constant temperatures were determined. Initially, 24-hour-old S. frugiperda eggs were submitted to parasitism by T. remus during 5 h, being then transferred to acclimatized chambers regulated at 15, 20, 25, 28, 31, and 35°C. The cycle (egg to adult) was influenced by temperature varying from 8.3±0.01 to 47.2±0.01 for females and 8.1±0.01 to 46.8±0.01 days for males at 31 and 15°C, respectively. The emergency (%) was also influenced by temperature. A reduction in emergency was observed at 15°C and no emergency at 35°C. T. remus sex ratio was not influenced by temperature. Sexual rate was not changed by temperature. Regarding to thermal requirements, thermal constant (K) and inferior thermal threshold (Tb) were higher for T. remus females (158.88 degree-days and 12.5°C) when compared to males (154.12 degree-days and 12.6°C). The estimated number of T. remus generation per year for males and females at laboratory conditions was 5.6 and 5.6, 16.9 and 17.3, 28.3 and 29.0, 35.1 and 36.0, 39.6 and 40.7 at 15, 20, 25, 28, and 31oC, respectively.Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Telenomus remus Nixon criado em ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) em diferentes temperaturas. Com base no desenvolvimento do ciclo (ovo-adulto), foram determinados as exigências térmicas e o número de gerações dos parasitóides em temperaturas constantes. Inicialmente, ovos de S. frugiperda, com 24 horas de idade, foram submetidos ao parasitismo por T. remus, durante cinco horas, sendo então transferidos para câmaras climatizadas reguladas para as temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28, 31 e 35°C. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) foi influenciada pela temperatura variando de 8,3±0,01 a 47,2±0,01 dias para fêmeas e 8,1±0,01 a 46,8±0,01 dias para machos de T. remus nas temperaturas de 31 e 15°C, respectivamente. A porcentagem de emergência (viabilidade) de T. remus em ovos de S. frugiperda também foi influenciada pela variação da temperatura, apresentando redução significativa apenas nas temperaturas extremas. Foi observada redução na viabilidade a 15°C e não houve desenvolvimento biológico do parasitóide a 35°C. A razão sexual de T. remus não sofreu influência da temperatura. Em relação às exigências térmicas, a constante térmica (K) e temperatura base (Tb) foram maiores para as fêmeas de T. remus (158,88 graus dias e 12,52°C) quando comparadas aos machos (154,12 graus dias e 12,59°C). A estimativa do número de gerações anuais para T. remus para machos e fêmeas em condições de laboratório foi respectivamente 5,6 e 5,6; 16,9 e 17,3; 28,3 e 29,0; 35,1 e 36,0; 39,6 e 40,7 nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28 e 31°C.

O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento fenológico e determinar a demanda térmica das videiras ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e ‘Tannat’ (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivadas na região norte do Paraná. A área experimental foi instalada em vinhedos comerciais pertencentes à Vinícola Intervin®, localizados no município de Maringá, estado do Paraná. Para cada variedade, foram marcadas 20 plantas, conduzidas em latada com espaçamento de 4,0 x 1,5 m. A fenologia das plantas foi avaliada a partir da poda de produção de 2004 quanto à duração em dias de cada um dos subperíodos: poda à gema-algodão; poda à brotação, poda ao aparecimento da inflorescência; poda ao florescimento; poda ao início da maturação e poda à colheita. A demanda térmica foi calculada empregando-se o somatório de graus-dias (GD) desde a poda até a colheita e também para cada um dos subperíodos, considerando-se duas temperaturas base (10 e 12°C), sendo escolhida a que apresentou menor desvio padrão. Pelos resultados obtidos, determinou-se que a duração dos subperíodos para a videira ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ foi de 9; 13; 17; 40; 98 e 132 dias e, para a videira ‘Tannat’, foi de 13; 15; 19; 41; 99 e 139 dias, respectivamente. A temperatura-base de 10°C foi a mais adequada para o cálculo da demanda térmica. Para completar o seu ciclo, a demanda foi de 1.295,8 GD para a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e de 1.375,5 GD para a ‘Tannat’.The aim of this research was to characterize the phenological performance, and determine the thermal demand of the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Tannat’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated in Northern Paraná. The experimental area was established in a commercialvineyard owned by Vinícola Intervin®, located in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. The vineyards were established in July, 2000, using the ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ as a rootstock. For each variety, 20 plants previously marked were used, all cultivated in pergola system, with 4.0 x 1.5-m spacing. The plants phenology evaluation began at the production pruning of 2004, compared to duration, in days, of each subperiod: pruning to bud swell; pruning to beginning of shot growth; pruning to visible cluster; pruning to flowering; pruning to early ripening and pruning to harvest. The thermal requirement was calculated using degree-days sum from pruning to harvest, and also for each subperiod, considering two base temperatures (10 and 12ºC), being chosen those with lowest standard error. Results show that subperiods duration for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’grape was 9; 13; 17; 40; 98 and 132 days, and for ‘Tannat’ grape was 13; 15; 19; 41; 99 and 139 days, respectively. The base temperature of 10ºC was the most adequate for calculating the thermal requirement. To complete the cycle, the demand was 1,295.8 degree-days for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and 1,375.5 degree-days for ‘Tannat’.

O conhecimento da temperatura abaixo da qual o crescimento das plantas cessa, a temperatura base (Tb), é de grande importância na avaliação do potencial produtivo de um recurso vegetal em uma determinada área e na correta inserção de uma cultura em um sistema de produção, em especial no caso de espécies forrageiras perenes. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar um novo método para a determinação dessa temperatura base, usando não apenas a temperatura média do ar, mas também o fotoperíodo na forma de uma variável climática denominada de unidade fototérmica (UF) como variável preditora da Tb. Usando-se dois ciclos de rebrotação e as suas respectivas quantidades de forragem acumulada, pode-se calcular o valor da Tb se as relações entre produção de forragem e acúmulo de UFs em cada período forem as mesmas. Dados de produtividade de duas diferentes espécies forrageiras, capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) e grama-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var nlemfuensis cv. Florico), provenientes de dois diferentes experimentos, foram usados para avaliar o método de cálculo proposto, obtendo-se valores de Tb de 15 e 12°C para as duas espécies, respectivamente. Esses valores são consistentes com os apresentados na literatura, o que comprova a eficiência do método proposto.The assessment of the temperature below which plant growth ceases, known as base temperature (Tb) is key in for establishing the potential yield of a plant resource at a given location, and for quantifying the fitness of a given crop for a given production system. Whereas this is widely recognized, it is especially true in the case of perennial crops such as many of the forage species. This present study was aimed at developing, evaluating, and proposing a new methodological approach for the calculation of the Tb of forage crops, using both temperature and daylength, as a climatic variable named photothermal unit (PU). By using two regrowth cycles and their respective amounts of forage accumulated, the value of Tb can be calculated if the proportion between harvested yields and accumulated PUs of both regrowth cycles are the same. Yield data from two forage grass species, elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) and Florico stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuënsis Vanderyst var. nlemfuënsis), from two field trials were used to test the proposed approach. Calculated Tb values were 15 and 12°C for elephantgrass and stargrass, respectively. These values are consistent with those generated by the classic method and reported in the literature.

O estudo do desenvolvimento das plantas relacionado com as condições climáticas de uma região permite a elaboração de modelos de previsão que podem ser úteis na programação de colheita. Esses modelos possibilitam prever o início da safra e a duração dos diferentes períodos fenológicos das plantas, assim como auxilia no manejo de práticas agrícolas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar variedades de tangerinas do tipo Murcott enxertadas em diferentes porta-enxertos, avaliando a resposta fenológica de cada uma delas em função do acúmulo de graus-dia. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, localizado na cidade de Cordeirópolis-SP, durante a safra 2003-2004. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualisados e esquema fatorial 5 (variedades copas) x 3 (porta-enxertos), com 4 repetições, com uma planta por parcela. As variedades estudadas foram Thomas, Szuwinkon, Szuwinkon x Szinkon-Tizon e Sul da África, tendo como testemunha o tangor Murcott. Essas copas foram enxertadas em limoeiro Cravo, tangerineira Sunki e citrumeleiro Swingle, e plantadas em 1995. Para a caracterização fenológica, foram atribuídas notas de uma escala elaborada para os estádios fenológicos, desde o pré-florescimento até a maturação fisiológica dos frutos, determinando as datas de ocorrência das fases reprodutivas das plantas. Com isso, calculou-se o acúmulo de graus-dia para os subperíodos fenológicos. Pelas características das combinações, existem diferenças nas respostas das plantas, onde: a) o acúmulo de graus-dia, da antese até ratio 12, variou de 2.272 GD a 2.836 GD, sendo que as tangerinas Szuwinkon, Szuwinkon x Szinkon-Tizon e Sul da África obtiveram os menores valores (» 2.318 GD), a Murcott cerca de 2.462 GD e a tangerina Thomas os maiores valores (» 2.791 GD); foram observadas diferenças de 20 dias do florescimento até ratio 12, dependendo da combinação copa/porta-enxerto.The relationship between plant growth and climatic conditions make possible to develop harvest forecast models. This work studied varieties of tangerines similar to Murcott tangor grafted on different rootstocks and evaluated for phenological response to accumulation of degree-days (DD). The experiment was conducted at the "Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC", Cordeirópolis SP, during the 2003-04 season. The experiment was designed in random blocks in a factorial scheme of 5 (canopy cultivars) x 3 (rootstocks), with 4 replicates and one tree per plot. The studied varieties were: Thomas, Szuwinkon, Szuwinkon x Szinkon-Tizon, South Africa and the control Murcott tangor. These varieties were grafted on Rangpur lime, Sunki tangerine and Swingle citrumelo, planted in 1995. For the phenological characterization, grades were attributed according to a scale elaborated for the phenological stages, starting on the pre-flowering until the physiological maturation of the fruits. The determination of the dates of each reproductive phase in the studied plants was done. With that, it was possible to calculate the accumulation of degree-days for phenological sub-periods. According to the canopy/rootstock combinations there were differences in tree responses, such as: a) the accumulation of degree-days, from the anthesis to ratio 12, which varied from 2272 to 2836 DD; the Szuwinkon, Szuwinkon x Szinkon-Tizon and South Africa tangerines had the smallest requirement (» 2328 DD); the Murcott tangor, intermediate (» 2462 DD); and the Thomas tangerine, the largest (» 2791); it was observed 20 days of differences from flowering to ratio 12, depending of canopy/rootstock combination.

In 9 years of the period 1993-1999 and 2001-2003 the flight activity of Archips podana was investigated by pheromone traps placed in four apple orchards in Central and East Bohemia. The cumulative catches of A. podana males were plotted against time of the catch expressed in sum of degree-days (DD) above 10°C and approximated by Richards' function. Common parameters of Richards' function could be found for the overwintering generation of A. podana from all localities. The beginning, peak and end of flight activity of the overwintering generation of the A. podana population in Central and East Bohemia can be predicted by use of DD. Archips podana is usually bivoltine in the Czech Republic, rarely univoltine in cold years or cold localities. Construct the flight pattern of the summer generation could of A. podana not be constructed, because the course of flight of this generation in dependence on DD differed significantly in particular years and localities.