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A major challenging proffered study rely on the inquisitive optimization of entropy together with thermal as well as mass transportation towards the chemically reactive 3-D Prandtl liquid under consideration of applied magnetic field, variable thermal conductivity and also diffusivity, hall current together with ion slip features, viscous dissipation and heat generation. Moreover, in present research study, model such as Cattaneo Christov heat flux was implemented in order to explore the thermal relaxation characteristics. By employing correspondence transformations, the system of modeled equations modified into non-linear ODEs system. The Optimal Homotopy Analysis methodology (OHAM) was adopted to solve the proffered problem. The influential arising constraints demeanor within both velocities (horizontal as well as vertical), temperature and concentration profiles were discussed and also shown graphically. Moreover, outcomes of diverse parameters were also examined and presented graphically within the entropy formation rate and also Bejan number. The effects of implanted factors across the drag force, the rate of thermal as well as mass transportation are accessible in current study via tables and validate the obtained results. Both velocity profiles (horizontal as well as vertical) decreased for increment in Hartman number whilst opposite demeanor seen for other considered constraints. Temperature profile drops for Prandtl number and elastic constraints whereas enhanced for other influential considered parameters whilst concentration profile augmented with Prandtl number. Present problem novelty relies on the modeling of comprehensive system of equations which modified into nonlinear ODEs. In order to obtain the solution numerically, technique such as Optimal Homotopy was opted.

This paper elaborates the influence of two-dimensional (2D) in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stagnation point flow over a stretchable surface in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov (CC) double diffusion. Viscous dissipation and thermal radiation impacts are considered in energy equation. While mass transport is perceived considering the impact of a chemical reaction. Motile micro-organisms are implicated in the flow and movement of these microscopic organisms due to the bio-convection phenomenon. MATLAB software is used to handle mathematical problems. Using similarity variables, mathematical equations based on the laws of conservation are transformed into ordinary differential system. The consequential ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are numerically analyzed for a range of flow parameters to evaluate their effects on velocity, concentration, heat transport rate and density of microbes. A comparison is conducted to evaluate the proficiency of the code. The mathematical findings are illuminated using diagrams and tables. The main findings of this study are that velocity profile reduces for Casson parameter; however, temperature distribution is enhancing for Eckert number. Nanoparticle concentration and motile organism is reducing for chemical reaction parameter and motile difference parameter respectively.

This work analyzes the impact of viscous dissipation on an unstable stretching surface in a porous medium with heat generation and thermal radiation—an important factor for numerous engineering applications like cooling baths and plastic sheets. Using MATLAB's Runge-Kutta fourth-order approach, the controlling partial differential equations are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations that can be solved numerically. The findings show that a decrease in the skin friction coefficient, temperature profiles, velocity, and Nusselt number occurs when the unsteadiness parameter is increased. In contrast to the Prandtl number, which rises with temperature profile and reduced Nusselt number, the Eckert number rises with a dimensionless temperature profile and reduced Nusselt number. Reduced Nusselt number and temperature profile affect the heat generation parameter; a decrease in skin friction coefficient and velocity profile correlate with the porosity parameter. Furthermore, the radiation parameter rises as the temperature distribution and Nusselt number decrease.

The current investigation aims at to examine the effect of radiation absorption, heat generation and Dufour number on MHD Casson fluid flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate in a porous medium with chemical reaction. The governing equations for momentum, energy and concentration are solved by implementing the Laplace transformation method. Skin friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer expressions are also extracted and depicted in tabular form. Investigation simulates that Casson parameter diminished the fluid velocity, whereas energy flux due to a mass concentration gradient improves the temperature field of the flow problem. In addition to this, temperature field is observed to be developed under the influence of radiation absorption and heat generation. Furthermore, the effects of different non-dimensional parameters on velocity field, temperature fluid and species concentration are exhibited graphically.

The design of an efficient thermal management system for a lithium-ion battery pack hinges on a deep understanding of the cells’ thermal behavior. This understanding can be gained through theoretical or experimental methods. While the theoretical study of the cells using electrochemical and numerical methods requires expensive computing facilities and time, the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) offers a more direct approach. However, upfront experimental cell characterization is needed to determine the ECM parameters. In this study, the behavior of a cell is characterized experimentally, and the results are used to build a second-order equivalent electrical circuit model of the cell. This model is then integrated with the cooling system of the battery pack for effective thermal management. The Equivalent Circuit Model estimates the internal heat generation inside the cell using instantaneous load current, terminal voltage, and temperature data. By extrapolating the heat generation data of a single cell, we can determine the heat generation of the cells in the pack. With the implementation of the ECM in the cooling system, the coolant flow rate can be adjusted to ensure the attainment of a safe operating cell temperature. Our study confirms that 14% of pumping power can be reduced when compared to the conventional constant flow rate cooling system, while still maintaining the temperature of the cells within safe limits.

The main aim behind this work is that we have to determine the enhancement that happens in thermal conductivity by using the Buongiorno model of nanofluid when the nanofluid particles are added to the tangent hyperbolic base fluid moving above the stretched surface. The viscosity of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid is assumed to be temperature-dependent. The modified form of the Fourier law of heat conduction motivated us; therefore, the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model is considered to observe its significance for heat and mass transport. The chemical reaction and heat generation are also considered to determine their influence on temperature and concentration gradients. This study is crucial because of its application in industrial manufacturing processes such as the coating of wire, the thinning of copper, the production of paper, photographic films, hot rolling, and the purification of crude oil. In electronic cooling systems, the efficient dissipation of heat in smartphones, computers, and data centers is critical to preventing overheating. Nanofluids, with their enhanced thermal properties, can significantly improve heat transfer rates, ensuring better performance, stability, and energy savings. The partial governing equations arising from fluid flow, mass, and heat transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations via appropriate similarity variables. The obtained ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method in the MATLAB software. The effects of the emerging parameters are represented through graphs. According to the results, the velocity profile upsurges due to the natural convection parameters and curvature parameter, while the power law index declines the velocity profile. As the Brownian motion coefficient rises, the concentration profile diminishes while the temperature profile increases. Both the concentration and temperature profiles increase for larger values of the thermophoresis parameter. The concentration profile declines for larger values of chemical reaction parameters, and enhancement happens in the temperature region.

Ternary nanomaterials are now recognized as useful not only for thermal efficiency importance but also to enhance physical characteristics of liquids. Insertion of three nanoparticles in base liquid is characterized as ternary hybrid nanomaterial. Such materials have better magnet properties, electrical conducting and mechanical resistance. Here we discuss three-dimensional magnetized stretched flow of ternary nanofluid through porous space is addressed. Porous space is scrutinized by Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Convective condition is imposed. Nanoparticles here include copper, polyphenol coated and aluminum oxide and water as conventional liquid. Energy equation consists of radiation, magnetohydrodynamics, dissipation and heat generation. Resulting dimensionless system is computed by Newton built in-shooting technique. Outcomes of velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number for emerging parameters of interest are organized. Comparison of results for ternary nanofluid (CoFe2O3+Cu+Al2O3/H2O), hybrid (CoFe2O3+Cu/H2O) and nanofluid (CoFe2O3/H2O) is examined. It is found that temperature and velocity against Hartman number have reverse trends. Temperature and Nusselt number for radiation have increasing features. Similar characteristics for temperature through heat generation and Eckert number is noticed. Larger thermal Biot number corresponds to rise the Nusselt number and temperature. An increase in temperature through Forchheimer number is witnessed while reverse trend holds for velocity.

Dry machining offers cost and environmental benefits in metal cutting, but the absence of cutting fluid can elevate workpiece temperature, impacting surface quality and dimensional accuracy. This study explores and quantifies the impact of quenching and tempering heat treatment on the heat flux to the work material in dry milling AISI 1045 steel. Inverse heat transfer analysis determines the maximum magnitude of a moving Gaussian heat source corresponding to the heat load into the milled part. The inverse estimates are obtained from temperature measurements taken when machining samples subject to different heat treatment conditions. The estimated heat flux and the measured temperature are discussed in the context of the metallo-thermomechanical connection with microstructural aspects, hardness, and thermal properties. The results reveal a substantial increase in thermal energy transferred to the milled steel when quenched and tempered, with a 33 % higher heat input compared to normalized conditions. This condition is mainly attributed to the increased hardness and reduced thermal conductivity of the tempered martensitic structure obtained through hardening. The estimates show deviations of less than ±5 %, according to uncertainty calculations based on thermal sensitivity and sensor accuracy.

Severe temperature rise is not tolerated in the windings and permanent magnets (PMs) of the electric motors due to the resultant performance degradation, increased maintenance cost, and eventually the short-circuit faults. This article suggests a new approach to mitigating the temperature of components in a flux-switching PM (FSPM) motor using the concepts of heat transfer paths and heat flow diagrams. Accordingly, changing the location of the armature windings from the adjacency of the PMs to the middle tooth of the E-core stator blocks brings multiple thermal and electromagnetic merits to the proposed motor. In the heat generation stage, the numerical studies indicate that the total power losses of the motor decrease from 56.6 W to 39.6 W. Moreover, the maximum working temperature of the windings and PMs is cut by 36.4% and 40%, respectively, demonstrating the remarkable effect of the proposed strategy on temperature. From the electromagnetic point of view, the proposed motor outperforms the E-core FSPM motor due to the separation of the electrical and magnetic loading sources, resulting in the uniformity of the steel cores' flux density. Lastly, the thermal and electromagnetic experimental studies are provided to verify the outcomes of the analytical and numerical investigations.

This study presents a theoretical analysis of the thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion effects on the magnetized flow of Carreau nanofluid over a stretchable curved surface. The investigation includes the impact of heat generation and activation energy, which are incorporated into the energy and concentration equations, respectively. The mathematical model of the boundary layer flow is formulated as a set of nonlinear partial differential equations using curvilinear coordinates. These equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations through the application of appropriate similarity variables. The resulting system is solved numerically by using the shooting method along with the Runge-Kutta technique. The accuracy of the numerical results is further verified by the Keller-box method, a finite difference technique. The obtained results are also checked by giving a comparison table with the published data in the literature. Furthermore, the convergence of the solutions is also checked by a convergent series method known as the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The study examines the influence of several key parameters, including the radius of curvature, Weissenberg number, Prandtl number, Lewis number, Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions parameters, Hartmann number, heat generation parameter, activation energy parameter, temperature difference parameter, chemical reaction parameter, and power law index. The effects of these parameters on momentum, temperature, concentration distributions, mass and heat transfer rates, and as well as the skin friction coefficient are examined through graphs and tables. Graphical observations declare that the velocity field diminishes against the rising values of the Hartmann number and Weissenberg number. However, the velocity profile rises with improved values of the radius of curvature parameter and power law index parameter. It is also noticed that the magnitude of the concentration field rises with growing values of the Brownian parameter, activation energy parameter and Lewis number, whereas it shows a decreasing manner against the enhanced values of the thermophoresis parameter and temperature difference parameter.

This research aims to presents the free convective flow power law fluid due to vertical cone. The investigation for observing the heat transfer phenomenon is accounted to heat generation and radiative effects. The assumption of variable viscosity is taken into account. A vertical cone induced the flow. The dimensionless variables are followed to attains the simplified form. The numerical computations are performed with help of famous finite element method (FEM). The FEM algorithm is supported with applications of quadratic Lagrange polynomials. The results are confirmed with peak accuracy. The physical aspect of problem is presented in view of shear thickening, shear thinning and viscous material case. A comparative thermal reflection in absence and presence of heat generation have been endorsed. Moreover, the insight of various parameters on Nusselt number is also presented.

AbstractOne of the functions of a brake system is to reduce or maintain the speed of a vehicle. The braking process generally converts kinetic energy into heat. While a direct contact brake system functions using friction, a non-contact brake system such as an eddy current brake (ECB) relies on eddy currents. As repeated braking increases the temperature of the brake components, it decreases performance and, in extreme cases, can result in brake failure. In an ECB system, heat typically accumulates in the conductor material used to generate the braking force. When a conductor material is repeatedly subjected to excessive heat, its properties change affecting braking performance. This has prompted to the use of liquid- and air-based cooling in ECB systems, both of which have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this present review extensively investigates the potential of using these refrigerants in various types of ECB systems.

The present study focuses on the physical significance of heat generation and chemical reaction on Carreau nanofluid with convective heat conditions. Heat transfer is characterized using convective boundary conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using well define stream functions and similarity transformations. Using a shooting methodology, the Keller-box method with Newton Raphson scheme is used to elaborate the numerical solutions of physical phenomena. Utilizing a similar technique to find the impact of physical parameter such as the production of heat δ, the rate of reaction Λ, Biot numbers γ, Brownian motion variable Nb, the thermophoresis parameters Nt, the Weissenberg quantity We, Prandtl number Pr, and Lewis number Le on velocity profile, temperature profile and mass transmission profile are determined graphically. The skin-friction coefficient −f″(0), local Nusselt −θ′(0), and Sherwood numbers −ϕ′(0) are analyzed numerically. Increment in fluid velocity and slip temperature are depicted with high Biot number. Maximum magnitude of fluid temperature and fluid concentration function are depicted at high value of temperature dependent density. The magnitude of heat and mass transportation enhanced with maximum choice of Brownian motion.

Nanofluids have significant industrial applications and motivating heat transfer characteristics for various factors that contribute to the movement of nanofluids are essential significance. The aim of the present study focused on importance of heat transfer analysis on engine oil conveying copper nano particles embedded in a porous rotating disk with potential application in aerospace technology. In this model we considered magnetohydrodynamics, non-linear thermal radiation, thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The present investigation utilized copper nanoparticle and engine oil as a base fluid. The mathematical flow equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing suitable self-similarity variables. The resultant ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the Midrich technique in the Maple software. The results are calculated to measure the impact of active parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration equations are presented graphically and in tabular form. Higher values of the magnetic field parameter the velocity profile decreased while the opposite tendency we noticed on energy profile. When increasing the radiation parameter values the energy profile increased. In both cases when increasing the magnetic field and radiation parameter values the Nusselt number profile increased. The research has important implications in a number of real-world situations. In particularly, the advancement of aircraft technology has presented manufacturers with new criteria and problems for the functioning of their devices. It is essential that, in order to guarantee the secure operation of aerospace machinery, the failure mechanisms be identified and the operational durability of critical structural components be improved as quickly as possible.

Significance of nanofluids cannot be overlooked because of their enhanced characteristics which play vibrant role in their thermal performance. These make them more effective for practical applications. Addition of multiple types of nanoparticles potentially affect the thermal conductivity of base fluid which directly contribute in the heat transfer mechanism. Hence, the current work deals with the study of tetra nanofluid model including the influence of different parameters. The results obtained through numerical approach and examined that the fluid motion enhanced at variable saddle/nodal regions and reverse variations examined for higher λ values. The inclusion of surface convection Bi=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 particles concentration from 0.04 to 0.16, heat generation factor (Q1=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0) and radiation effects (Rd=1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0) are observed reliable physical tools to enhance the heat performance of nanofluids which is advantageous from engineering as well as industrial point of view. Further, thermal boundary layer enlarges for Rd and reduced for Q1 and nanoparticles strength ϕi,i=1,2,3.

In this paper, the transient model of a high energy density Lithium-ion pouch battery cell is developed under dynamic conditions. The battery cell has a capacity of 73 Ah and volumetric energy density of 642 Wh L−1. This is one of the few studies included the electro-thermal behaviour of high energy density battery under transient conditions by using second ordered model. The transient model indicated that the state of charge (SOC) decreased by 7 % at the end of the WLTP driving cycle and this value is good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the developed model provides an accurate prediction of the terminal voltage with a R2 value of 0.99 and a maximum relative error of 2.0 %. Furthermore, the proposed model predicts the electro-thermal characteristics more precisely and the heat generation rate and the entropic term can also be determined without using measurement device. The calculated total heat emitted from battery is about 6W at 1 C-rate for constant current and the heat generation rate is a peak value of ±1.75 105 Wm−3 under dynamic conditions. By using the estimated heat generation rate, more effective cold plates will be designed for thermal management of high energy density battery cells.

We investigated the combined impact of convective boundary conditions, thermal conductivity, and magnetohydrodynamic on the flow of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid across the stratified surface. Furthermore, the ramifications of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and activation energy were considered. Heat generation, chemical reactions, mixed convection, thermal conductivity, and other elements were considered when analyzing heat transfer phenomena. The governing equations were converted via similarity transformations into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations in order to analyze the system. Using the shooting method, the problem's solution was determined. We showed the mathematical significance of the temperature, concentration profiles, and velocity of each fluid parameter. These profiles were thoroughly described and shown graphically. The findings demonstrated that as the Weissenberg number and magnetic number increased, the fluid velocity profile decreased. Higher heat generation and thermophoresis parameters resulted in an increase in the temperature profile. Higher Brownian motion and Schmidt parameter values resulted in a drop in the concentration profile. Tables were used to discuss the numerical values of skin friction ($ {C}_{fx} $), Nusselt number ($ {Nu}_{x} $), and Sherwood number ($ S{h}_{x} $). For the greater values of Weissenberg number and mixed convection parameters, skin friction numerical values fell while Nusselt numbers rose.

Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a robust joining technique, particularly for hybrid structures composed of similar or dissimilar alloys. The highly transient thermal responses during friction heating produce variations in heat generation and temperature distribution, which are crucial for designing and controlling the IFW process. This study establishes a finite element (FE) model of the IFW process for dissimilar superalloys and investigates the transition of the interfacial friction regime and its impact on the transient thermal responses. The in-process state variables, including the frictional stress and heat flux, along with their spatial distributions at the welding interface, are obtained through FE simulations. The predicted results indicate that the transient transition of the friction regime produces two Coulomb friction zones accompanied by a shear friction zone. To capture the transient evolution of the friction regime, a novel phenomenological formula is developed. This model accurately predicts the shrinkage and disappearance of the two Coulomb friction zones and the enhancement of the shear friction zone from the initial 0.42 R0–0.87 R0 (where R0 is the workpiece radius) to the entire interface during the IFW process. The variations in interfacial heat flux, frictional stress, and temperature caused by the transition of the friction regime are comprehensively analyzed. Our results reveal that the transition from the Coulomb friction regime to shear friction regime at the interface is beneficial for temperature homogenization at the welding interface. The FE simulation results are validated against published experimental measurements, which confirms the accuracy and reliability of the FE model.

The development of competition in the heat energy markets with main heating networks is possible on the basis of the organization of unilateral heat auctions between heat producers. A prerequisite for opening competition in the heat energy markets is the separation of heat generation and heat networks, as well as the provision of regulated access to heat networks for independent producers. In terms of time segmentation, it is advisable to introduce: annual auctions, where basic heat needs are being contracted; monthly auctions – for peak needs, and daily auctions – for hourly imbalances. The article proposes organizational and technological regulations for conducting annual heat auctions, which should cover 80–90% of heat needs. Heat auctions should function according to the declared pricing method, where the producers who are the auction winners receive income for the contracted volumes of heat generation at a given price, while consumers pay a single weighted average price. Heat auctions operate under centralized dispatching, which provides for the coordination of physical and commercial heat energy flows, taking into account the technical specifics of heat networks. The article substantiates variants of economic and mathematical models of auction pricing in the heat energy market with different configurations of heat networks. As such a configuration, are considered heating networks with: 1) unlimited flow connections; 2) insulated heat producers; 3) system restrictions on throughput capacities within the heating area; 4) one-way and 5) two-way flows between adjacent heating areas. Establishment of a fair price for heat energy is reduced to solving the function of minimizing the weighted average price of heat energy for consumers under the following conditions: a) full satisfaction of consumer demand for thermal energy; b) technical capabilities of heat generation; c) connections and throughput capacities of heating networks within the heating area; d) directions of flows and capacity between adjacent heating areas. Each heat network represents a unique configuration of these conditions, therefore, the solution of the economic and mathematical problem of setting the auction price for heat energy will be different in each local heat market. Approbation of the proposed approach proves that with a large number of regulatory and systemic restrictions within the heating area, the price of thermal energy will increase, while bilateral flows of thermal energy between adjacent heating areas lead to a decrease in the price of thermal energy. The proposed methodological aspects of auction pricing for thermal energy should be introduced in large and medium-sized settlements with trunk networks, which will allow independent heat producers who work on renewable energy sources or have excess and waste heat to integrate into the market, contributing to the decarbonization of the city and the country as a whole.

The Soret-Dufour characteristics elaborate the phenomena of cross-diffusion where solutal gradients yield heat flux (Dufour aspect) and thermal gradients engender mass flux (Soret effect). Such consideration finds significance in multi-component fluid systems, influencing both heat-mass transportation processes. This study evaluates the porous medium characteristics in convectively heated tangent-hyperbolic nanomaterial driven by a magnetized convected cone. The analysis features Buongiorno nanomaterial model which accounts Brownian motion together with thermophoresis. Thermal transport expression which reports heat transfer characteristics is modeled by considering thermal radiation, convective thermal conditions and heat generation while mass transfer considers the chemical reaction effects. Dimensional expressions are converted into dimensionless forms deploying similarity transformations ensuing in a set of ODEs (ordinary differential expressions) which are computed by deploying bvp4c algorithm. Graphical and tabular behavior of velocity, nanoparticles concentration and temperature fields is inspected corresponding to related variables. This research highlights key findings, revealing a decrease in Nusselt number with increasing heat generation, Dufour parameter and thermophoresis parameter values while opposite trends are verified for radiation parameter values. The velocity function declines for escalating Weissenberg number, magnetic field and permeability parameters but it upsurges with material and buoyancy parameters.

Masking has become one of the most effective approaches for securing hardware designs against side-channel attacks. Regardless of the effort put into correctly implementing masking schemes on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), leakage can be unexpectedly observed. This is due to the fact that the assumption underlying all masked designs, i.e., the leakages of different shares are independent of each other, may no longer hold in practice. In this regard, extreme temperatures have been shown to be an important factor in inducing leakage, even in correctlymasked designs. This has previously been verified using an external heat generator (i.e., a climate chamber). In this paper, we examine whether the leakage can be induced using the circuit components themselves without making any changes to the design. Specifically, we target masked neural networks (NNs) in FPGAs, one of the main building blocks of which is block random access memory (BRAM). In this respect, thanks to the inherent characteristics of NNs, our novel internal heat generators leverage solely the memories devoted to storing the user’s input, especially when frequently writing alternating patterns into BRAMs. The possibility of observing first-order leakage is evaluated by considering one of the most recent and successful first-order secure masked NNs, namely ModuloNET. ModuloNET is specifically designed for FPGAs, where BRAMs are used to store inputs and intermediate computations. Our experimental results demonstrate that undesirable first-order leakage can be observed and exploited by increasing the temperature when an alternating input is applied to the masked NN. To give a better understanding of the impact of extreme heat, we further perform a similar test on the design using an external heat generator, where a similar conclusion can be drawn.

This research delves into Maxwell fluid flow's intricate fluid dynamics, as well as heat-mass transfer features over a porous horizontal plate. The investigation encompasses magnetohydrodynamics, heat generation, radiation, chemical reactions, and the influence of activation energy. Furthermore, the study integrates slip conditions for temperature, velocity, and concentration gradients at the interface between the fluid and solid surfaces. After formulating the governing equation with the abovementioned parameters, the partial differential equations are changed into ordinary ones through a similarity revolution. The results of the bvp4c solver in MATLAB provide significant insights into how various physical parameters interact and influence the flow dynamics and heat-mass transfer characteristics. This research's primary aim and objective is to comprehensively compare plots generated for different parameters under both no-slip and slip conditions by considering fixed values as Q = 0-0.3, Sc = 1–4, Ec = 0–1, Pr = 1–4, σ = 0–2, E = 0.1-0.7, λ = 0–2. The primary discoveries of this study indicate that with an increase in the power index, there is a decline in the concentration profile. In contrast, an increase in the activation energy leads to an elevation in this profile. An important revelation from this research is the significant decrease observed in the concentration profile as the activation energy parameter is raised.

This study encapsulated the research methodology utilized in the flow behaviors of Williamson nanofluid and analyzed the associated mass heat transfer. The study concentrated on examining the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of nanofluids in the presence of heat generation effects and the inclusion of dissipative energy on a vertical nonlinear stretching surface submerged within a Darcy porous medium. The rationale for including variable viscosity and variable conductivity in this research was to precisely evaluate the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer, particularly with regard to the fluctuations in fluid properties. The objective was to enhance the understanding of how these varying properties impact the overall heat and mass transfer processes. The initial formulation of the phenomenon, initially presented as partial differential equations, was transformed into ordinary differential equations by employing appropriate dimensionless variables. The ultimate streamlined version of the model was then numerically solved utilizing the shooting method. By employing the numerical shooting method, we portrayed nanofluid patterns in velocity, temperature, and concentration fields, alongside essential parameters such as skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number. The significant key findings highlighted that both the porous parameter and the magnetic number increasingly affected temperature and concentration distributions. Additionally, increasing the thermophoresis parameter resulted in higher concentration and corresponding temperature levels. Graphical presentation and physical explanations were used for analysis, and the study's outcomes were compared to existing literature, affirming a strong agreement that validated the solutions.

Abstract Background Dental implants can cause complications, including the loosening of the abutment screw or fracture. However, there is no standardized technique for removing broken abutment screws. This necessitates further research. Objective This study aimed to measure heat generation during screw removal to better understand its implications for dental implant procedures. Material and methods The experimental setup involved using synthetic bone blocks and titanium implants. An ultrasonically operated instrument tip was utilized for screw removal. Infrared thermometry was employed for accurate temperature measurement, considering factors such as emissivity and distance. Statistical analysis using linear regression and ANOVA was conducted. Results The findings revealed an initial rapid temperature increase during the removal process, followed by a gradual decrease. The regression model demonstrated a strong correlation between time and temperature, indicating the heat generation pattern. Conclusion Heat generation during screw removal poses risks such as tissue damage and integration issues. Clinicians should minimize heat risks through an intermittent approach. The lack of a standardized technique requires further research and caution. Understanding the generated heat optimizes implant procedures.

In this paper, the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation scheme is used to develop a neural network model for the examination of the fluid flow on a magnetized flat surface with slip boundaries. The tangent hyperbolic fluid is considered along with heat generation, velocity, and thermal slip effects at the surface. The problem is modelled in terms of a non-linear differential system and Lie symmetry is used to get the scaling group of transformation. The order reduction of differential equations is done by using Lie transformation. The reduced system is solved by the shooting method. The surface quantity, namely skin friction, is evaluated at the surface for the absence and presence of an externally applied magnetic field. A total of 88 sample values are estimated for developing an artificial neural network model to predict skin friction coefficient (SFC). Weissenberg number, magnetic field parameter, and power law index are considered three inputs in the first layer, while 10 neurons are taken in the hidden layer. 62 (70%), 13 (15%), and 13 (15%) samples are used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation is used to train the network by entertaining the random 62 sample values. Both mean square error and regression analysis are used to check the performance of the developed neural networking model. The SFC is noticed to be high at a magnetized surface for power law index and Weissenberg number.

Due to its improved capacity compared to graphite, silicon is a promising candidate to handle the demands of high-energy batteries. With the introduction of new materials, further aspects of the battery system must be reconsidered. One of those aspects is the heat generation during the charging and discharging of a cell, which delivers important information for the development of cooling systems, the battery management system and the overall performance of the cell. Since the reversible heat presents an important contribution to the overall heat generation during cycling, the entropy coefficient is the main value that needs to be determined. This study evaluates the entropy coefficient of custom-produced 2032 coin half-cells with lithium counter electrodes, containing 45 wt% nanosilicon and 45 wt% carbon black. The potentiometric method, utilizing VR and self-discharge curves, produced reliable results, yielding entropy coefficient values between 95% SoC and 10% SoC during delithiation. These values of the entropy coefficient are consistently negative. Furthermore, ICA measurements identified two phase transitions during delithiation, with these transitions shifting to lower SoC as SoH decreases, impacting the slope of the entropy coefficient.

This work presents an enhanced thermal modeling for dry-type three-phase transformers, addressing the heat exchange mechanisms through conduction, radiation, and convection. Additionally, an equivalent thermal network is proposed to analyze the thermal behavior of these transformers. The thermal model includes several improvements, such as the differentiated representation of the core and windings through different nodes, and the consideration of primary and secondary windings as distinct nodes. Furthermore, the effects of convection and radiation in the inner areas of the core windows are accounted for, providing higher accuracy to the model. This modeling allows for a detailed analysis of the transformer under unbalanced load conditions, considering the complete geometry of the equipment. The results demonstrated that even with just a 5% load imbalance, there was a change in the hot spot temperature (HST). Moreover, the evaluation of temperatures in the coils, both internal and external to the core windows, revealed variations of up to 7 °C in the analyzed load unbalance scenarios. The study also highlighted that the phase of the harmonic component has an impact on the final equipment temperature. Additionally, the overvoltage and overload analyses showed that voltage has a greater impact on increasing the average core temperature, while overload mainly affects the winding temperature. Another relevant finding is that the internal coils near the core windows are most vulnerable to temperature rise when subjected to overload.

This study investigates the dynamic behavior of natural ester-based ferrous oxide (Fe3O4) nanofluid flow around an unsteady contracting cylinder under the influence of a magnetic field, heat generation, and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. The governing equations for the flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions are solved numerically using appropriate mathematical models. The bvp4c built-in MATLAB package is applied to address the complexity of the problem. The effects of magnetic field, heat generation, and reactive chemistry on the flow field, temperature distribution, and species concentration profiles are analysed comprehensively. As part of the validation process, we validate the reliability of our findings by comparing them to established benchmarks. Motivated by the increasing interest in environmentally friendly and sustainable fluid mediums, natural esters are chosen as the base fluid due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and excellent insulating properties. This research aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing processes involving nanofluid flow in magnetohydrodynamic systems with reactive heat generation, utilizing natural esters as a promising alternative to conventional fluids. Insights gained from this study offer potential applications in various engineering and industrial contexts, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly technologies.

This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the creep behavior of a thick-walled cylinder subjected to thermomechanical loads with internal heat generation under various boundary conditions. The cylinder is subjected to internal pressure with the incoming heat flux in the inner layer and the outgoing heat flux from the outer layer accompanied by heat generation. The displacement field follows the kinematics of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Simultaneously, the temperature field is treated as two-dimensional, exhibiting variations both along the thickness and the length of the cylinder, with a linear temperature gradient across the cylinder's thickness. Using the energy method, the equilibrium equations and general boundary conditions are derived for the cylinder. Norton's model is incorporated into rate forms of the above-mentioned equations to obtain time-dependent stress and strain results using an iterative method. The redistribution, displacements, strains and stresses over time have been obtained by the semi-analytical iteration method. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method in addressing axisymmetric cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions and thermo-mechanical loading is demonstrated. A parametric study on the creep behavior has also been carried out which reveals critical insights. Notably, the study demonstrates that effective stress and radial displacement during creep can be effectively managed by optimizing the external cooling profile or the internal heating profile. Furthermore, the investigation reveals that the presence of a heat source markedly influences the effective stress and displacement within structure, highlighting the interplay between thermal and mechanical factors in determining the structural integrity. To validate the findings of this study, the finite element method was employed, with the results indicating good agreement between the two approaches.

Hybrid nanoparticles, which are nanoparticles composed of multiple materials or phases, find applications in various fields due to their unique properties resulting from the combination of different materials. In such fluids, viscosity changes significantly in response to alterations in temperature or pressure. For example, these fluids become less viscous as they are heated and more viscous as they are cooled. Similarly, in certain situations, the application of a temperature variation can cause a change in viscosity. This property is commonly observed in materials like polymers and some oils. The article aims to investigate the heat transfer and flow behavior of fluid from an elastic sheet of hybrid nanoparticles, considering the temperature-dependent variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. The obtained equations for the mathematical model are partial differential equations converted to ODEs by applying a suitable similarity transformation. The findings show that the magnetic field opposes fluid motion. Our main findings are that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid significantly increased its heat conductivity. This improvement has great potential for uses requiring effective heat transmission, especially in engineering systems where heat dissipation plays a crucial role. The study also reveals the complex relationships that influence thermal conductivity, including slip boundary effects, viscosity fluctuations, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and porous media dynamics. Understanding these interactions is critical for optimizing heat transport processes in porous media applications. Comprehending these interplays is essential for refining heat transport mechanisms in applications involving porous media. The graphical representations are used to explain the physical behavior of various model parameters. Previous outcomes are also contrasted with the current ones. The findings show that the magnetic field opposes fluid motion.We range the subsequent list of values for parameters in every graph unless indicated accordingly.ϵ=0.1,Pr=2,M=0.5,R=0.2,K=5,fw=0.1,s=0.1 ,λ=1,φ1=0.02,φ2=0.04.

The current study is inspired to investigate the influences of essential flow dynamics including magnetic field, variable dynamic viscosity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, porous medium dissipation, heat source, thermal radiation, and convective heating on the mixed convection flow of Eyring-Powell Cu − water nanofluid trough an inclined microchannel in the presence of Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. The governing mathematical model equations are formulated, converted into dimensionless and thereafter solved numerically in the MATLAB software via Bvp4c-package. The influences of the embedded dimensionless parameters on heat transfer behaviours and entropy generations are displayed trough graphs as well as their physical interpretations are discussed in detail. Consequently, it is revealed that the performance of microchannel thermal system is improved by factors such as injection/suction of fluids, Eyring-Powell fluid, magnetic field, non-Darcy porous medium, Cu − nanoparticles, thermal radiation and convective heating. The drag coefficient and Nusselt number augment with viscous dissipation, variable dynamic viscosity, Darcy porous medium, angle of inclination, Prandtl number and heat source. Moreover, the Nusselt number at around the left and right walls vicinity shows an opposite behaviour with escalating values of the Biot number and thus convective transfer of heat around the microchannel walls is remarkably important. Furthermore, the minimization of net entropy generation rate is achieved with Eyring-Powell fluid, magnetic field, Cu − nanoparticles, thermal radiation and convective heating but it escalates with variable dynamic viscosity, viscous dissipation, angle of inclination, heat source and Prandtl number. Indeed, the irreversibility due to the robust influence of porous medium shows dual behaviours on the net entropy generation rate. Finally, the numerical results are also validated by comparing with the results of already existing literatures and hence, a sounding agreement is attained.

The main goal of present research is to illustrate the frequency and amplitude behavior of heat and mass transfer of Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid flow with Arrhenius activation energy and thermal radiation effects. The impact of heat generation and chemical reaction on Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid along vertical porous cone is investigated to improve heating durability of thermodynamic systems in this research. The governing mathematical model is moderated in suitable format to construct physical coefficients. The oscillating stokes and primitive coefficients are used to differentiate the model into oscillating and steady forms. The Gaussian elimination and implicit finite difference techniques are used to address the numerical findings. To construct pertinent algorithm in FORTRAN system, the primitive-type variables are used on steady and oscillating models with first law of thermodynamics, nanoparticles and heat generation. The results under defined conditions are reported in numerical and graphical sequence through Tec-plot 360. It is found that the amplitude of surface temperature increases as heat generation increases because heat generation improves the excessive thermal transport. It is depicted that the Darcy-Forchheimer porous material decreases the fluid temperature. It is found that amplitude of mass transfer increases as activation energy and chemical reaction coefficient increases. The oscillating frequency of heat and mass transfer increases as Prandtl number increases. The current mechanism of mass and heat transfer of nanofluid has several uses in mineralogy, cutting tools, lubricating oils, machining operations, heat exchangers, coating sheets, petroleum drilling and cooling of metallic cones.

The thermal case study is conducted by using artificial intelligence to examine the heat transfer traits in Williamson fluid flow with heat source and thermal slip effects. The thermal flow field interacts with the externally applied magnetic field and velocity slip is additionally considered at the surface. The flow is formulated in terms of energy and momentum equations. All inputs (Prandtl number, magnetic field, thermal slip, and Weissenberg number) are represented in a 4 × 72 matrix and the 72 samples of Nusselt number are represented by a 1 × 72 matrix. The samples are randomly divided into three stages: 70%(50) for training, and 15%(11) each for validation and testing. The number of neurons is set to ten. To train the neural networking model, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is employed. The best validation performance is noticed 5.9676e-08. This indicates that the neural network was successfully trained to predict NN at a magnetized surface. For heat generation and thermal slip parameters, the magnitude of Williamson fluid temperature is higher for the non-magnetic flow field. Further, the Nusselt number admits a declining trend for temperature slip, magnetic parameters, and Weissenberg number while it shows inciting values for the Prandtl number.

AbstractEffects of heat generation, chemical reaction and activation energy on Marangoni flow, heat and mass transfer over a circular porous surface are investigated. The problem has been formulated in the form of the nonlinear system of PDEs, which are changed to the dimensionless set of ODEs using the similarity replacement. The problem is solved numerically by a method named Legendre–Galerkin. The influences of the different parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration are discussed and analysed. The local skin friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number are also computed and investigated for different embedded parameters in the problem statements.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the heat generation on yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) crowns during polishing with coarse and fine polishing systems at various speeds. Materials and Methods Two polishers (coarse and fine) at three polishing speeds were investigated. Two simulation models of the first mandibular molars were prepared for full coverage Y‐TZP restorations with different reduction dimensions. Preheated water was pumped into the abutment chamber, to simulate the intrapulpal temperature and blood flow. Twelve Y‐TZP crowns (3M™ Lava™ Esthetic) were milled for each prepared tooth abutment and each cusp (n = 10) was individually ground for 30 s and polished for 2 min. Thermocouple wire was secured to the intaglio surface of the crown and linked to a data logger for recording temperature changes. Selected scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the treated surfaces and polishers were analyzed. The data was statistically analyzed using Prism 9. Results The highest temperature rise was observed in the 20,000 RPM polishing speed groups for both coarse and fine polishing, and higher than the threshold value of 5.5°C for pulp damage. The Kruskal–Wallis test, revealed statistically significant differences (p

In high-speed machine tools, the friction heat of bearings will cause the deformation of the rolling body and the "burning shaft", which will reduce the fatigue life of bearings and affect the normal operation of equipment. Taking high-speed angular contact ball bearing 7003C as an example, based on the quasi-static analysis of high-speed angular contact ball bearings, the force analysis of the bearing is carried out, and the friction power calculation model of the bearing is established by using the local method. Based on the heat transfer theory, the heat transfer model of the bearing system is established. The temperature rise model of the bearing system is established and simulated by using the finite element software, and the effects of rotational speed, axial force and lubricating oil temperature on the temperature rise of the bearing system are analyzed. Finally, the temperature rise test is designed and compared with the theoretical simulation. The results show that the temperature rise of the bearing system increases with the increase of the bearing speed and the axial force, and the temperature rise is the highest at the steel ball, followed by the inner ring, and finally the outer ring. Lubricating oil temperature plays an important role in bearing system temperature changes. The maximum error rate between the test results and the simulation results is 11.66%, which verifies the rationality of the theoretical calculation and the model simulation, and provides some reference value for the study of bearing fatigue life.

Development of a reasonable constitutive equation is critical to realize accurate numerical prediction of ultrasonic vibration-assisted friction stir welding (UVaFSW) of dissimilar Al/Mg alloys and deepen the understanding of the synchronous interaction between the ultrasonic vibration exerted on the tool and the tool induced thermo-mechanical behavior. Considering the thermal activation and dislocation evolution mechanisms, the calculation method of acoustic stress work based on the change of dislocation strain energy is redefined, and a modified acoustic-plastic constitutive equation is developed. The modified constitutive equation was applied to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model combined with the volume of fluid (VOF) method and quantitative analysis was conducted on the acoustic effects on heat generation, material flow and intermixing in UVaFSW of Al/Mg alloys. The results indicate that the exerted ultrasonic vibration has a little effect on the total heat due to the multiple effects of acoustic softening, acoustic antifriction and additional acoustic heat, but can promote the material flow around the tool and expand the material intermixed region. The experimental research validates the calculated results, and it is indicated that the flow stress and temperature field calculated by the improved constitutive equation have higher accuracy in UVaFSW of Al/Mg alloys.

By following the statistics, over the last few years, the use of Artificial Intelligence conjectured with mathematical models has increased abundantly for physical problems having thermal engineering standpoints. Owning to such importance, we offer Levenberg-Marquadt-based neural networking modeling of non-Newtonian fluid flow at a flat heat-generating surface with thermal and velocity slip effects. A tangent hyperbolic fluid (THF) is considered with the transfer of heat and mass. Heat absorption and generation aspects are carried out by using an energy equation. The equations are reduced by Lie symmetry analysis and solved by shooting. The neural networking model is constructed by using 91 sample values of inputs namely power law index, Weissenberg number, heat generation parameter, and Prandtl number. 63 (70%) for training, while validation, and testing holds 14 (15%), and 14 (15%) respectively. To train the model, the Levenberg-Marquadt backpropagation technique is utilized. Regression analysis enables a satisfactory correlation between the targeted and output values of the non-magnetic Nusselt number on a flat surface for training, validation, and testing. Following the ANN results, the non-magnetic Nusselt number is found to be an increasing function of the Prandtl number, but the opposite is true for the Weissenberg number, and heat production parameter.

The formulation of heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluid models remains a topic of great interest for researchers. The ultimate flow differential equations in this direction are non-linear and hence difficult to solve analytically. Therefore, we offer state of the art determination of film effectiveness (heat transfer coefficient) by using artificial intelligence (AI). To be more specific, the Carreau fluid model is formulated at a flat surface along with thermal slip, heat generation, velocity slip, chemical reaction, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects. The developed equations are reduced by the application of the Lie symmetry approach and solved by the shooting method. The artificial neural networking model is built by using 132 sample values of the Nusselt number (NN) as an output. Porosity parameter, Prandtl number, magnetic field parameter, and heat production parameter are all inputs. 92 (70 %) is designated for training, whereas 20 (15 %) is designated for validation and testing. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the neural network. The constructed artificial neural networking (ANN) is best to predict the NN at a flat surface. It is observed that for large Prandtl numbers, the magnitude of the Nusselt number is greater for porous surface, but the converse is true for magnetic field parameter.

Examining the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids in natural environments like rivers and groundwater flow is essential for evaluating their environmental impact. The Soret and Dufour impacts significantly influence the transportation of contaminants and heat within these systems. With this application in mind, this study investigates the impacts of steady-state Soret/Dufour and radiation on a porous perpendicular plate in the context of the Maxwell fluid model. Additionally, the study considers the impact of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and heat generation to provide a comprehensive modeling framework. The similarity technique is employed to transform the partial differential equations (PDEs) into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These ODEs are subsequently solved numerically using the inbuilt software bvp4c in MATLAB. The study presents graphical representations of Sherwood, skin friction, Nusselt number profiles, momentum, temperature, and concentration contours. These visual representations and tables illustrate the results for various fluid flow parameters, highlighting the influence of different flow characteristics. Key findings of this research include a rise in Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and skin friction with higher radiation values. Furthermore, there is an observed increase in temperature and concentration profiles as the Soret parameter value rises, indicating the significant impact of these parameters on the studied phenomena.

In this study, the steady 2D flow of micropolar fluid via a vertical surface is taken into account. The magnetohydrodynamics applied normally to the flow direction at a vertical surface in the presence of temperature-dependent attributes. The effect of the chemical reaction under the generalized Fourier–Fick law is considered to investigate the heat transference rate at the vertical sheet. Under the flow assumptions, the boundary layer approximations were applied to the nonlinear differential equations and partial differential equations were obtained. The use of similarity modifications allows for a reduction in the number of partial differential equations. The resulting ordinary differential equations are then resolved numerically using a technique known as the homotopy analysis method. The results reveal that microparticle suspensions have a significant impact on the flowing domain when varied fluid characteristics are utilized. The effect of potential factors on flow, micro-rotation velocities, temperature, drag force factor, and heat transport rate is investigated. The obtained results show that the velocity profile and micropolar function increase for larger values of micropolar parameters. Drag force effects are also seen, and required outcomes are observed to be in outstanding accord with the available literature. Significant results of this work were toward the velocity function, which gets reduced with increasing magnetic field parameter values, but the velocity function enhances for higher values of β\beta and λ\lambda . On temperature distribution, it decreased for higher values of ϵ1{{\epsilon }}_{1} and temperature profile declines due to higher values of Pr\text{Pr}, γ2{\gamma }_{2} and γ1{\gamma }_{1} or both cases of δ>0\delta \gt 0 and δ

The three-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluid over slendering stretching sheet is taken into account. The effects of a radiative and chemical reaction using the heat source/sink non uniformly considered in the present model. The Buongiorno model is applied to the fluid flow region. The heat and mass transfer phenomena have been applied to analyze the influence of heat generation. The governing model has been developed using the flow assumptions such as boundary layer approximations in terms of partial differential equations. The differential equations become dimensionless after implementing the transformations. The dimensionless system is further solved through a numerical scheme using the Matlab Software packages. The results of physical factors are deliberated through graphs as well as tables. The temperature curves improved due to higher values of heat generation. The heat generation improved due to the kinetic energy increase as well as the movement of particles enhanced due to the temperature increase. Curves of the temperature improved due to higher values of radiation. When the radiation falls on the fluid surface, it improved the temperature of the liquid because hot particles strike the cool particles of fluid which improved the temperature of the liquid.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely employed welding process, in which advancing and rotational speeds consitute critical parameters shaping the welding outcome and affecting the temperature evolution. This work develops an experimental methodology to identify optimal FSW parameters based on real-time temperature measurement via a thermocouple integrated within the tool. Different rotational and welding speeds were tested on AA5083-H111 and AA6082-T6. Our results underscore the importance of attaining a minimum temperature threshold, specifically 0.65 times the solidus temperature, to ensure high-quality welds are reached. The latter are defined by combining temperature measurements with joint quality information obtained from cross-sectional views. Our research contributes to advancing the efficiency and effectiveness of friction stir welding in industrial settings. Furthermore, our findings suggest broad implications for the manufacturing industry, offering practical insights for enhancing weld quality and process optimization.

In most industries that generate consumer products the main source of electrical energy comes from burning wood or fossil fuels in boilers. However, the use of these non-renewable fuels poses a huge problem for the current energy matrix and for the environment, which makes new alternatives necessary for a more environmentally friendly scenario. In view of this, our study evaluated the application of brewers’ spent grains (BSG) as an alternative biomass for energy generation in an industrial cogeneration system. For this, different blends of BSG and eucalyptus wood chips were used for steam generation. In addition, the effect of two different dehydration conditions on the drying kinetics of BSG were evaluated. The BSG presented an initial moisture content of 77.68%, 0.52% ash, mean particle size of 0.28 mm, density of 113 kg m–3, and lower calorific value of 17.84 MJ kg–1, making it suitable for energy recovery in a cogeneration system. Outdoor drying under external conditions can be applied to remove the moisture content from BSG, which is a low-cost strategy for further application in the drying process. From the biomass blends, the use of 80% BSG and 20% wood chips promoted better characteristics for application as fuel in a cogeneration system. The use of BSG promoted a reduction in the use of wood chips as fuel and generated a savings of approximately 9 thousand USD annually for the simulated system (80% BSG and 20% wood chips), a reduction of 82% of the cost, when comparing with a system using only wood chips. Therefore, the biomass by-product generated from beer production can be used to produce renewable energy in a cogeneration system, replacing the use of wood chips. The waste-to-energy strategy evaluated in this study can be a promising alternative for a circular economy transition, reducing the waste generated in breweries and promoting the recovery of renewable energy that can be applied in situ, making the entire industrial system become a biorefinery, using its main waste as biofuel to generate clean energy, promoting an energy transition to an increasingly cleaner energetical matrix.

Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) via soft computing procedures have attracted the attention of researchers due to their effective modeling, simulation procedures, and detailed analysis. In this article, the designing of intelligence computing through a neural network that is backpropagated with the Levenberg-Marquardt method (NN-BLMM) to study the Cattaneo-Christov heat flow model at the mixed impulse stagnation point (CCHFM-MISP) past a Riga plate is investigated. The original model CCHFM-MISP in terms of PDEs is converted into non-linear ODEs through suitable similarity variables. A data set is generated for all scenarios of CCHFM-MISP through Lobatto IIIA numerical solver by varying Hartman number, velocity ratio parameter, inverse Darcy number, mixed impulse variable, non-dimensional constraint, Eckert number, heat generation variable, Prandtl number, thermal relaxation variable. To find the physical impacts of parameters of interest associated with the presented fluidic system CCHFM-MISP, the approximate solution of NN-BLMM is carried out by performing training (80 %), testing (10 %), and validation (10 %), and then the results are equated with the reference data to ensure the perfection of the proposed model. Through MSE, state transition, error histogram, and regression analysis, the outcomes of NN-BLMM are presented and analyzed. The graphical illustration and numerical outcomes confirm the authentication and effectiveness of the solver. Moreover, mean square errors for validation, training and testing data points along with performance measures lie around 10−10 and the solution plots generated through deterministic (Lobatto IIIA) approach and stochastic numerical solver are matching up to 10−6, which surely validate the solver NN-BLMM. The outcomes of M and B on velocity present the similar impacts. The velocity of material particles decreases under Da while, it increases through velocity ratio and magnetic parameters.

In this study, steady and incompressible MHD movement of a viscous nanofluid past a non-linear stretching plate has been investigated mathematically by considering heat generation. Blood is employed as the base fluid. Mathematical modeling and analysis are attended in the presence of the permeable medium. Specifically, influences of porosity and heat generation are explored. Numerical solution of the enlisted mathematical model is carried out via an in-built bvp4c tool of MATLAB software. Impact of various parameters associated with the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is reported through graphical depicturation and scrutinized thoroughly. Computed outcomes demonstrated that the increment in the porous media parameter caused a reduction in the velocity profile, while converse outcomes were sighted for the temperature and mass distribution. Temperature profile shows a boost with an increase in heat generation parameter whereas concentration profile indicates a non-monotonic behavior. Analogy between the results obtained in this study and already published work has been established. Thus, by adjusting the controlling parameters, the heating/cooling mechanism can be created. This will help the engineers in designing the application that needs high-temperature processing operations.

In this paper, the stagnation point and boundary layer flow of two-dimension Williamson fluid flow near a stretching cylinder along porous medium is examined. The transference analysis of mass and heat in the occurrence of thermal radiation, heat absorption and activation energy are investigated. The double stratification is implemented to analyze its impact on the thermal and solutal fields. The main leading equations are solved by applying the boundary layer approximation. By assuming the similarity variables, the main equations of the Williamson fluid are transformed into ordinary differential equations. In order to solve numerical solutions, a well-known numerical technique is adopted on MATLAB software namely ‘Bvp4c’. The fluid's velocity experiences an increment with changes in the buoyancy parameter, curvature parameter and the Williamson fluid coefficient, whereas the velocity distribution diminishes due to variations in the porosity parameter, stretching parameter and Forchheimer number. The temperature in a given region decreases due to the influence of both the Prandtl number and curvature parameter. The fluid temperature exhibits incrementing outputs in the presence of changes in the curvature parameter, thermal stratification parameter and heat generation. The solutal stratification parameter, temperature difference parameter and Schmidt number lead to a reduction in the fluid concentration. The concentration profile increases under the influence of curvature parameter. The validation of numerical finding is also included here which show similar trend with published work.

In this analysis, we considered the steady flow of Jeffrey's fluid over an exponential stretching Riga curved surface. The impacts of Soret and Dufour are considered in the present analysis. Using the above assumptions, we developed the mathematical model in differential form (PDEs) using boundary layer approximations. The differential model (PDEs) is converted into a dimensionless system (ODEs) by implementing suitable transformations. The dimensionless system of differential equations is solved through the numerical technique bvp4c in Matlab software packages. The effects of governing physical parameters involving in the mathematical model have been presented in tabular and graphical form. Velocity function reported lesser values due to boosting values of modified Hartmann number. The velocity curves boosted due to improving values of curvature. The surface turn out to be flat, so momentum thickness gradually reduced.

Background: Lateral heat propagation has been an unavoidable effect of bipolar sealing with the risk of damage to surrounding structures. It is presently unknown whether leaving the perivascular tissue in situ may be advantageous in the sense of an isolation effect. Material and methods: Two groups were formed from ex vivo carotid specimens. Group A (n = 10) consisted of carotid artery with the perivascular connective tissue in place (mean preparation diameter: 10.57 ± 0.16 mm) and group B (n = 10) of skeletonized carotids (mean vessel diameter: 5.21 ± 0.12 mm). All specimens were fixed on a plastic plate and mounted vertically in a holder. Sealing was performed perpendicular to the axis of the specimens. The temperature during the sealing process was recorded by a thermal camera. Group comparison was performed by a nonparametric test and significance was set at p

The research introduces a novel aspect by focusing on the examination of a Casson nanofluid flowing over a nonlinear stretching sheet within a porous medium. The primary aim of this study is to explore the heat-mass transfer phenomena in this particular scenario. Notably, the Casson fluid employed in this investigation contains nanoparticles and is subjected to the effect of a constant magnetic field (MF). Furthermore, the study takes into consideration the effects of slip in velocity, concentration, and temperature on the flow of nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching surface. The research takes into account heat generation and viscous dissipation, and it solves the descriptive equations using similarity transformations and the finite difference approach. Heat generation and viscous dissipation play a crucial role in influencing the heat transfer process. The study illustrates and examines the effects of several parameters on the profiles of velocity, concentration and temperature. For various incorporated factors indicated in the provided problem statements, the Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficient are analyzed and evaluated. Temperature augmentation occurs when the heat-generating parameter is increased. Variable thermal conductivity and temperature are directly correlated, as well. Furthermore, by contrasting the acquired results with published findings in a particular limited case, the accuracy of the current technique is shown. The notable results reveal that as the magnetic number, porous parameter, and stretching parameter increase, there is a decrease in both heat-mass transfer rates.