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ABSTRACT Introduction: Symmetry is balance, some correspondence in the size, form, and arrangements of parts on opposite sides of a plane, line, or point. The opposite of this concept is asymmetry, or imbalance. Objective: This retrospective study compared two methods for assessing arch symmetry with linear measurements based on triangles, to determine their applicability and efficiency. Methods: Two groups were enrolled: children (n=20) and adults (n=20), and the arch symmetry was assessed from linear measurements. Method 1: the incisor-canine (INC), canine-molar (CM), and incisor-molar (INM) distances (paired t-test and Pearson correlation). Method 2: a mathematical equation between the cusps measurements of the canines and the distobuccal of the first molars leading to result 1 (t-test for one sample and bootstrapping analysis). Dental casts were digitized and analyzed using a software program. The Bland-Altman test compared the methods (α=0.05). Results: The Bland-Altman test revealed concordance between the methods; however, separately the results were different: In method 1, the mandibular arch did not demonstrate correlation (children, INC r=0.33; CM r=0.45; INM r=0.51; adults, CM r=0.46; INM r=0.35), however, the maxilla revealed a strong correlation in children and a strong/moderate correlation in adults. In method 2, both arches were symmetrical (p>0.05). Conclusion: Method 1 may be appropriate during orthodontic treatment, and method 2 may be indicated for final treatment. These methods are useful; however, only method 1 identified the side of asymmetry. The methods can contribute to future studies in syndromic and non-syndromic patients, before and after orthognathic surgeries and orthodontic treatment, comparing results.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Extraction vs. non-extraction is a crucial decision in orthodontic therapy. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the dental arch width and buccal corridor after orthodontic treatment using extraction and non-extraction therapy with Damon self-ligating system. Material and Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 35 patients (20 female and 15 male patients with median age of 12.5 years), treated by extracting 4 or 2 premolars, and 37 patients (16 female and 21 male patients with the median age of 12.8 years), treated without premolar extraction. Both groups were treated with Damon self-ligating system. Plaster models before (T0) and after (T1) treatment were measured, and the arch width values were determined at the level of the first molars, second premolars, canines and palatal rugae. Buccal corridor width was measured using the extraoral images at T0 and T1. Paired t-test was used for the analysis of the normally distributed data, and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test was used for the data with non-normal distribution. Values of p

Abstract This study mapped definitions of shortened dental configurations and health outcomes employed in association studies. A scoping review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO and Cochrane databases. Two trained researchers selected studies and extracted data. Studies that investigated the association between shortened dental configurations (exposure) and person-centered outcomes (general and oral health) related to health behavior (dietary patterns). Clinical outcomes were classified according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and the International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization (WHO). Shortened dental configurations were defined as at least 20/21 teeth or the position of the teeth, including esthetics, dental occlusion and periodontal status (Eichner Index, Shortened Dental Arches, Functional Dentition Classification System, Posterior Occluding Pairs, Functional Tooth Units). The initial search resulted in 12,525 records in English, Portuguese and Spanish, 432 of which addressed the association of interest. General health (n = 203) and oral health (n = 201) were addressed in a similar number of studies. Most outcomes were related to general health (n = 184), the most frequent of which were endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases (n = 57) and mental functions (n = 26). Person-centered measures were addressed in 153 studies, most of which were about oral health and oral health-related quality of life (n = 62). Oral health outcomes were predominantly related to intake functions (n = 44) and diseases or disorders of the orofacial complex (n = 24). Dietary patterns (n = 43) and mortality (n = 38) were also studied. The cross-sectional design (n = 257) and non-probabilistic sampling (n = 218) were more frequent. The shortened dental configurations defined by the WHO were the most frequent in the studies (n = 206). The effects of shortened dental configurations have been investigated mainly in relation to endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases and measures of oral health-related quality of life. The findings point to a diversity of health outcomes assessed and substantial methodological variability.

Objectives: This investigation aimed to assess the optimal timing for lip repair in children with cleft lip and palate via 3D anthropometric analysis to evaluate their maxillofacial structures. Methods: The sample comprised 252 digitized dental models, divided into groups according to the following timing of lip repair: G1 (n = 50): 3 months; G2 (n = 50): 5 and 6 months; G3 (n = 26): 8 and 10 months. Models were evaluated at two-time points: T1: before lip repair; T2: at 5 years of age. Linear measurements, area, and Atack index were analyzed. Results: At T1, the intergroup analysis revealed that G1 had statistically significant lower means of I-C′, I-C, C-C′, and the sum of the segment areas compared to G2 (p = 0.0140, p = 0.0082, p = 0.0004, p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference when comparing the cleft area between G2 and G3 (p = 0.0346). At T2, the intergroup analysis revealed that G1 presented a statistically significant mean I-C′ compared to G3 (p = 0.0461). In the I-CC’ length analysis, G1 and G3 showed higher means when compared to G2 (p = 0.0039). The I-T′ measurement was statistically higher in G1 than in G2 (p = 0.0251). In the intergroup growth rate analysis, G1 and G2 showed statistically significant differences in the I-C′ measurement compared to G3 (p = 0.0003). In the analysis of the Atack index, there was a statistically significant difference between G1 and the other sample sets (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Children who underwent surgery later showed better results in terms of the growth and development of the dental arches.

(1) Background: Intraoral scanners undergo rapid advancements in hardware and software, prompting frequent updates by manufacturers. (2) Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively assess the precision of full dental arch digital impressions obtained from four different intraoral scanners: Trios 5—3SHAPE, Copenhagen, Denmark, CEREC Primescan— Dentsply Sirona, New York, NY, USA, Planmeca Emerald S—Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland, and Medit i700—Medit Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (3) Methods: A maxillary virtual dental model (digital master model) was created in accordance with ISO standard 20896-1. Subsequently, a 3D-printed model was obtained from the master model’s STL file and scanned 15 times consecutively with each scanner. STL files were aligned with the master model’s STL using Medit Link—Medit Design software v.3.1.0. The accuracy was evaluated by measuring deviations in micrometers between each scanner’s scans and the master model. (4) Results: The study revealed variations in accuracy ranging from 23 to 32 µm across scans of the same dental arch, irrespective of the scanner used and scanning strategy employed. The anterior regions exhibited higher precision (Mean Absolute Deviation of 112 µm) compared to the posterior regions (Mean Absolute Deviation of 127 µm). Trios 5 demonstrated the smallest deviation (average 112 µm), indicating superior accuracy among the scanners tested. Emerald S and Medit i700 exhibited balanced performance (average 117 µm and 114 µm, respectively), while Primescan consistently displayed high deviation (average 127 µm). (5) Conclusions: Based on clinically accepted thresholds for accuracy in intraoral scanning, which are typically 200 µm for full arch scans, Trios 5 surpasses these benchmarks with its average deviation falling within the 200 µm range. Emerald S and Medit i700 also meet these standards, while Primescan, although showing high overall deviation, approaches the upper limit of clinical acceptability. Considering the limitations of an in vitro investigation, the findings demonstrate that each intraoral scanner under evaluation is capable of reliably and consistently capturing a full arch scan for dentate patients.

Aim: To establish the normative data of dental arch characteristics and use them to determine the gender among a pediatric population of south India. Methods: Three hundred children aged 3 to 5 years were selected. The intra oral examination of each child was carried-out using a sterile disposable mouth mirror and a CPI probe. To receive maximum illumination, the oral examination was done in adequate natural daylight seating the child in upright positioning on a chair. Following, the molar and canine relationship was recorded. The investigators prepared the maxillary and mandibular impression of teeth and their dental casts. The intercanine width, intermolar width, dental arch form, arch length and arch perimeter was measured. The descriptive analysis of all the explanatory and outcome parameters was done using frequency and proportions for categorical variables, whereas in Mean & SD for continuous variables. To compare the selected dental arch parameters between genders, Independent Student t-test Chi-Square test were used. P≤0.05 was set as the level of significance. Results: The mesial step molar relationship and Class I canine relationship were found be more common among males compared to females, however it was statistically significant (p

Introduction: The vertical dimension of a face is crucial in determining facial aesthetics and harmony. It is important for the orthodontist to understand the relationship between dental arch width and facial morphology for correct diagnosis and proper treatment plan. Aim: To determine the relationship between the vertical face pattern, dental arch width and also, to compare arch widths among both untreated female and male adults. Materials and Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The duration of the study was 1 month, from June 2019 to July 2019. Dental casts and lateral cephalograms were collected from 50 untreated adults (25 males and 25 females), aged between 18 to 30 years, who had minimal spacing, crowding and no crossbite. On every patient’s cephalogram, the angle between the plane of the mandible to the cranial base anterior Sella Nasion (SN) angle was calculated. Intercanine, intermolar, and interpremolar widths were measured on dental casts. Females and males arch width were compared. The significance of the differences was assessed using Student’s t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and regression analysis. Results: The mean age of male study participants in the study was 24.44±5.04 years, whereas, mean age of females was 24.88±3.08 years. There were 25 males and 25 females of 18-30 years with mean age of 24 and 25 years, respectively. Arch widths of males were found to be significantly greater than, those of females (p

Dental CBCT and panoramic imaging play a pivotal role in dental diagnosis and treatment planning, alongside the indispensable use of computed tomography (CT) and X-ray imaging in dentistry, particularly for surgical planning. Given the widespread adoption of dental cone beam CT in clinics today, we explore a novel approach in this study—utilizing CT’s three-dimensional (3D) data to reconstruct a two-dimensional (2D) panoramic dental image. This method eliminates the requirement for an extra panoramic scan. In this work, we propose a novel framework to generate an enhanced and extended 2D panoramic view by using the dental arch extracted from 3D CBCT. Our method involves segmenting the patient’s dental arch from their 3D CBCT image by identifying horizontal slices with above-average intensity, followed by morphological operations, including dilation, Gaussian filtering, and skeletonization, to delineate the dental arch line. Additionally, we extend the dental arch beyond the wisdom teeth using quadratic curve fitting. Finally, we employ Maximum Intensity Projection on rotated cubic segments aligned with the dental arch curve to produce captivating panoramic images. The panoramic view produced using our proposed method, when compared to the results obtained from BlueSky and OpenInventor, exhibited superior enhancements and greater accuracy in panoramic visualization.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of recent/healed post-premolar extraction protocol, gender, age, and dental arch on incisor and canine alignment during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy.Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 dental arches of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. The arches were randomized into an equal number of recent and healed extraction groups. The orthodontic setup was instituted within 3-7 days and 5-6 weeks following first premolar teeth extractions in the recent and healed extraction groups, respectively.Orthodontic tooth alignment was carried out using 0.016-inch NiTi wires for 16 weeks. Study casts were made at baseline, 4, 8, 12-, and 16-week follow-up treatment. Little’s Irregularity Index was used to assess orthodontic tooth alignment.Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the alignment rates between groups, and multiple linear regression was used to predict the relationship of groups and sociodemographic factors to alignment rate. The statistical significance level was set at P < .05.Results: The mean daily incisor and canine alignment rates in the recent and healed extraction cases were 0.13 mm and 0.11 mm, respectively (P = .332), 0.12 mm in both males and females (P = .827), and 0.13 mm and 0.12 mm in the maxilla and mandible, respectively (P = .534). There was however a significant difference in the mean daily alignment rate between adolescents (0.15 mm) and adults (0.10 mm) (P = .019).Conclusion: The rate of incisor and canine alignment was not affected significantly by recent/healed post-extraction protocol, gender, and dental arch. However, the rate was significantly faster in adolescents.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of cleft width on dental arch symmetry of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Forty-one children were subjected to impression preoperatively (T1; mean age = 0.31 ± 0.07 years) and postoperatively (T2; mean age = 6 .73 ± 1.02 years). Eighty-two digitized dental casts were analyzed by stereophotogrammetry software. The cleft palate width was measured in the anterior (P-P’), middle (M-M’), and posterior (U-U’) regions. Also, the following measurements were obtained: anterior intersegment (I-C’) and intrasegment (I-C); total intersegment (I-T’) and intrasegment (I-T); cleft-side (C’-T’) and non-cleft-side (C-T) canine tuberosity. Paired t test and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied (α = 5%). Cleft width had the following means: 10.16 (± 3.46) mm for P-P’, 12.45 (± 3.00) mm for M-M’, and 12.57 (± 2.71) mm for U-U’. In the longitudinal analysis, I-C’ had a significant reduction, while the other measurements significantly increased (p < 0.001). Asymmetry was verified in the following analyses at T1: I-C’ vs. I-C and I-T’ vs. I-T (p < 0.001); at T2, only in I-C’ vs. I-C (p < 0.001). At T1, P-P’ vs. I-C’ (r = 0.722 and p < 0.001), P-P’ vs. I-T’ (r = 0.593 and p < 0.001), M-M’ vs. I-C’ (r = 0.620 and p < 0.001), and M-M’ vs. I-T’ (r = 0.327 and p < 0.05) showed a positive and significant correlation. At T2, there was a correlation between M-M’ and I-C’ (r = 0.377 and p < 0.05). In conclusion, the anterior and middle cleft widths influenced palatal asymmetry in the first months of life, while middle width influenced residual asymmetry.

Dental arch relationships (DARs) and palatal morphology (PM) were evaluated in in non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) Italian patients after surgery. Pre- and postnatal factors affecting the results were investigated. Sixty-six children with UCLP (40 boys and 26 girls, with a mean age of 10.1 ± 2.9 years), predominantly Caucasian (77%), were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Twenty children had received a one-stage protocol consisting of an early periosteal palate surgical repair and lip closure and forty-six were submitted to a staged surgical protocol with delayed palate repair (DPR). A single clinician collected data on their medical history and carried out a dental examination. The DAR and PM were graded on dental casts according to the Eurocran index and dichotomised as favourable and unfavourable based on the treatment outcome. Multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that female sex (OR = 6.08, 95% CI: 1.47–25.23, p = 0.013), DPR (OR = 4.77, 95% CI: 1.14–19.93, p = 0.032) and the use of a neonatal plate (OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 1.27–17.16, p = 0.020) increased the odds of having favourable DAR, while only DPR (OR = 9.76, 95% CI: 2.40–39.71, p = 0.001) was significantly associated with a favourable PM. Based on these findings, only DPR had a significantly favourable effect on both DAR and DM in Italian children with complete UCLP.

Introduction: Knowledge of transverse dentofacial dimensions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Periodontitis can alter the widths of the arches by causing pathological migration of teeth and the concurrent bone loss can affect the transverse width of the arches. Aim: To compare the transverse dentofacial widths in adults with skeletal class I and class II malocclusions with horizontal growth pattern and with mild to moderate periodontitis using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from January 2019 to January 2021. Total 96 CBCT samples (48 skeletal Class I, 48 skeletal Class II) of patients between age group of 25-35 years, patients having mild to moderate periodontitis based on bone loss seen on CBCT and patients having a horizontal growth pattern with the angle between sella-nasion and mandibular plane less than 32° were included in the study. Transverse dentofacial measurements were made on the coronal plane of the CBCT scans. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Chi-square test and Student’s t-test were used to compare age, linear measurements and angular measurements between the skeletal class I and skeletal Class II groups. A p-value of

Background: Congenital absence of teeth is a major dental abnormality in pediatric dentistry and the absence of six or more teeth is defined as oligodontia. Few reports of patients with non-syndromic oligodontia without systemic disease have continued dental follow-up from an early age. Methods: We performed the five-year follow-up from before the eruption of the primary dentition of a Japanese child with non-syndromic oligodontia and analyzed changes in dental arch growth. Results: At the oral examination at the age of 1 year and 2 months, eight primary incisors were congenitally absent. Therefore, we made dentures for the patient at the age of 3 years and 4 months. From the age of 5 years and 1 month, the child received articulation training for dysarthria from a speech therapist to improve the function and appearance of the oral cavity. Measurement of the patient’s dental models revealed a particularly narrow dental arch, especially between the primary canines. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of treatment for patients with non-syndromic oligodontia from an early age by multiple medical professionals, recognizing that the missing teeth affect the growth of the maxillofacial region.

Genetic and environmental factors are essential in occlusal variations and malocclusion and have been of considerable interest to orthodontists. Studies on twin pairs are one of the most effective methods for investigating genetically determined occlusal variables. Many studies have focused on distances between first molars or between canines but malocclusions can also occur in other regions of the dental arch. Aim: To evaluate the characteristics of the dental arch between pairs of Monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic (DZ) twins from Southern India. Methods: A random sample of 51 twin pairs (12–18years old) participated in this study. The zygosity of twin pairs was recorded by facial appearance. The occlusion of the first permanent molars was recorded according to Angle’s classification. Study models were prepared to assess dental arch characteristics (i.e., arch form, arch perimeter, arch length; intercanine, intermolar width, and teeth size discrepancy). The obtained data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software 19.0. The student’s t-test (two-tailed, independent) and Chi-square test was used to determine the significance of studied parameters. Results: Angle’s Class I molar relation was more commonly observed followed by the Class II molar relationship among twins. The measured dental arch dimensions did not show a statistically significant difference among twin pairs. The ovoid arch form was commonly observed among Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. There was a similarity among MZ and DZ twins in the anterior and overall Bolton’s ratio. Conclusion: There were similar occurrences of measured parameters among twins, which showed genetic predominance in the expression of measured dental arch traits.

Objective: To evaluate the direct and oral impact-mediated association between reduced dentitions and the self-perceived need for complete dentures (CD) in dentate adults. Material and Methods: Data from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (2010) were analyzed. The outcome was self-perceived need for CD. Functional dentition (FDClassV) was defined by the presence of the following criteria: level I - ≥1 tooth in each arch, level II - 10 teeth in each arch, level III - 12 anterior teeth, level IV - ≥ 3 posterior occluding pairs (POPs) of premolars and level V - ≥1 bilateral POPs of molars. Oral impacts were assessed with Oral Impacts on Daily Performances scale. Results: FDClassV was associated with a less self-perceived need for CD both directly and mediated by oral impacts. Dentitions without level V were associated with the outcome mediated by oral impacts. Between individuals with 10 teeth in each arch, self-perceived need for CD was similar for those who had or not anterior teeth and POPs. Individuals with

Background: Dental arch form and dimension are fundamental factors in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Its dimension will increase, due to the eruption of teeth, and is also affected by ethnicity, nutrition, systemic disease, hormonal factors, and gender. Many teeth are erupting in 8–10-year-old children. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the correlation between age and dental arch dimension of Javanese children in good nutritional status for consideration of orthodontic treatment. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 66 children aged 8–10 years in a normal dentoskeletal relationship, grouped based on age as the subject. Each group consisted of 22 pairs of dental study models, male and female. Anterior and posterior size of dental arch length were measured by digital sliding calipers from the midpoint between the right and left permanent central incisors perpendicular to the inter-canines and inter-molars. The width was measured at the inter-canines and inter-molars. Results: Pearson’s correlation test showed that there were significant correlations between age and maxillary dental arch lengths (p = 0.01, r = 0.31 for anterior, and p = 0.043, r = 0.249 for posterior). Conclusion: Based on this study, it can be concluded that there was a positive correlation between age and dental arch length of 8–10-year-old Javanese children in good nutritional status, especially in maxillary dental arch length.

Abstract Background Although arch stability has been studied in patients without a cleft, evidence for patients with a cleft is sparse. Therefore, we compared the dimensions and stability of dental arches in cleft lip and palate patients and those without a cleft. Methods Forty participants, 20 with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and 20 non-cleft patients aged from 18 to 30 years, with anterior and/or posterior crossbite and receiving orthodontic treatment were evaluated retrospectively. Eighty gypsum casts were digitized using a laser model scanner casts for both groups made immediately after the orthodontic treatment was completed (T1). Also, for the Cleft Lip and Palate group, casts were obtained and digitized 1 year after implant-supported rehabilitation (T2) and for the Non-Cleft Lip and Palate group, 1 year after the conclusion of the orthodontic treatment (T2). The formula: Δ = T2-T1 evaluated the stability of dental arches for inter-canine distances (C-C′), inter-molar distances (M-M’), arch length (I-M), palate surface and volume. The dimensions of the dental arches were measured digitally. The independent t test was used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). Results A statistical difference was found in the stability of the groups for inter-canine (cleft area) measurement. At the times T1 and T2, a statistically significant difference was found in the arch length, surface and volume. Conclusions This study concluded that in the Cleft Lip and Palate group, the maxillary dimensions were not stabilized after 1 year of orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment (mainly for the inter-canine linear measurement) and that the transverse arch dimensions were smaller compared with those of non-cleft patients.

Objective: To verify the existence of a correlation between the mesio-distal size of teeth and the arch width by analyzing the data separately for maxillary and mandibular arch in patients with ideal occlusion. Material and Methods: 58 patients with ideal occlusion were studied, for a total of 276 files analyzed. Dental casts were then scanned using a professional scanner (Epson Perfection v 330) and images were obtained in TIFF format at 600 dpi. All single teeth measurements were carried out for all teeth of both arches using the VAM software (Vectra, Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, USA). The repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement method were evaluated using the Gauge R&R method. In case a correlation between tooth size and arch size is found to be significant, a linear regression analysis can be applied through the following statistical relationship: y=a+b*x, where y is the result (inter-molar distance “AvgB66” or inter-canine distance “Cusp 33”), and x the specific tooth. The a and b respectively represent the intercept (point of intersection between the line and the y axis) and the slope of the line that describes the regression ratio. Results: The statistical analysis highlights a significant correlation (p

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims at identifying anatomical dimensions of dental arches, based on landmarks currently used in the lingual orthodontic technique, and create an archwire form template to be used in orthodontic clinics. Methods: Maxillary and mandibular dental casts of 140 Caucasian individuals with natural and normal occlusion were digitized (3D), and the images were analyzed with Delcam Power ShapeTM 2010 software. The dental arch shapes and sizes were obtained from 14 landmarks selected on the lingual surface of the teeth. Points and segments defined by the software were used to create an archwire form template. Results: Various dental arch patterns were found for both maxilla and mandible. The smallest sizes were found in females, and the largest were found in male subjects. Six categories were defined for each gender, three for the maxilla and three for the mandible (Small, Medium and Large). A template was created with eighteen anatomic lingual archwire designs, nine for the maxilla and nine for the mandible, for both genders. Conclusions: Landmarks evaluated in this study showed dental arch differences between genders. This information enables making orthodontic lingual archwires that are more compatible with the anatomical forms and sizes of the maxilla and mandible. The findings also allowed the creation of a template for an anatomic lingual metallic archwire form to be used in the lingual technique.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of combined rapid maxillary expansion (RPE) and face mask (FM) application on the mandibular dentition. Materials and Method: In this retrospective study pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs and orthodontic models of 25 patients (10 female, 15 male) with a mean skeletal age of 12 years and 1 month, being in permanent dentition, having skeletal Class 3 anomaly (ANB

Orthodontics is a scientific art aiming to achieve the individual aesthetic optimum and functional development and dento-maxilo-facial, with the help of an assembly of biological and mechanical means (Chateau, 1975). Symmetry is indisputably of numerical order and it is essential in relation to a central axis in the transverse direction, but in our opinion we are more interested in the fact that there is also an aesthetic function, whose importance is crucial, where the lack of symmetry has the most unpleasant consequences. In this regard, the orthodontist has an important role to play. For the beauty of the symmetry of a form, if the form is in motion, we will plead for symmetry. Material and method: Our study included 36 patients aged between 11 and 25 with dento-maxillary abnormalities without previous orthodontic treatments who presented themselves in the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic between 2016 and 2018.Results and discussion: Clinical asymmetry is difficult to appreciate, having a very wide variation, from hardly visible forms to the most severe forms, and when investigating asymmetries, all degrees of changes must be investigated. Conclusions: Asymmetry is the result of the discrepancy between the malposition of bone structures or teeth, along with the implantation of soft tissue imbalances, the imbalance in this relationship leads to the instability of neuromuscular activity disorders.

The aim of the work is to restore occlusal relations during the orthopedic stages of complex treatment in patients with chronic course of generalized periodontitis (GP) of the І and ІІ degree and bounded edentulous spaces using the “T-Scan” system to achieve stable disease. Materials and methods. A total of 55 patients aged from 20 to 44 years old were examined, including 20 persons with oral health and occlusal equilibration and 35 patients with GP in its chronic phase of the I and II degree presenting with Kennedy classes III and IV partially edentulous situation (1–3). After evaluation of the dental occlusion relationships, all patients were performed a complex treatment of GP by selective grinding or occlusal surface adjustment with a composite material under the control of the apparatus “T-Scan III”, achieving the most correct distribution of occlusal contacts. At the same time, the local instrumental and medical treatment using antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs and medicines with systemic effect orally to correct metabolic disorders. This was followed by the orthopedic treatment, restoring the dentition defects with fixed metal-ceramic structures under the control of the “T-Scan III” system. The results of therapy were evaluated immediately, after 6 and 12 months. Results. We have confirmed that the normal masticating pressure between the left and right parts of the dentofacial system is distributed evenly. However, we have found out, that there are not always ideal occlusion relationships, and the variation range is (48.7 to 51.3) ± 0.24 % in healthy persons. At the stages of orthopedic treatment, and especially fitting denture with the help of the “T-Scan III” system, we have reached the norm determined by us, striving for perfection. The state of periodontium and occlusion achieved after the complex treatment, remained for more than 12 months, that was confirmed by clinico-radiological data. Conclusions. Restoration of normal occlusal relations under the control of the “T-Scan III” system contributed to rapid GP remission during the orthopedic stages of complex treatment in patients with GP and bounded edentulous spaces after initial and medicamentous periodontal therapy and provided prevention of various complications and long-term stabilization of the pathological process in the periodontium.

Objective: To compare the width of the dental arches between overweight and non-overweight subjects . Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out with 54 subjects from 8 to 13 years of age, 27 normal-weight and 27 overweight. The presence of overweight was assessed according to the Quetelet index. To determine the width of the dental arches, measurements of the upper and lower intercanine and intermolar width were obtained with a digital calibrated Vernier caliper. The comparison between the dental arch width of normal-weight and overweight subjects was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the intercanine and intermolar widths between overweight and non-overweight subjects (p

Objective: This study aimed to assess the lower arch length discrepancy in a group of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Materials and Method: Pretreatment dental casts and panoramic radiographs of 23 patients (aged 9–19 years) with a nonsyndromic complete UCLP, without having large restorations/crowns, tooth agenesis, impacted or supernumerary teeth in the lower arch, and previous orthodontic and/or prosthetic treatment, were evaluated. All patients underwent lip and palate repair. Lower arch discrepancies were determined using the Hayes-Nance analysis. Panoramic radiographs were used to estimate the size of permanent premolars for the patients with late mixed dentition. The positive discrepancy defined diastema, whereas the negative discrepancy defined crowding in the lower arch. Descriptive statistics were presented using frequencies and percentages, and the differences were evaluated using the binomial test. Results: One out of 23 patients had no discrepancy in the lower arch. For the remaining patients (n = 22), the prevalence of diastema was 47.8% (n = 10), with a mean value of 3.6 ± 1.9 mm, and lower arch crowding was observed in 52.2% (n = 12), with a mean value of –2.9 ± 1.4 mm. No significant difference was found between the prevalence of crowding and diastema (p = 0.832). Conclusion: In patients with a UCLP, diastema can be encountered approximately at the same frequency as crowding in the lower arch. Crowding was at a low to mid-level.

Backrgound/Aim. Researchers in the field of dentistry have been conducting research into modelling and defining dental arches equitations. Nowadays, when 3D digital modelling is commonly utilized in dentistry, the approach to modelling, analysis and synthesis has changed. Clinical researches are related to aesthetic and functional analysis. The aim of this study was to increase repeatability and accuracy of defining and determining the coordinate system of the jaw as well as to defining mathematical criteria for monitoring and evaluating orthodontic treatment. Methods. In this study, we used the plaster models of the jaw, optical scanner with structured light, 3D digital models, computer aided design (CAD) engineering tools adjusting the coordinate system, spline fitting of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th degrees. Results. Splines of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th degrees were fitted from the initial state (K0) in all 10 successive controls (K1, K2, K3,…, K10). All splines were fitted through 12 points, from the right to the left side of the jaw: 6-5-4-3-2-1-1-2-3-4-5-6. Tabular and graphic presentations of the maximum and average deviation of dental arch fitting curves in successive controls were given. Conclusion. The parameters of the maximum and average errors of fitting curves converge the dental arch values that are lower than the accuracy of the used optical scanners. The average error of fitting provides a general picture of the entire dental arch at each stage of treatment. Maximum error fitting points at a specified tooth where the largest deviation. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/VSP190515051E

Aim: To evaluate the reliability of dental arch linear and angular measurements on occlusal radiographs and to assess the usefulness of occlusal radiographs in sex determination. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients (25 males and 25 females) using occlusal radiographs with age ranging from 20 to 25 years. Standard occlusal radiographs were taken without any errors by intraoral dental X-ray machine with required ideal exposure parameters after taking due radiation protection and safety measures. The radiographs were carefully processed and the images obtained were traced for angular and linear measurements, attributing capital letters to the maxillary arch and small letters to the mandibular arch. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS Software Version 22.0 for statistical analysis using discriminate methods. Results: In the present study, all the linear measurements of occlusal radiographs showed a statistically significant differentiation and angular measurements namely “CIA” L, “MIC” L, “CIA” R, and “MIC” rare found highly significant in the differentiation of sex. Conclusion: We conclude that the occlusal radiographic measurements (odontometry) can be used for sex determination and is recommended as an aid for sex determination in forensic science.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Edentulous patients require accurate positioning of artificial maxillary anterior teeth in complete dentures to recover the esthetic and phonetic characteristics. This positioning is guided by measuring distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) in dentate subjects which varies according to the ovoid, square and tapered maxillary arch forms. Objectives: 1- To determine the frequency of three different arch forms in dentate patients; 2- To assess the mean distance between central incisor and incisive papilla in each of the three maxillary arch forms. METHODOLOGY: 130 cases were selected by non-probability consecutive sampling, which included both genders and age range of 20-40 years. Impressions of maxillary arches were recorded and their casts photocopied. Arch form template was used to standardize the assessment of arch forms by best-fit method on the photocopies. The distance between mesio-incisal edge of CI and posterior border of IP was measured with digital verniercalipers (SparkFun,Colorado). RESULTS: Out of 130 subjects, 54 males and 76 females were present. The ovoid arch form was the most frequent form recorded at 67% (n=87) while the tapered arch was the least at 14% (n=18). The overall mean distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) was 11.34mm (7.58mm - 16.45mm). The mean distance was the highest for ovoid arch form (11.58mm) and lowest for square (10.49) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.016) between the two arch forms. CONCLUSION: The ovoid arch was the most frequent arch form found in dentate subjects. The mean distance recorded was highest for ovoid arch followed by tapering arch and least for square arches.

Computed tomography (CT) and X-ray images have been extensively used as a valuable diagnostic tool in dentistry for surgical planning and treatment. Nowadays, dental cone beam CT has been extensively used in dental clinics. Therefore, it is possible to employ three-dimensional (3D) data from the CT to reconstruct a two-dimensional (2D) panoramic dental image that provides a longitudinal view of the mandibular region of the patient, avoiding an additional exposure to X-ray. In this work, we developed a new automatic method for reconstructing 2D panoramic images of the dental arch based on 3D CT images, using Bézier curves and optimization techniques. The proposed method was applied to five patients, some of them with missing teeth, and smooth panoramic images with good contrast were obtained.

Background and Aim: Considering the importance of teeth dimensions in their adequacies and aesthetics, their significant racial differences, and various statistics regarding the dimensions of symmetrical teeth in previous articles, we aimed to evaluate the dimensions of symmetrical permanent teeth on two sides of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and related factors in different occlusions of students and patients of Islamic Azad Dental University of Tehran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 people. A dental cast was made for each individual. The mesiodistal, labiolingual, and occlusogingival dimensions of the clinical crowns were measured using a caliper with the accuracy of 0.1 mm along with their adaptation and symmetry on two sides of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and related factors. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: 67.1% of the patients were females and 32.9% were males. There were 69.3% symmetric and 30.7% asymmetric cases; there were no significant differences in terms of the dimensions, gender, and jaws (P

Abstract Background This study was purposed to evaluate palatal width, height, and height index at various stages of dentition in Iranian children and adolescent with normal occlusion. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 237 children (45% male and 55% female, aged 5–18 years) with normal occlusion selected from kindergartens and elementary and high schools in Hamadan, Iran. The subjects were clinically examined and classified based on dentition to primary (21.5%), mixed (21.9%), and permanent (56.5%) stages. Dental casts were obtained from all subjects. Palatal width (inter-molar and -canine distances), and height (at molar and canine areas) were measured on the casts by Korkhaus’ compass and digital caliper. Palatal height index was calculated for each dentition stage. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and t- test (p

Objective: To compare the degree of dental arch fluctuating asymmetry (FA) among patients with Class I, II, and III malocclusions. Subjects and methods: The sample comprised randomly selected plaster casts of 131 patients: 39 Class I (19 males and 20 females), 57 Class II (23 males and 34 females), and 35 Class III (20 males and 15 females). Dental models were scanned and digitized using ATOS II SO. The measurements of the teeth and dental arches were taken using the ATOS viewer version 6.A.2 software. Six arch widths and five arch depths were measured. The FA was assessed as a composite index of total weighted asymmetry (TWA). The analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were any statistically significant differences between the groups. Results: Composite TWA measures of fluctuating asymmetry for dental arch variables were the highest in Class III, and lowest in Class I malocclusion. Males displayed a higher degree of asymmetry than females. The asymmetry degree was higher in the mandibular dental arches than in the maxillary dental arches in all malocclusion groups. Conclusion: The TWA values were low but they differed significantly between the groups of malocclusion. Class III malocclusion displayed higher FA values than Class I and Class II malocclusion. Higher FA of dental arches in Angle’s Class III can be considered an indicator of increased developmental instability in this malocclusion due to high levels of genetic and environmental stress during the period of early development.

Objective: The objective of this paper was to cephalometrically determine the center of the anteroposterior curve of occlusion, and its relation to standardized landmarks, to establish a suitable occlusal curve for the restoration of maxillary and mandibular arches in a selected local population. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this was the first cephalometric study identifying variations occurring in the anteroposterior curve in this population. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients (40 males and 40 females) with Angle's Class I occlusion and normal growth pattern were selected. Landmarks were established following tracings on standardized lateral cephalograms. The center of the occlusal curve was determined, and its distance from the nasion, lachryma, and orbitale was statistically compared using ANOVA, post hoc and proximal matrix tests in males and females. In addition, a relationship between the depth of occlusal curve and the condyle was established. Results: The mean distances of the center from nasion, lachryma, and orbitale (statistically significant) were 11.15 mm ± 5.65 mm, 18.68 mm ± 8.6 mm and 33.10 mm ± 10.13 mm for females (P < 0.001) and 9.7 mm ± 4.69 mm, 16.80 mm ± 6.45 mm and 31.22 mm ± 8.51 mm (P < 0.001) for males, respectively. Depth of the curve and distance from the condyle had an inverse corelation. Conclusion: Nasion is closest to the center of the curve of occlusion in both females and males followed by lachryma and orbitale. Hence, nasion can be considered as a point of reference clinically while determining anteroposterior curve of occlusion.

Introduction. An appliance according to Veltri is a kind of palatal construction which is rarely used in our region. It appeared as a logical consequence of the evolution of appliances for rapid palatal separation. It is primarily indicated for upper molars distalization. However, its good qualities allow the use it in case of some other orthodontic problems. Case report. The aim of this report is overview of the therapy of 14-year-old boy with asymmetry of the upper dental arch and unilateral open bite and crossbite, using the appliance according to Veltri. The plan of therapy was primarily aimed at correction of upper arch asymmetry by using appliance according to Veltri. Extraction of the lower first premolars was done and then upper and lower fixed appliance for leveling the upper and lower dental arch, normalization overjet and the depth of overlap was placed. The total duration of the therapy was two years. Conclusion. Presented combined camouflage therapy achieved a satisfactory result, regardless of the poor prognosis due to hyperdivergent growth.

Using 3D technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), has intensified nowadays. The mainstream AR devices in use today are head-mounted displays (HMDs), which, due to specification limitations, may not perform to their full potential within a distance of 1.0 m. The spatial reality display (SRD) is another system that facilitates stereoscopic vision by the naked eye. The recommended working distance is 30.0~75.0 cm. It is crucial to evaluate the observation accuracy within 1.0 m for each device in the medical context. Here, 3D-CG models were created from dental models, and the observation errors of 3D-CG models displayed within 1.0 m by HMD and SRD were verified. The measurement error results showed that the HMD model yielded more significant results than the control model (Model) under some conditions, while the SRD model had the same measurement accuracy as the Model. The measured errors were 0.29~1.92 mm for HMD and 0.02~0.59 mm for SRD. The visual analog scale scores for distinctness were significantly higher for SRD than for HMD. Three-dimensionality did not show any relationship with measurement error. In conclusion, there is a specification limitation for using HMDs within 1.0 m, as shown by the measured values. In the future, it will be essential to consider the characteristics of each device in selecting the use of AR devices. Here, we evaluated the accuracies of 3D-CG models displayed in space using two different systems of AR devices.

Introduction: Since the emergence of normal occlusion concept, selecting an appropriate treatment plan with or without tooth extraction has been a controversial subject. Nowadays, both methods can be successfully used for treatment of patients. However, some clinicians still believe that non-extraction orthodontic treatments have fewer complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental arch dimensional changes following non-extraction orthodontic treatment. Materials &Methods: A total of 200 pre- and post-treatment diagnostic dental casts belonging to 100 patients (non-ext treated by 0.18 roth system) who met the inclusion criteria for this study were collected from the archives of Shahid Beheshti Dental School. Sampling was nonrandomized. A digital caliper with the accuracy of 0.1 mm was used for the measurement of variables such as inter-canine width , inter-premolar width and inter-molar width. Results: Non-extraction orthodontic treatment increased all the variables, except for the mandibular inter-canine width and incisor-canine distance. Conclusion: Non-extraction orthodontic treatment causes a significant increase in almost all dental arch parameters. This increase manifests as teeth flaring.

Aim: The treatment of patients with mixed dentition, with inferior moderate dental crowding (the so-called borderline cases, between extraction and expansion) is not yet clear. Two examples of widely used appliances for increasing lower dental arch dimensions are the Schwarz’s appliance and lip bumper. The aim of this prospective study was to compare dental crowding and arch dimensions from pre- to post-treatment with lip bumper versus Schwarz’s appliance. Subjects and Methods: Pre- and post-treatment orthodontic records of twenty subjects (10 males and 10 females) were analyzed in the present study. Inclusion criteria were: first/second molar class malocclusion; crowding of the mandibular arch, from mild to moderate (4–6 mm); mixed dentition; age ≤ 9 years at the beginning of the treatment; stage CS1 or CS2 of maturation of the cervical vertebrae analysis (CVM) at the beginning of the treatment. Ten subjects were treated with a lip bumper, and ten with the removable Schwarz appliance. The primary outcomes were the variations in dental crowding and arch dimensions from pre- to post-treatment. Results: Both the two appliances caused a statistically significant mean improvement/reduction in crowding, of 3.5 mm and 2.9 mm, for the Schwarz appliance and lip bumper, respectively. The Schwarz appliance resulted more effective in increasing arch dimension at the intercanine level, and arch perimeter, while the lip bumper achieves a higher increase in arch length. Conclusions: A lip bumper and Schwarz appliance are both useful in reducing crowding in mixed dentition. This improvement is due to the increase in dental arch dimensions, although the distribution of space resulted slightly differently between the two appliances.

In this paper we propose a selection criterion that is applicable for the treatment of patients with dental arch asymmetry caused by loss of a premolar on one side of the mouth. According to a given criterion, the correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters is determined. When applying this criterion for finding the correlation, the frontal distal diagonal size of the dental arch was multiplied by 1.14 coefficient. The sum of the mesio-distal diameters of seven teeth in the half-arc was subtracted from the obtained value. The value which was equal to 0±1.0 mm indicated the correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters. We can conclude if there is correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters, it is advisable to provide treatment associated with having the post-extraction socket opened and implant therapy performed (most commonly with the use of intraosseous dental implants).

Aim : This study is carried out on Gujarati population to collect the relevant data & evaluate the arch dimensions. Materials and Method: Full mouth dental casts were obtained from 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) aged 18-25 years belonging to Gujarati population inhabiting in Gujarat. Eighteen buccal cusp tips and mid-incisal edge points were marked on each maxillary and mandibular cast. All the digital images were transferred to AutoCAD and the co-ordinates of buccal cusp tips of all teeth were determined. Arch widths and depths were computer generated as straight-line distance between the dental landmarks. Results: Comparison of arch dimensions between males and females showed that, the transverse measurements i.e. inter-canine width and inter-second molar width were significantly larger in male subjects as compared to those of females in both the arches. Also in the maxillary and mandibular arch the canine depth and second molar depth was significantly larger in males as compared to that of females. In the maxillary and mandibular arch, the inter-canine width and inter-second molar width were highly significant, and second molar depth was significant, while canine depth was significant in maxilla but not in mandible. Conclusion: The arch dimensions showed that the males had significantly larger inter-canine width, inter-molar width, canine depth and molar depth in maxillary and mandibular arches as compared to those of females.

Aim: This prospective study was done to compare the effects of incisor intrusion obtained with the aid of miniscrews and burstone intrusive arch. Materials and Methods: Twenty- patients with deep bite of at least 4 mm were divided to 2 groups. In group1, 10 patients (6 males, 4 females; mean age group of 14-20 years) in the postpubertal growth period were treated by using burstone intrusive arches and in group 2, 10 patients (6 male, 4 female; age group of 14-20 years) were treated using miniscrews. Lateral cephalometric head films were taken at the beginning of treatment and after intrusion for the evaluation of the treatment changes. Statistical analyses of the data were performed with a significance level of p 0.001 which is statistically not significant. The maxillary molar showed no movement in the miniscrew group and molar moved distally at an average of 4.90 in intrusive arch group. Conclusions: Both the mini implant and the utility arches are equally effective in intrusion of upper incisors. Mini implant gives true intrusion. Vertical height of molars does not change much with Mini implant while molar extrusion can be seen with intrusive arch.

Objective To compare the the rate of en-masse space closure with sliding mechanics between 3M SmartClip self-ligating brackets and 3M Gemini MBT twin brackets in the first premolar extraction patients.Methods 20 Class I malocclusion patients who need first premolar extraction treatment were selected. One arch side of the second premolar and first molar were bonded with 3M self-ligating brackets and the other side bonded with Gemini MBT twin brackets. After leveling and alignment, 0.48 mm × 0.64 mm (0.019 inch × 0.025 inch) stainless steel wire and nickel titanium coil springs were used to close the space. An average rate of space closure per month (mm/month) was calculated in each side.Results The median rates of tooth movement for the SmartClip bracket side (1.03 mm per month) and the Gemini MBT twin brackets side (1.00 mm per month) were not significantly different (t = 0.70, P = 0.48).Conclusion There was no significant difference in the rate of en-masse space closure between SmartClip brackets and Gemini MBT twin brackets.

Introduction: Dentoalveolar arch morphology and its measurements are of importance in various disciplines of dental science. It is usually studied by impression plaster cast models with mechanical calipers or scanned and digitized dental models. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) can be used to obtain similar data for the study of dentoalveolar arch morphology. Aim: Present study was done to know the accuracy of distance measurements done by MDCT in comparison with plaster cast models. Also to determine the potential benefits and advantages of MDCT measurements over plaster cast measurements of dentoalveolar morphology. Materials and Methods: Comparative study was carried out in 48 cases, who underwent MDCT scans of head and neck for various other causes. MDCT distance measurements of dentoalveolar arch by MDCT and plaster cast model was done. Pearson’s correlation was applied for calculation the correlation. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 48 cases, age group ranged from 5 to 53 years. Proportion of males and females were 28 (58.3%) and 20 (41.7%) respectively. MDCT measurements showed a strong positive correlation with that of plaster cast measurements (p0.05) Conclusion: MDCT is a useful and reliable imaging tool to evaluate normal morphology and abnormalities of the dental arch. There was no significant differences in measurements obtained by MDCT and plaster cast, making MDCT a useful method for digital acquisition, storage and communication, which also depicts the anatomy other than dental arch.

Introduction: Partial edentulism is a prime indicator of overall oral health in a given country. Khat chewing habit in the south region of Saudi Arabia is widely practiced by a majority of the population. Aim: To determine the frequency of Kennedy’s classes in each arch among different age groups, gender and to find out the relationship between khat chewing and the pattern of partial edentulism. Materials and Methods: The data was collected from 780 subjects reporting to the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, who required removable partial dentures. Clinical intra-oral and radiographic examinations were done. The study subjects were divided into five age groups, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years respectively. Khat chewing hours/day and type of Kennedy’s classes were recorded. The data were entered into a Statistical Package for Social Sciences program and analysed accordingly using Fisher-Exact test. Results: Class III was the highest in all middle age groups followed by Class I. Class III was the highest in males, while in females, Class I was the highest in both arches. Class IV was the lowest in all age groups, both arches, and genders. Among khat chewers Class III was the highest followed by class I in both arches. Class IV was the highest in >12 hours duration in maxilla but in the mandible, Class I and II were the highest in 1-6 hours duration. The obtained p-values were statistically significant (p

http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v36i1.17668 The aim of this study was investigate the association between the mandibular arch morphology and the facial type of Brazilian Caucasians with natural normal occlusion. For this, we used a sample comprised of lateral radiographs and respective dental casts of 51 individuals (21 male and 30 female), presenting at least 4 of the 6 Andrews’ keys to normal occlusion without previous orthodontic treatment. Angle’s first molar relationship was considered indispensable for the sample. The facial type was defined by two cephalometric measurements (SN.SGn and SN.GoGn). After scanning the models (3D) and radiographs, the images were evaluated by 12 orthodontists. A modified Kappa test evaluated the agreement between examiners to classify the morphology of the dental arch. The chi-square test was used to verify the association between the facial type (dolichofacial, mesofacial, or brachyfacial) and the dental arch morphology (square, oval, or tapered), using significance level of 5%. Casual and systematic errors (p > 0.05) showed no significant results and the Kappa test showed significant agreement among examiners for the dental arch form (0.55) with a p < 0.001, considered as ‘moderate’. The chi-square test indicated no significant association. The null hypothesis was accepted, as the facial type was not associated with dental arch morphology in individuals with normal occlusion.

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the pre-treatment and post-treatment dental arch changes in both upper and lower arches in orthodontic patients treated with extraction of first premolar teeth. Subjects and Methods: Measurements were made on casts of 50 post treated cases in the age group of 12-30 years for individual tooth measurements, width of the arches (inter-incisal, inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar) arch length (both right and left sides, anterior segment, posterior segment and total arch length for both for the maxillary and mandibular dental casts. Statistical Analysis Used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for Normality, Regression Analysis was done as variables were tested and proved to follow normality. Statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to compare the changes in the Class I and Class II div 1 groups. Results: There was a significant increase in the inter-incisor and inter-canine width post-treatment in the Class I and Class II div 1 subjects in the upper arch but no significant change in inter-incisor width in the lower arch in class I subjects. A significant decline in the inter-molar arch width in both the groups were seen. The inter-premolar arch width declined significantly in Class I cases while it increased significantly in Class II div 1 subjects. There was a significant increase in anterior arch length and a significant decrease in posterior arch length in all subjects. Conclusions: The findings of this original clinical research should significantly help the orthodontists in orthodontic treatment planning in patients requiring extractions of premolars.

Introduction: Pulp calcifications are relatively frequent findings on dental radiographs. They may be seen in primary, permanent, erupted or unerupted teeth. Calcifications within the pulp are seen in such a frequency that it may be questioned whether their presence represents a pathological state or a mere occurrence of normal biological variation. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of idiopathic pulp calcifications in permanent teeth by using digital orthopantomographs (OPG), and to report any association between the occurrence of pulp calcifications with gender, tooth type, dental arches, and the side of the dental arch. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 digital panoramic radiographs of an equal number of male and female patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were examined. The sample was composed of 150 patients within the age group of 15-50 years. Four thousand three hundred and ninety-nine teeth were evaluated and the pulp calcifications were assessed. The frequency of occurrence of pulp calcifications between gender, tooth type, dental arches, and the side of the dental arch were compared. Results: From 150 orthopantomographs (OPGs), a total of 4399 teeth were examined, and the total number of patients with pulp calcifications were 80 (41 females and 39 males). The overall distribution was more in females, in the maxillary arches, and in the first molars. Patients with bilateral pulp calcifications were more than those with unilateral pulp calcifications. Conclusion: The pulp calcifications assessed in this study were of idiopathic origin, as only healthy patients and healthy teeth were included in the study. Most of the pulp calcifications were seen in the young age group. Therefore, pulp calcifications could be a normal biological variation within the pulp.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the accuracy and errors of linear measurements of mesiodistal dimensions of Kennedy Class III edentulous space using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in comparison with clinical measurements. Materials and Methods: Nineteen Kennedy Class III dental arches were evaluated. An impression was made of each dental arch and poured with dental stone. The distance was measured on dental cast using a digital Vernier caliper with an accuracy of 0.1mm and on CBCT scans. Finally, the linear mesiodistal measurements were compared and the accuracy of CBCT technique was evaluated by calculating absolute value of errors, intra-class correlation coefficient and simple linear regression model. Results: In comparison with the cast method, estimation of size on CBCT scans had an error of -8.46% (underestimation) to 5.21% (overestimation). In 26.5% of the cases, an accepted error of ±1% was found. The absolute value of errors was found to be in the range of 0.21-8.46mm with an average value of 2.86 ±2.30mm. Conclusions: Although the measurements revealed statistically significant differences, this does not indicate a lower accuracy for the CBCT technique. In fact, CBCT can provide some information as a paraclinical tool and the clinician can combine these data with clinical data and achieve greater accuracy. Undoubtedly, calibration of data collected by clinical and paraclinical techniques and the clinician’s expertise in use of CBCT software programs can increase the accuracy of implant placement.

Introduction: Periodontal disease and dental caries are the common oral conditions which cause loss of teeth, mostly molars. This further leads to Shortening of Dental Arch and Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) concept provides the overall requirements of functional dentition at reduced cost without compromising the health. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) towards SDA concept among dentists of Ghaziabad city (Uttar Pradesh, India). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 514 dentists working as academicians or clinicians or both. KAP questionnaire consisting of questions related to SDA concept was distributed to them. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and descriptive and analytical tests, including mean, standard deviation, and Chi square test were used. Results: Of the 514 dentists, only 493 dentists responded to the questionnaire, generating the response rate of 95.5%. Only 113 (22.9%) had knowledge about this concept. Clinicians were found to have more knowledge regarding the SDA concept (p

The objective of this study is to determine a selection criterion that is applicable for the treatment of patients with dental arch asymmetry caused by loss of a premolar on one side of the mouth. Material and methods. Fifty-seven patients (first maturity level) who had some teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment were included in the study. The patients were divided into basic and control groups. We proposed to shape the extraction socket immediately after the extraction of a permanent tooth. In the basic group the extraction sockets were filled with osteoplastic material. Patients in the control group refused any surgical interventions. Results. According to a given criterion, the correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters has been determined. When applying this criterion for finding the correlation, the frontal distal diagonal size of the dental arch was multiplied by 1.14 coefficient. The sum of the mesiodistal diameters of seven teeth in the half-arc was subtracted from the obtained value. The value which was equal to 0±1.0mm indicated the correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters. Conclusion. If there is a correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters, it is advisable to provide treatment associated with having the post-extraction socket opened and implant therapy performed (most commonly with the use of intraosseous dental implants).

The objective of the study is to develop an algorithm for determining the correlation between tooth size, dental arch parameters and the craniofacial complex. Material and methods. 178 patients with physiological occlusion of permanent teeth and neutral type of jaw growth were examined to determine the correlation between tooth size, dental arch parameters and craniofacial complex. Correlation between tooth size and dental arch parameters was determined based on the relationship of the major dental arch parameters and the size of 12 teeth including first molars, premo-lars, canines and incisors, as well as the width of the face between zygomatic points and the distance between lateral surfaces of the wings of the nose. Results. The algorithm is based on the dentofacial index (D. F. I.), calculated as the percentage ratio of the sum of four incisors to facial width. Conclusions. In patients with mesodontism and physiologic occlusion of permanent teeth the dentofacial indexwas23.5%±1.5%. An increase in the dentofacial index up to 25.1% was indicative of individual macrodontia of four upper anterior teeth. The value below 21.9% indicated individual micro-dontia of four upper anterior teeth. The correlation between individual teeth of different types and compared the size of teeth in certain segments and dental arch parameters has been evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this present study was to compare, by means of 3D digital casts, the anterior transverse dimension of the dental arch of newborns with and without cleft lip and palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample was composed of ninety-four children aged from 3 to 9 months divided into three study groups: Group I - children without craniofacial deformities (control group); Group II - children with unilateral cleft lip and palate; Group III - children with bilateral cleft lip and palate. Impressions were executed before lip and palate repair in patients with clefts. Dental casts were digitized using a 3D scanner linked to a computer. Measurements of the intercanine distance were measured on the digital casts. Intergroup comparisons were performed using ANOVA (p