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The first records of Parmelia ernstiae from Madeira, as well as the new localities of P. encryptata from Poland and P. sulcata from Chile, are presented. All records are confirmed by molecular data, BLAST search, and haplotype network analysis of the nucITS rDNA sequences. The discussion on the morphology and secondary chemistry of all three species is provided with notes on their distribution and similar taxa. Parmelia encryptata is a rarely reported cryptic species that is morphologically indistinguishable from P. sulcata , and its identification requires molecular data. New localities of P. encryptata from northern Poland suggest that the taxon may be widespread in the country and not confined to large forests but also present in open areas on free-standing trees. Moreover, a new nucITS rDNA haplotype of the species is reported. Parmelia ernstiae is a near-cryptic species, morphologically and chemically very similar to P. saxatilis and P. serrana . Two specimens of the species from Madeira have sublinear lobes with marginal and laminal isidia, unlike most specimens of P. ernstiae, having short, broad lobes with laminal isidia, and thus are morphologically closer to P. saxatilis in lobe shape and to P. serrana in placement of isidia. However, the BLAST search and haplotype analysis of nucITS rDNA sequences placed these specimens in P. ernstiae . Parmelia sulcata , a common species in the Northern Hemisphere, is rare elsewhere, and only two records confirmed by molecular data were known from South America. The nucITS rDNA haplotype of two new and two previous records of the species represent the most common haplotype of the species known from the Northern Hemisphere.

AbstractAcarosporaceae is a crustose lichen and is known as a species that has more than 50 multi-spores, and has hyaline spores. Those taxa are often found in rock and soil in mountain areas or coastal regions in Korea, and very diverse forms and species are known. However, after an overall genetic phylogenetic analysis of carbonized ascomata in 2015, species consisting only of the morphological base are newly divided, and several species of Acarosporaceae in Korea are also being discovered in this situation. As a result of analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuLSU gene analysis, Korean species belonged to Acarospora and Sarcogyne clade, and Acarospora classified as the Acarospora clade was mixed with the Polysporina group and the Sarcogyne clade is mixed with the Acarospora. We identified two new species (Acarospora beangnokdamensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov., Sarcogyne jejuensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov.) through morphological, molecular, and secondary metabolite substance and found one new record (Sarcogyne oceanica K. Knudsen & Kocourk). We have made a classification key for Acarospora and Sarcogyne in Korea and reported all information together here.

AbstractLecanora is one of the largest genera of lichens worldwide. These lichens can be easily seen, and are commonly found on trees and rocks. Most Korean Lecanora species belong to the Lecanora subfusca group, which has well-defined superficial thallus, red–brown apothecia, and soredia. The new species of L. neobarkmaniana grows on rocks, farinose soredia coalescing, usually covering the whole thallus, and containing atranorin and zeorin. We used internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequence data to identify the phylogenetic relationship across Lecanora sequence data and found the species to form different clades. In this study, we reported some interesting findings and described the genetic relationship with other sorediate Lecanora species and the characteristics of the new species. An identification key for the Korean sorediate Lecanora species is given.

Two new species, Thelopsis ullungdoensis and Phylloblastia gyeongsangbukensis are described from Ullung-Do (Island), South Korea. The closest relatives from Europe and Korea are epiphytic Thelopsis flaveola which differs by their immersed or semi-immersed yellow ascomata, ascospores without halo and their habitat of smooth bark (mainly Fagus) in humid and cold climates. Thelopsis gangwondoensis differs by its bigger semi-immersed ascomata (600–700 µm in diam.), oblong halonate ascospores (8–12 × 6–8 µm) and its habitat of smooth bark of deciduous trees. P. gyeongsangbukensis differs from its relatives within the genus in having 5-septate ascospores (22–26 × 6–8 µm), semi-immersed, subglobose ascomata with a flattened top (250–400 µm) and a thin, matt, uneven gray-brown to gray-green continuous thallus without isidia.

In terms of lichens, Salair region is the least studied area of Altaisky krai, with as few as five species being reported from the territory, whereas Salair Range within Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions was well investigated lichenologically. The first data on lichens of Salair province in Altaisky krai are presented: ninety six mostly corticolous and lignicolous lichen species and two non-lichenized fungi traditionally treated with lichens (Phaeocalicium polyporaeum и Schizoxylon albescens) are recorded from Abies sibirica – Populus tremula tall grass forests of Zalesovsky Reserve. Among them, Acrocordia cavata and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum are new records for Siberia. Fuscidea pusilla and Bacidina delicata are new for South and West Siberia respectively. Eighteen species are new for Altaisky krai: Absconditella delutula, Arthonia apatetica, Bacidia circumspecta, B. igniarii, B. incompta, B. polychroa, B. subincompta, Biatora efflorescens, Calicium denigratum, Melanelixia fuliginosa ssp. glabratula, Micarea lignaria, Mycobilimbia epixanthoides, Pertusaria hemisphaerica, P. leioplaca, Placynthiella dasaea, Pseudoschismatomma rufescens, Rinodina efflorescens, and Xanthomendoza fulva. Most recorded species are epiphytes, because the ground is almost completely covered by vegetation dominated by tall grasses and forbs; stones were not found. “Calicioid lichens” – three Calicium and four Chaenotheca species, which are well-known as markers of ecological continuity in forest communities, are relatively diverse and abundant. Several other species, e. g. Absconditella delutula, Acrocordia cavata, Arthonia apatetica, Bacidia spp., Collema furfuraceum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Ramalina spp. are also characteristic for old-growth biologically valuable forests in Altaisky krai. One species – Lobaria pulmonaria – is included in the Red Data Book of Russia, and another species – Ramalina roesleri – in the Red Data Book of Altaisky krai. It is strongly recommended to maintain the special protection regime and exclude felling of the forest in Zalesovsky reserve.

The paper presents a descriplion, figures and locations of the species Epigloca pleispora, E. bactrospora and E. soleifomis, new to Poland, found on the shores of lakes in the Tuchola Forests (Bory Tucholskie) region (NW Poland).

São apresentados 25 novos registros para o Estado (toponímia) de Alagoas, sendo uma espécie novo registro para a região Nordeste e quatro outras novas ocorrências para o Brasil. Uma lista com todas as espécies atualmente conhecidas para o semi-árido de Alagoas é apresentada. As amostras foram coletadas na região do Município de São José da Tapera, estado de Alagoas, onde ocorre uma rica vegetação de Caatinga arbóreo-arbustiva.az de regenerar e recrutar em ambientes sombreados, mas o crescimento é limitado pelas condições de pouca luminosidade.A total of 25 species are here reported for the first time for Alagoas State, with one new record for the Northeastern Region of Brazil and four new records for Brazil. A list of all known species for the semi-arid region in Alagoas is presented. Sampling took place near the municipality of São José da Tapera, in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, where a very rich Caatinga vegetation of trees and shrubs occurs.

As with most disciplines in biology, molecular genetics has revolutionized our understanding of lichenized fungi. Nowhere has this been more true than in systematics, especially in the delimitation of species. In many cases, molecular research has verified long-standing hypotheses, but in others, results appear to conflict with existing morphological species concepts. This work reports on recent progress regarding two main issues: (i) cryptic species, i.e., two or more independent lineages exhibiting similar morphology; and (ii) species pairs, two species with similar morphology but exhibiting different reproductive modes. Both concepts have in common a lack of correlation between phylogenetic and morphological data, at least for characters normally used in lichen systematics. We review the available literature on cryptic species and species pairs, focusing especially on the family Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Molecular data have repeatedly demonstrated the existence of cryptic species in lichenized fungi, although taxonomists have often been slow to recognize the resulting taxa. However, careful observation of fine-scale morphological, ecological and/or geographical features tends to provide support for the recognition of these species. In the case of species pairs, by contrast, few if any of the pairs studied to date have been confirmed to consist of independent lineages. Differences in reproductive mode alone appear not to be a sufficient reason to recognise new species.

Everniastrum is a pantropical genus that has been recorded for the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. In this work, we present the first records of E. cirrhatum and E. vexans for the Brazilian state of Paraná. Comments and illustrations are provided.

The springtail species Pachytullbergia scabra Bonet (Pachytullbergiidae), previously recorded in austral America inhabiting the surfaces of Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. bark, has been collected growing on the epiphytic lichen species Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C. Bab.) Malme. This is the first record of an arthropod-lichen association in the cool temperate forest of Argentina.El colémbolo Pachytullbergia scabra Bonet (Pachytullbergiidae), previamente registrada en América austral como habitante de la superficie de la corteza de Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., fue coleccionada sobre la especie liquénica Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C. Bab.) Malme. Éste es el primer registro de una asociación artrópodo-líquen en los bosques templado-fríos de la Argentina.