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Background: Sepsis is a severe and life-threatening condition triggered by a dysregulated response to infection, leading to organ failure and, often, death. The syndrome is expensive to treat, with survivors frequently experiencing reduced quality of life and enduring various long-term disabilities. The increasing understanding of RNA, RNA biology, and therapeutic potential offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop innovative therapy. Objective: This study is a scoping review focusing on pre-clinical studies of microRNA (miRNA)-based therapies for sepsis. Methodology: A scoping review. The search strategy identified papers published in PubMed until 15 October 2023, using the keywords (microRNA) AND (sepsis) AND (animal model). Inclusion criteria included papers that used either gain- or loss-of-function approaches, excluding papers that did not focus on microRNAs as therapy targets, did not include animal models, did not show organ failure-specific assessments, and focused on microRNAs as biomarkers. The PRISMA-ScR guideline was used in this study. Results: A total of 199 articles were identified that featured the terms “microRNA/miRNA/miR”, “Sepsis”, and “animal model”. Of these, 51 articles (25.6%) employed miRNA-based therapeutic interventions in animal models of sepsis. Of these, 15 studies extended their inquiry to include or reference human clinical data. Key microRNAs of interest and their putative mechanisms of action in sepsis are highlighted. Conclusions: The body of work examined herein predominantly addresses various dimensions of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction, supporting the emerging role of miRNAs as potential therapeutic candidates. However, nearly 5% of papers on miR-based therapy have been retracted over the past 5 years, raising important concerns regarding the quality and complexity of the biology and models for assessing therapeutic potential.

Abstract Background The discrimination between multiple sclerosis (MS) and other white matter lesions in adults is still problematic as multiple diseases have similar clinical and radiological findings, especially at the disease onset. This case–control study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and brain morphometry in the differentiation between adult MS and its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mimics. Methods Fifty-eight patients (49 women and 9 men; mean age 35.74 ± 11.86 years, range 18–50 years) with clinically suspected MS and age- and sex-matched fifteen healthy subjects were included. All study subjects underwent MRI using 3D FLAIR, 3D T1 MPRAGE, axial T2WI fast spin echo, and DTI sequences. The included patients were classified into MS and mimics groups according to MC Donald’s criteria 2017. Image post-processing using the region of interest (ROI) analysis for DTI parameters and automated voxel brain morphometry and segmentation was done for all study groups. Statistical comparison between the two patient groups and between them and the control group was performed regarding DTI indices (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], and relative anisotropy [RA]) and brain morphometry parameters (including white matter volume (WMV), grey matter volume (GMV), cerebrospinal fluid volume (CSFV), T2 lesion load and deep grey matter volume). Results A statistically significant difference was observed between the MD, FA, and RA values of the patients and control groups. The MD values were significantly higher in the MS than in its mimics with a cut-off value of > 1.058 × 10−3 mm2/s (p

Abstract Background Several studies have shown that stroke mimics occur more often among young patients. Our aims were to identify the common mimics in young patients under the age of 60 years who received thrombolysis, to analyze the risk of hemorrhage after treatment with thrombolysis, and to identify risk factors and clinical parameters that might identify mimics in this group. Methods Norwegian Tenecteplase Stroke Trial was a phase-3 trial investigating safety and efficacy of tenecteplase vs. alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients diagnosed with either acute cerebral ischemia or transient ischemic attack were categorized as stroke group, and patients with any diagnosis other than ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack as mimics group. Patients were grouped post-hoc into young (

Background. One of the important conditions for the final victory over tuberculosis is not only the prevention of its development and early detection, but also the provision of high-quality personalized medical care to the patient. Additive technologies and virtualization technologies are ways to fully reveal this principle in phthisiatric practice. Aim. Demonstrate the possibilities and evaluate the labor costs (time spent on virtualization and the size of the final digital files of models) while working with the Mimics inPrint 2.0.0.159 and Mimics Medical 21.0.0.406 software systems in the aspect of virtual reconstruction of the lungs of a patient with a destructive form of tuberculosis. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of methods for creating virtual three-dimensional models of the lungs from CT images was carried out at the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary. The study involved one patient with a destructive form of tuberculosis of the upper lobe of the left lung. Virtual three-dimensional models were made according to a specially developed algorithm. The time spent for the formation of virtual lung models was analyzed using the built-in function in the "Log" software. The analysis of the size of the obtained virtual lung models in the STL format was carried out using the operating system function from the Windows family "Properties", section "General", subsection "Size". Results. The most practical software package for virtual lung reconstructions turned out to be Mimics inPrint 2.0.0.159 with the result of the time spent on creating a model of 2 minutes (Mimics Medical 21.0.0.406 7 minutes 17 seconds) and a model size of 125 megabytes (Mimics Medical 21.0.0.406 26.1 megabyte). The technical nuances and algorithms of lung reconstruction covered in the article using the Mimics inPrint 2.0.0.159 and Mimics Medical 21.0.0.406 software packages will allow the interested person not to make a mistake in realizing their scientific and practical interests in the process of providing personalized care to the patient. The article focuses on the main advantages of the Mimics inPrint 2.0.0.159 software package in comparison with Mimics Medical 21.0.0.406. A brief description of similar programs is given. Conclusion. The studied software systems successfully coped with the goal assigned to them, which concerned the demonstration of their capabilities and the assessment of labor costs for virtualization. Mimics inPrint 2.0.0.159 turned out to be the most understandable and promising software and application complex for use in everyday clinical practice.

Endometrial Stromal Tumour (EST) mimics other neoplasms and is difficult to diagnose due to its wide range of morphologies. This is a clinicopathological study of seven cases of EST, which includes Endometrial Stromal Nodule (ESN), Low-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (LGESS), and High-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (HGESS). The age ranges from 34 to 75 years. Five out of seven cases presented with abnormal uterine bleeding, abdominal pain, and were radiologically suspected to be leiomyomas. After histopathological and Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination, one was diagnosed as ESN, three as LGESS, and the remaining three cases as HGESS. One case was initially diagnosed as a cellular leiomyoma and experienced multiple recurrences, eventually being diagnosed as HGESS with a fatal outcome within 36 months of the onset of the first symptoms. ESN and LGESS should be differentiated from leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. IHC plays an important role in distinguishing these tumours from the more common smooth muscle counterparts.

Key Clinical Message Mycosis fungoides is a diagnostic challenge. Herein, we report a case with marked lichenoid features in pathology assessments. After several biopsies and clinicopathologic correlation, the diagnosis of lichenoid mycosis fungoides was made. Abstract Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a great imitator and mimicks other dermatoses clinically and histopathologically. We report a 61‐year‐old patient with 5‐year history of generalized violaceous patches and plaques. His biopsy revealed a marked lichenoid band‐like infiltrate of inflammatory cells along the basal layer with basal layer vacuolar changes; the diagnosis of lichen planus was first made histopathologically. Several biopsy specimens, clinicopathologic correlation, and immunohistochemistry findings confirmed the diagnosis of lichenoid MF. Awareness of peculiar histopathologic findings of MF is essential to avoid a potential misdiagnosis. When in doubt, multiple biopsies with other diagnostic methods should be employed.

Background: Ischemic stroke and gliomas are pathologies with poor prognosis. Aside from different characteristics and incidences, 10% of ischemic stroke patients will develop glioblastoma in the post-ischemic period. The aim of this study is to present the interplay between cerebral ischemic stroke and glioblastoma in one patient and to review literature data. Case Description: A 61-year-old patient got sick and became confused and inadequate, incorrectly replacing words and syllables. He complained of a severe headache the whole day. The patient was transported to the Emergency Department of UMHAT "DrGeorgiStranski", and after a neurological examination and a native CT examination of the brain, the patient was admitted to the Neurology clinic with a diagnosis of MCA ischemic stroke. The neurological examination showed a central lesion of the right VIIth and XIIth cranial nerves, Babinski sign (+) on the right side, sensory loss of the right arm and sensory aphasia. Glasgow-Liege Scale (GLS) =18. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) = 6. After 4 days of active medical treatment, the patient was discharged from the clinic with improvement. In 2 months and 10 days, the patient was admitted to the ED again with worsening of the clinical signs. An MRI (with contrast) of the head diagnosed the patient with a brain tumor (glioma), and he was admitted to the Neurosurgery clinic for operative treatment. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke as an early manifestation of brain cancer is rare. Approximately 10% of patients with ischemic stroke may develop glioblastoma. Exact diagnosis and specific treatment of stroke or glioma is always challenging and requires appropriate MRI or CT protocols to make timely and accurate differentiation.

Background and Objectives: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED)—a genetic disorder—is characterized by severe tooth deficiency. We compared the mandibular volume and the sagittal and horizontal mandibular widths between patients with ED (ED group) and individuals without tooth deficiency (control group) using three-dimensional modeling. We hypothesized that the mandibular volume differs in ED cases owing to congenital tooth deficiency. Materials and Methods: We used previously obtained cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 13 patients with ED. The control group data comprised retrospective CBCT images of patients of similar age and sex with a skeletal relationship of class 1. Further, using the three-dimensional image analysis software, the tooth crowns were separated from the mandible, the mandible was reconstructed and the gonion-to-gonion distance in the mandible was marked, the distance to the menton point was measured, and the distance between the two condyles was measured and compared with the control group. Results: Overall, 46.2% and 53.8% of the participants were men and women, respectively. In the ED group, the mean age of the participants was 15.46 (range, 6–24) years, and the mean number of mandibular teeth was 4.62. Notably, the edentulous mandible volume of the ED group (27.020 mm3) was statistically significantly smaller than that of the control group (49.213 mm3) (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the marked points. For data analysis, the Shapiro–Wilk test, independent samples t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test were used. Conclusions: It has been considered that mandible volume does not develop in ED cases because of missing teeth. Modern practices, such as the CBCT technique and three-dimensional software, may be effective in identifying the true morphologic features, especially in patients with genetic syndromes affecting the maxillofacial structure.

Hend Abdel Ghany,1 Ahmed Karam-Allah,1 Ramy Edward,2 Maged Abdel Naseer,1 Mohamed I Hegazy1 1Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Mohamed I Hegazy, Neurology Department, Cairo University, 108 Al Manial street, Degla, Maadi, Cairo, 11435, Egypt, Tel +20 1223130686, Email mhegazy@kasralainy.edu.egPurpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in multiple sclerosis (MS) overlap with numerous MS mimics. The central vein sign (CVS) can help to differentiate MS from other mimics. This study aimed to determine the value of CVS as a diagnostic biomarker for distinguishing MS from its mimics.Patients and Methods: Patients were prospectively recruited into two groups: a typical clinical (TC) MS presentation with an atypical MRI for MS and an atypical clinical (ATC) MS presentation with a typical MRI for MS. Patients underwent a 1.5T MRI brain scan with a T2&ast;-weighted gradient-echo sequence. The presence of the central vein was assessed by a radiologist blinded to patients’ clinical presentation. The MS consultant made the final diagnosis without reviewing the T2&ast;-weighted gradient-echo sequence or the CVS analysis results.Results: Forty-two patients were included. Ten (40%) out of 25 TC patients were diagnosed with clinically definite MS (CDMS), with a mean percentage of CV-positive lesions of 65.5% among CDMS patients. Four (23.5%) out of 17 ATC patients were diagnosed with CDMS with a mean CV-positive lesions percentage of 68.25% among CDMS patients. TC patients who were not diagnosed as CDMS had a mean CV-positive lesions percentage of 10.13%, while ATC patients who were not diagnosed as CDMS had a mean CV-positive lesions percentage of 16.38%. The CVS showed 85.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% confidence interval: 0.919– 1.018) for diagnosis of MS at a cut off value of 45% (p < 0.001). The percentage of CV-positive lesions was significantly higher in oligoclonal bands (OCBs) positive patients compared to OCBs negative patients (p < 0.001) and those with spinal cord lesions compared to patients with no spinal cord lesions (p = 0.017).Conclusion: The CVS has 85.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of MS at a cutoff value of 45%.Keywords: multiple sclerosis, central vein, mimics, cutoff, gradient-echo

Abstract Lymphovascular invasion is a hallmark of malignant neoplasms, however the presence of benign epithelium within vessels has been reported in benign processes, albeit infrequently. The proposed mechanism to explain this phenomenon entails mechanical displacement of benign epithelium into the vascular spaces during surgical manipulation or diagnostic interventions. We report a case of numerous benign epithelial vascular emboli in a cholecystectomy specimen. A 29-year-old male presented with acute calculous cholecystitis. Surgery was delayed for several weeks due to COVID-19 infection. Histologic examination of the gallbladder showed subacute cholecystitis, widespread vascular epithelial emboli with associated fibrin deposition and bile embolism supporting an in vivo process. The epithelial emboli were localized in small veins and arterioles with D2–40−/CD31+/CD34+ endothelium. The displaced epithelium showed benign cytologic features, was negative for p53 expression, and had a Ki-67 labelling index like the benign background mucosa, supporting a benign process. There was no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy in the specimen after thorough sampling. Persistent inflammation, mucosal ulceration, transmural mucosal herniation (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses), and protracted surgical manipulation secondary to adhesive disease are favored to be the underlying causes of this unusual histologic finding. Although we presume an uneventful outcome, clinical follow up was recommended. COVID-19 infection likely contributed to this phenomenon by causing a delay in the surgical management.

In the fields of environmental research, developing innovative catalytic cascade systems (CCS) to simulate multiple enzyme-driven biological catalytic cascades (ME-DBCC) processes in vitro is often required for identifying pollutants. Nanozymes are recently employed in the creation of biomimetic cascade nanoreactors (BCNR) owing to their high catalytic kinetics. BCNR powered by nanozymes has improved cascade catalytic activity and great stability, leading to enhanced biosensing of environmental pollutants. This article covers relevant research on the involvement of inorganic enzymes in regulating the performance of biomimetic catalytic systems (BCSs). The significance of enzyme mimics and the need to tune their catalysis will be discussed first. Followed by the most recent breakthroughs in comprehending the cascade catalytic mechanism of nanozyme-engineered biomimetic cascade catalytic nanoreactors (nanozymes-BCCNR), as well as their evolving utilization in biosensing of environmental pollutants and biomedical applications, are extensively discussed in this publication. In the final section of this manuscript, the major crucial difficulties, and possibilities, as well as the prospects, are highlighted.

Background and purposeTelestroke has grown significantly since its implementation. Despite growing utilization, there is a paucity of data regarding the diagnostic accuracy of telestroke to distinguish between stroke and its mimics. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of telestroke consultations and explore the characteristics of misdiagnosed patients with a focus on stroke mimics.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of all the consultations in our Ochsner Health’s TeleStroke program seen between April 2015 and April 2016. Consultations were classified into one of three diagnostic categories: stroke/transient ischemic attack, mimic, and uncertain. Initial telestroke diagnosis was compared with the final diagnosis post review of all emergency department and hospital data. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR−) for diagnosis of stroke/TIA versus mimic were calculated. Area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis to predict true stroke was performed. Bivariate analysis based on the diagnostic categories examined association with sex, age, NIHSS, stroke risk factors, tPA given, bleeding after tPA, symptom onset to last known normal, symptom onset to consult, timing in the day, and consult duration. Logistic regression was performed as indicated by bivariate analysis.ResultsEight hundred and seventy-four telestroke evaluations were included in our analysis. Accurate diagnosis through teleneurological consultation was seen in 85% of which 532 were strokes (true positives) and 170 were mimics (true negatives). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV were 97.8, 82.5, 93.7 and 93.4%, respectively. LR+ and LR− were 5.6 and 0.03. AUC (95% CI) was 0.9016 (0.8749–0.9283). Stroke mimics were more common with younger age and female gender and in those with less vascular risk factors. LR revealed OR (95% CI) of misdiagnosis for female gender of 1.9 (1.3–2.9). Lower age and lower NIHSS score were other predictors of misdiagnosis.ConclusionWe report high diagnostic accuracy of the Ochsner Telestroke Program in discriminating stroke/TIA and stroke mimics, with slight tendency towards over diagnosis of stroke. Female gender, younger age and lower NIHSS score were associated with misdiagnosis.

Abstract Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. The term JIA encompasses a heterogenous group of diseases. The variability in phenotype of patients affected by the disease means it is not uncommon for mimics of JIA to be misdiagnosed. Case presentation We present four cases who were treated in single tertiary rheumatology centre for JIA who were subsequently diagnosed with a rare monogenic disease. All four patients shared the unifying features of presenting in early childhood and subsequently suffered with refractory disease, not amenable to usual standards of treatment. Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis Syndrome and Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome are non-inflammatory conditions and patients typically present with arthropathy, normal inflammatory markers and atypical radiological features. Blau syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition and patients will typically have symmetrical joint involvement with a strong family history of arthritis, signifying the genetic aetiology. Conclusions We share our learning from these cases to add to the growing portfolio of JIA mimics and to highlight when to consider an alternative diagnosis. In cases of refractory disease and diagnostic uncertainty further imaging and genetic testing can play a crucial role in establishing the aetiology. In all of these cases the correct diagnosis was made due to careful, longitudinal clinical phenotyping and a close working relationship between rheumatology, radiology and clinical genetics; highlighting the importance of the multidisciplinary team in managing complex patients.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of presentation of infectious lesions mimicking malignancy. This will serve to heighten clinical indices of suspicion and prevent unwarranted aggressive management. Methods: This is a 19-year (1999-2017) audit review of all morphologically diagnosed infection-related lesions in which malignancy was primarily clinically suspected. Results: Fifty-six cases of infection-related mimics of malignancy were diagnosed in the study period: schistosomiasis related, 22 (39.2%); actinomycosis, 21(37.5%); tuberculosis-related, 10 (17.9%); fungi-related, 3(5.4%). Twenty-one cases of actinomycosis of the lower limbs and oropharynx were mistaken for melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and oropharyngeal carcinoma. The mean age was 33±17years.The 10 patients with atypical Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mimicking malignancy had mean age of 37±14 years and included three in the testes, testicular cases, one from the jaw, and two cases each from ovary, breast, and uterus. Of the three fungal lesions, there was a case each from the brain, skin, and bone. All were males with mean age of 21±7 years. Conclusion: For accurate diagnosis of infection-related mimics of malignancy, a high index of clinical suspicion, knowledge of and attention to characteristic radiological signs, and obtaining representative tissues for histopathologic and cytopathologic diagnoses are paramount.

Key Clinical Message In a resource‐limited setting such as Sudan, where diagnostic and surveillance capacities are limited and several dermal diseases with similar clinical presentation are endemic, further precautious must taking into account. Abstract Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Atypical clinical presentations of CTB may resemble other skin neglected diseases. For definitive diagnosis, we require a holistic diagnostic approach including clinical examination and deployment of laboratory investigations including microbial culture, histopathological, and molecular examinations of the proper samples per test. In this communication, we report a case of CTB that was initially misidentified clinically as mycetoma.

Abstract SARS‐CoV‐2 viral infection led to the devastating COVID‐19 pandemic, where illness stemmed from interactions between virions and recipient host cells resulting in multi‐layered pathological consequences. The role of the infection portal is now understood to be the cellular angiotensin converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) receptor, which binds to viral spike (S) protein initiating virion internalisation process. Since SARS‐CoV‐2 virions bear some resemblance to endogenously produced small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) we reasoned that EVs engineered to express S protein (viral mimics) may interfere with viral infection. Here, we report generation of HEK293T cells producing sEVs enriched for transmembrane S‐protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (S/GFP). Strikingly, S protein drove the GFP tag to the membrane of sEVs, while GFP alone was not efficiently included in the sEV cargo. High‐throughput quantitative proteomics revealed that S/GFP sEVs contained over 1000 proteins including canonical components of the exosomal pathway such as ALIX, syntenin‐1, and tetraspanins (CD81, CD9), but depleted for calnexin and cytochrome c. We found that 84 sEV proteins were significantly altered by the presence of S/GFP. S protein expressing EVs efficiently adhered to target cells in an ACE2‐dependent manner, but they were poorly internalised. Importantly, prolonged administration of S/GFP EV to K18‐hACE2 mice provided a significant protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Thus, the generation of sEV containing S protein can be considered as a novel therapeutic approach in reducing the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Abstract Batesian mimicry may result in remarkable cases of phenotypic convergence that represent classic examples of evolution through natural selection. The existence of mimicry systems among coral snakes, however, remains controversial because of contradictions between the predictions of mimetic theory and the empirical patterns of co-occurrence and species abundance. Here, we analyze the geographic distribution of coral snake species of the genus Micrurus and populations of the false coral snake Atractus latifrons in Amazonia, and perform ecological niche modeling (ENM) analyzes to generate potential geographic distributions of species of Micrurus and A. latifrons, identify patterns of co-occurrence and assess whether the distribution of A. latifrons coincides with the distribution of Micrurus species, which could suggest the existence of a possible mimetic relationship between the species. We identified six Micrurus species that may represent mimetic models for A. latifrons. The results of the co-occurrence analysis corroborates the results from ENM, indicating that chromatic patterns of A. latifrons and their respective model species are aggregated. Our study suggests that all color patterns of A. latifrons – including the tricolor monads, and the more common tricolor dyads and tricolor tetrads – may benefit from the resemblance with other Micrurus species as perfect and imperfect mimics.

microRNA mimics are synthetic RNA molecules that imitate the mature miRNA duplexes and their functions. These mimics have shown promise in treating cancers. Nucleotide chemical modifications of microRNA mimics have been investigated and have improved the stability of miRNA mimics. However, the potential therapeutic benefit of mimic analogs based on sequence modifications has not been explored. miR-506-3p was identified as a differentiation-inducing microRNA in neuroblastoma cells, suggesting the potential of applying the miR-506-3p mimic in neuroblastoma differentiation therapy. In this study, we explored the possibility of developing shortened miR-506-3p analogs that can maintain differentiation-inducing activities comparable to the wild-type miR-506-3p mimic. We found that deleting up to two nucleotides at either the 3′ end or within the middle region of the miR-506-3p sequence fully maintained the differentiation-inducing activity when compared to the wild-type mimic. Deleting up to four nucleotides from the 3′ end or deleting three nucleotides in the middle positions diminished the differentiation-inducing activity, but the analogs still maintained differentiation-inducing activities that were significantly higher than the negative control oligo. The shortened analog designs potentially benefit patients from two perspectives: (1) the reduced cost of manufacturing shortened analogs, and (2) the reduced non-specific toxicity due to their smaller molecular sizes.

ObjectivesCOVID-19 is a transmissible illness triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its onset in late 2019 in Wuhan city of China, it continues to spread universally, leading to an ongoing pandemic that shattered all efforts to restrain it. On the other hand, in Africa, the COVID-19 infection may be influenced by malaria coinfection. Hence, in this review article, we aimed to give a comprehensive account of the similarities between COVID-19 and malaria in terms of symptoms, clinical, immunological, and molecular perspectives.MethodologyIn this article, we reviewed over 50 research papers to highlight the multilayered similarities between COVID-19 and malaria infections that might influence the ontology of COVID-19.ResultsDespite the poor health and fragile medical system of many sub-Saharan African countries, they persisted with a statistically significantly low number of COVID-19 cases. This was attributed to many factors such as the young population age, the warm weather, the lack of proper diagnosis, previous infection with malaria, the use of antimalarial drugs, etc. Additionally, population genetics appears to play a significant role in shaping the COVID-19 dynamics. This is evident as recent genomic screening analyses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and malaria-associated-variants identified 6 candidate genes that might play a role in malaria and COVID-19 incidence and severity. Moreover, the clinical and pathological resemblances between the two diseases have made considerable confusion in the diagnosis and thereafter curb the disease in Africa. Therefore, possible similarities between the diseases in regards to the clinical, pathological, immunological, and genetical ascription were discussed.ConclusionUnderstanding the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and how it is shaped by another endemic disease like malaria can provide insights into how to tailor a successful diagnostic, intervention, and control plans that lower both disease morbidity and mortality.

AbstractMimics account for almost half of hospital admissions for suspected stroke. Stroke mimics may present as a functional (conversion) disorder or may be part of the symptomatology of a neurological or medical disorder. While many underlying conditions can be recognized rapidly by careful assessment, a significant proportion of patients unfortunately still receive thrombolysis and admission to a high-intensity stroke unit with inherent risks and unnecessary costs. Accurate diagnosis is important as recurrent presentations may be common in many disorders. A non-contrast CT is not sufficient to make a diagnosis of acute stroke as the test may be normal very early following an acute stroke. Multi-modal CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be helpful to confirm an acute ischaemic stroke and are necessary if stroke mimics are suspected. Treatment in neurological and medical mimics results in prompt resolution of the symptoms. Treatment of functional disorders can be challenging and is often incomplete and requires early psychiatric intervention.

Proximal muscle weakness in children, as well as adults, can be the presenting feature of a wide range of diseases including but not limited to the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, muscle dystrophies, metabolic, endocrine, and drug-induced myopathies. Certain diagnostic clues such as selective muscle involvement in inherited dystrophies, cramping on exertion in metabolic myopathies, diffuse muscular pain in endocrinal myopathies, and relevant drug history along with a lack of appropriate treatment response to steroids should be considered. Awareness of other possibilities and a keen eye to identify the mimics may avoid diagnostic delays and allow timely treatment. In this review, we cover some of the salient features of the various myositis mimics and the pertinent investigation findings as well as gray areas which may confound recognition of the underlying etiology. Later, we discuss key features of certain mimics while providing an overview of the differential diagnosis and clinical management for treating clinicians.

Abstract It was critical for the clinician to be aware of the neuroimaging and early‐onset symptoms of this fatal neurodegenerative disease, and avoid initiating inappropriate therapy. Neuroimaging plays a key role in differentiating it from other mimics.

Objective To assess whether the computed tomography (CT)‐based method of three‐dimensional (3D) analysis (Mimics) was accurate and reliable for spine surgical anatomical measurements. Methods A total of 40 lumbar segments and 32 inter‐vertebral discs from eigth adult male cadavers without fractures or deformities fixed with the classical formaldehyde method were included in this research on 5 June 2017. CT scans including seven dimensions: anterior height of the vertebral body (VBHa), middle height of the vertebral body (VBHm), posterior height of the vertebral body (VBHp), width of the upper endplate (EPWu), depth of the upper endplate (EPDu), anterior height of the inter‐vertebral disc in the median sagittal plane (IDHa), and posterior height of the inter‐vertebral disc in the median sagittal plane (IDHp). They were performed based on uniform conditions (slice thickness: 0.625 mm) using a CT scanner on 8 June 2017. Afterwards, the surgical anatomical measurements were conducted with a Vernier caliper on 12 June 2017. The computer‐aided anatomical measurements were conducted by three investigators using Mimics 16.0 to perform 3D reconstructions of CT bone on 16 June 2017. Finally, the length and angle were measured with associated measurement tools, yielding a verified accuracy of 0.01 mm and 0.01°, respectively. Each measurement was repeated three times, and all anatomical data was analyzed using the statistical software and P‐value 0.05) for lumbar vertebra measurements, and the absolute difference between surgical and computer‐aided data were all less than 1.0 mm (for the VBHa, VBHm, VBHp, EPWu, and EPDu were 0.12, 0.03, 0.03, 0.31, and 0.03 mm, respectively). Moreover, although the absolute differences of discs was larger than those of lumbar vertebras, no significant differences were detected between the computer‐aided and surgical anatomical measurements for the IDHa, as well as IDHp in the vast majority of measurements (P = 0.543, 0.079 or 0.052 for IDHa, and P = 0.212, 0.133 or 0.042 for IDHp). In addition, excellent reliability correlation was observed between the measurements of each investigator, and the reliability coefficients in the intra‐groups were all greater than 0.9 except for IDHp (reliability coefficient = 0.892). Additionally, the reliability coefficients were greater than 0.9 for the all between‐group correlations, and a significant correlation was also observed. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference for three anatomical values was found in the computer‐assisted measurements of the lumbar bone structure (P > 0.05). Similarly, we did not observe a statistical difference in the anatomical data of the lumbar discs from the three measures (P > 0.05). Conclusions Computer‐aided anatomical measurement for spine based on CT scans presents the high accuracy and reliability for improving spinal surgical procedures.

Abstract Background Stroke mimics account for up to one-third of acute stroke admissions and are a heterogeneous entity which pose diagnostic challenges. Diagnosing such patients is however crucial to avoid delays in treatment and potentially harmful medication prescription. We aimed at describing the magnitude, clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of stroke mimics in patients clinically diagnosed with a stroke. Methods This prospective study enrolled patients admitted with a World Health Organization clinical criteria for stroke at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. Baseline data was collected and the simplified version of the FABS scale was used to determine its usefulness in predicting stroke mimics. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and Modified Rankin Scale were used to assess for admission stroke severity and outcomes respectively. Results Among 363 patients with suspected stroke on admission, the final diagnosis was stroke mimics in 24 (6.6%) who had a mean age of 65.8 ± 15 years. Patients with stroke mimics were less likely to have cardiovascular risk factors for stroke including premorbid hypertension (7 (29.2%) vs 263 (77.6%), p

Abstract The human PXR (pregnane X receptor), a master regulator of drug metabolism, has essential roles in intestinal homeostasis and abrogating inflammation. Existing PXR ligands have substantial off‐target toxicity. Based on prior work that established microbial (indole) metabolites as PXR ligands, we proposed microbial metabolite mimicry as a novel strategy for drug discovery that allows exploiting previously unexplored parts of chemical space. Here, we report functionalized indole derivatives as first‐in‐class non‐cytotoxic PXR agonists as a proof of concept for microbial metabolite mimicry. The lead compound, FKK6 (Felix Kopp Kortagere 6), binds directly to PXR protein in solution, induces PXR‐specific target gene expression in cells, human organoids, and mice. FKK6 significantly represses pro‐inflammatory cytokine production cells and abrogates inflammation in mice expressing the human PXR gene. The development of FKK6 demonstrates for the first time that microbial metabolite mimicry is a viable strategy for drug discovery and opens the door to underexploited regions of chemical space.

(1) Background: Accurate diagnosis and treatment plans in orthodontics were facilitated by novel technologies. The prediction of occlusal problems is of utmost importance for clinicians. This present study aimed to find any possible correlation between unilateral and bilateral palatally impacted maxillary canine, palatal dimensions, and maxillary arch perimeter using digital measurements and determine the factors that could be used as predictors for maxillary palatal canine impaction. (2) Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on cone-beam computed tomography images of orthodontic patients aged 15 to 25. Palatal dimensions and maxillary arch perimeter were digitally measured using Materialize Interactive Medical Image Control System. (3) Results: A significant difference was found between the case and the study groups regarding palatal depth, length, and arch perimeter, except for the palatal width. A weak correlation was reported in palatal depth and length with canine impaction, whereas the correlation was moderate concerning the arch perimeter. They can be used as predictors for palatal canine impaction. (4) Conclusion: Palatal dimensions and dental arch perimeter affect maxillary palatal canine impaction. Deficient arch perimeter, palatal depth, and length could be helpful in the prediction of maxillary palatal canine impaction.

ABSTRACT Mitochondria are dynamic organelles vital for energy production with now appreciated roles in immune defense. During microbial infection, mitochondria serve as signaling hubs to induce immune responses to counteract invading pathogens like viruses. Mitochondrial functions are central to a variety of antiviral responses including apoptosis and type I interferon signaling (IFN-I). While apoptosis and IFN-I mediated by mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) are well-established defenses, new dimensions of mitochondrial biology are emerging as battlefronts during viral infection. Increasingly, it has become apparent that mitochondria serve as reservoirs for distinct cues that trigger immune responses and that alterations in mitochondrial morphology may also tip infection outcomes. Furthermore, new data are foreshadowing pivotal roles for classic, homeostatic facets of this organelle as host-virus interfaces, namely, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes like respiratory supercomplexes. Underscoring the importance of “housekeeping” mitochondrial activities in viral infection is the growing list of viral-encoded inhibitors including mimics derived from cellular genes that antagonize these functions. For example, virologs for ETC factors and several enzymes from the TCA cycle have been recently identified in DNA virus genomes and serve to pinpoint new vulnerabilities during infection. Here, we highlight recent advances for known antiviral functions associated with mitochondria as well as where the next battlegrounds may be based on viral effectors. Collectively, new methodology and mechanistic insights over the coming years will strengthen our understanding of how an ancient molecular truce continues to defend cells against viruses.

OBJECTIVES: Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary sinus volume using VR mesh and correlate it with the volume of maxillary canine, lateral incisor, and dentoalveolar and skeletal dimensions in both impacted and non-impacted sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, cone beam computed tomography scans of 100 patients with unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canine were analyzed. Canine, lateral incisor, and maxillary sinus volumes on the impaction and non-impaction sides were measured using DICOM files, with three-dimensional softwares (MIMICS) and VR mesh to accomplish this assessment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in canine and lateral incisors volumes between male and female patients in the impacted side at (p > 0.05) while the maxillary sinuses volume revealed a statistical difference (P = 0.022) between male (12642 ± 810) and female (12481 ± 650) patients in the impacted side. A strong positive correlation was found between canine and lateral incisor volume for male patients in the non-impacted (r = 0.420**, P = 0.008) and impacted sides (r = 0.334*, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in the canine volume, the height of the anterior alveolar ridge (AARHMLI), and anterior dentoalveolar (ADAHMLI) of maxillary lateral incisors in the impacted/non-impacted side, but it showed a statistically significant difference for the lateral incisors volume in the impacted and non-impacted sides for male and female patients. The maxillary sinus volumes revealed a statistical difference between males and females in impacted and non-impacted sides.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The consequences of a stroke are manifested by deep and persistent clinical symptoms, which largely impose a burden on both the patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke have proven to be inadequate, in part because of an incomplete understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur during a stroke. Microribonucleic acids (MicroRNAs) are endogenously expressed ribonucleic acid (RNA) of 18-22 nucleotides in length that suppress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of the messenger ribonucleic acids targets. MicroRNAs are involved in virtually all biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, but also play a key role in the pathophysiological processes that contribute to ischemic damage. Moreover, miRNAs can represent not only potential biomarkers, but also become new therapeutic targets in clinical practice, which again confirms the need for their study. Therapy based on miRNA, includes agonists or facial expressions and inhibitors (antagomirs), which accordingly reduces and increases the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of fundamental research in the use of microRNAs in the treatment of stroke. The treatment methods, time windows and dosages for the effective delivery of microRNA-based drugs to the central nervous system are discussed. The effects of microRNA therapy on the main pathological mechanisms of stroke, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and the safety of the blood-brain barrier are considered.

The characterization of developmental phenotypes often relies on the accurate linear measurement of structures that are small and require laborious preparation. This is tedious and prone to errors, especially when repeated for the multiple replicates that are required for statistical analysis, or when multiple distinct structures have to be analyzed. To address this issue, we have developed a pipeline for characterization of long-bone length using X-ray microtomography (XMT) scans. The pipeline involves semi-automated algorithms for automatic thresholding and fast interactive isolation and 3D-model generation of the main limb bones, using either the open-source ImageJ plugin BoneJ or the commercial Mimics Innovation Suite package. The tests showed the appropriate combination of scanning conditions and analysis parameters yields fast and comparable length results, highly correlated with the measurements obtained via ex vivo skeletal preparations. Moreover, since XMT is not destructive, the samples can be used afterward for histology or other applications. Our new pipelines will help developmental biologists and evolutionary researchers to achieve fast, reproducible and non-destructive length measurement of bone samples from multiple animal species.

Many granulomatous diseases can mimic sarcoidosis histologically and in terms of their clinical features. These mimics include infectious granulomatous diseases, granulomatous reactions to occupational and environmental exposures, granulomatous drug reactions, vasculitides and idiopathic granulomatous conditions. It is important to distinguish sarcoidosis from these mimics, as a misdiagnosis of these diseases may have serious consequences. This manuscript reviews numerous sarcoidosis mimics and describes features of these diseases that may allow them to be differentiated from sarcoidosis. Distinguishing features between sarcoidosis and its mimics requires a careful review of the medical history, symptoms, demographics, radiographic findings, histologic features, and additional laboratory data. Understanding the clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis and its mimics should lead to more accurate diagnoses and treatment of granulomatous disorders that should improve the care of these patients. As the diagnostic criteria of sarcoidosis are not standardized, it is possible that some of these sarcoidosis mimics may represent varied clinical presentations of sarcoidosis itself.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the features of the use of a human behaviour manner in the process of preparing a cinema actor preparing for a role. The research methodology is based on the principles of descriptive, comparative, cultural and artistic methods, the method of observation and experiment, in addition, individualizing and social and psychological approaches are applied during the study of the psycho-physiology of acting through the analysis of the behaviour in the process of individual human capabilities disclosing. The scientific novelty of the research is that the workmanship of the acting game is analyzed through the allocation of a visual demonstration of the manner of behaviour from the inner senses of the character for the first time. Conclusions. The research has shown and analyzed the use of human behaviour in the process of film actor preparing for his/her role. It has been found that the accumulated experience of body movements enriches the repertoire of acting, reduces the risk of the hero emotional state over the inner freedom of a professional actor. Accordingly, with the explored information, the main point here is that impersonation for a character is demonstrating by the simplest properties of human behaviour.

The spectrum of tauopathy encompasses heterogenous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neural or glial deposition of pathological protein tau. Clinically they can present as cognitive syndromes, movement disorders, motor neuron disease, or mixed. The heterogeneity in clinical presentation, genetic background, and underlying pathology make it difficult to classify and clinically approach tauopathy. In the literature, tauopathies are thus mostly highlighted from pathological perspective. From clinical standpoint, cognitive syndromes are often been focussed while reviewing tauopathies. However, the spectrum of tauopathy has also evolved significantly in the domain of movement disorders and has transgressed beyond the domain of primary tauopathies. Secondary tauopathies from neuroinflammation or autoimmune insults and some other “novel” tauopathies are increasingly being reported in the current literature, while some of them are geographically isolated. Because of the overlapping clinical phenotypes, it often becomes difficult for the clinician to diagnose them clinically and have to wait for the pathological confirmation by autopsy. However, each of these tauopathies has some clinical and radiological signatures those can help in clinical diagnosis and targeted genetic testing. In this review, we have exposed the heterogeneity of tauopathy from a movement disorder perspective and have provided a clinical approach to diagnose them ante mortem before confirmatory autopsy. Additionally, phenotypic variability of these disorders (chameleons) and the look-alikes (mimics) have been discussed with potential clinical pointers for each of them. The review provides a framework within which new and as yet undiscovered entities can be classified in the future.

Objectives: To facilitate simple and safe manipulation during proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) operation, we studied the range of safe implantation angle of the helical blade of the PFNA system by using a digital-based three-dimensional reconstruction model of CT images. Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were recruited. Original multilayer helical CT scan data of the left femur were collected and imported into Mimics software. Anatomic features of the femur, including the safe implantation angle, anterior and posterior angle, were measured. Differences in each angle between male and female subjects were compared using Student's t test, and the determinants of each angle were analyzed by linear regression. Results: The mean safe implantation angle was 30.09° ± 4.73°, the mean anterior angle was 15.82° ± 2.07°, and the mean posterior angle was 14.27° ± 3.19°. All the three angles were greater in males than females (P < 0.05). Neck shaft angle and the diameter of the femoral neck and head were linearly correlated with the safe implantation angle, the anterior and posterior angle, respectively. Femoral neck diameter was a significant determinant of the safe implantation angle and posterior angle, respectively. Moreover, femoral neck diameter and femoral head diameter were significant determinants of the anterior angle. Conclusions: The study has introduced and delineated a novel parameter, the safe implantation angle, for FPNA surgery, which may help orthopedic surgeons in deciding a safe range of PFNA operation and improve the accuracy of PFNA helical blade implantation.

Introduction: Stroke mimics are some of the common causes of misdiagnosis of stroke, with an attendant surfeit of finances and resources. Aim: We attempt to discuss some of the common neurological conditions mimicking stroke in the emergency. Methods: We reviewed the articles in English discussing stroke mimics in the last 5 years of publication. Purpose of the Review: We discuss the most common causes of stroke mimics encountered in neurological practice. In this short communication, we shall focus on the discussion of the diagnostic pitfalls and clinical clues that will help distinguish mimics from a true stroke.

Context: Prostate adenocarcinoma (PC) is one of the common cancers in India and world over. Numerous prostatic, nonprostatic lesions, and normal structures can be very similar to adenocarcinoma. A pathologist's awareness of the benign mimics is important for the diagnosis of PC. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical, and histopathological features of PC, and its common mimics, and to study the criteria for their distinction from PC. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of histopathological features of radical prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate specimens, sent to the department of pathology in a medical college, for a period of 2 years was done. A brief clinical history followed by a clinical examination, including per-rectal findings and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, was noted. Results: After excluding all the cases of benign hyperplasia of prostate without any associated findings, 50 cases of operated surgical specimens of prostate were studied. PC was the most frequent diagnosis in 28 patients of 50 cases (56.0%). Basal cell hyperplasia formed the predominant mimic (26.0%), followed by prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (8%), prostate atrophy (4%), clear-cell cribriform hyperplasia(4%),, and one case of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (2%). Serum PSA was >4 ng/mL in all the cases of PC. In three of the mimics, PSA was >4 ng/mL and in the rest it was

Abdominal masses can often clinically mimic hernias, especially when they are located close to hernial orifices. Imaging findings can be challenging and nonspecific with numerous differential diagnoses. We present a variety of pathology involving the abdominal wall and lumbar region, which were referred as possible hernias. This demonstrates the wide-ranging pathology that can present as abdominal wall lesions or mimics of hernias that the radiologist should be alert to.

Hansen's disease (HD) looms still as a public health problem. Conventional wisdom and teaching largely view HD as a predominantly dermatologic disorder with much emphasis in the dermatology postgraduate curriculum. This review attempts to reorient this view and reemphasize that HD has primarily neurologic underpinnings since Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular neurotropic bacterium. The main thrust of this article would, therefore, be a neurologist's perspective of HD. The cutaneous manifestations of HD are the sequelae of the neurobiology of M. leprae, its selective predilection to human Schwann cells, neurovascular bundle and its localization in the intracutaneous nerve plexus of the skin. We discuss the nuances of HD as a “great imitator,” the many faces of its neurodermatologic clinical presentation, the neurologic basis of HD clinical examination, and its diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Viral proteins encode numerous antiviral activities to modify the host immunity. In this article, we hypothesize that viral genomes and gene transcripts interfere with host gene expression using passive mechanisms to deregulate host microRNA (miRNA) activity. We postulate that various RNA viruses mimic or block binding between a host miRNA and its target transcript, a phenomenon mediated by the miRNA seed site at the 5′ end of miRNA. Virus-encoded miRNA seed sponges (vSSs) can potentially bind to host miRNA seed sites and prevent interaction with their native targets thereby relieving native miRNA suppression. In contrast, virus-encoded miRNA seed mimics (vSMs) may mediate considerable downregulation of host miRNA activity. We analyzed genomes from diverse RNA viruses for vSS and vSM signatures and found an abundance of these motifs indicating that this may be a mechanism of deceiving host immunity. Employing respiratory syncytial virus and measles virus as models, we reveal that regions surrounding vSS or vSM motifs have features characteristics of pre-miRNA templates and show that RSV viral transcripts are processed into small RNAs that may behave as vSS or vSM effectors. These data suggest that complex molecular interactions likely occur at the host-virus interface. Identifying the mechanisms in the network of interactions between the host and viral transcripts can help uncover ways to improve vaccine efficacy, therapeutics, and potentially mitigate the adverse events that may be associated with some vaccines.

Conventional fabrication methods lack the ability to control both macro- and micro-structures of generated scaffolds. Three-dimensional printing is a solid free-form fabrication method that provides novel ways to create customized scaffolds with high precision and accuracy. In this study, an electrically controlled cortical impactor was used to induce randomized brain tissue defects. The overall shape of scaffolds was designed using rat-specific anatomical data obtained from magnetic resonance imaging, and the internal structure was created by computer-aided design. As the result of limitations arising from insufficient resolution of the manufacturing process, we magnified the size of the cavity model prototype five-fold to successfully fabricate customized collagen-chitosan scaffolds using three-dimensional printing. Results demonstrated that scaffolds have three-dimensional porous structures, high porosity, highly specific surface areas, pore connectivity and good internal characteristics. Neural stem cells co-cultured with scaffolds showed good viability, indicating good biocompatibility and biodegradability. This technique may be a promising new strategy for regenerating complex damaged brain tissues, and helps pave the way toward personalized medicine.

Systemic sclerosis is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterised typically by tightening and tethering of skin. However, several other disorders are also characterised by hardening and thickening of skin. These mimics can be potentially confused with systemic sclerosis, leading to a misdiagnosis. This review describes the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of Morphea (localised scleroderma), Scleredema, Scleromyxoedema, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, Diabetic Cheiroarthropathy, chronic GVHD, POEMS syndrome and drug induced scleroderma like illness. A careful and thorough clinical assessment is essential in order to differentiate these mimics from each other and from systemic sclerosis, establish the diagnosis, and initiate appropriate treatment.

Background: Despite having been declared eliminated in December 2005 from India as a public health problem, the prevalence of leprosy exceeds 1/10,000 population in certain districts/states of India. A spurt in its prevalence by 60% - from 0.74 to 1.18 within 1-year from 2012 to 2013 in the area under Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) of Pune district of Maharashtra, wherein our institution is located, motivated us to carry out this study. Aims and Objectives: This prospective study entailed recording of the epidemiological data of cases of leprosy and carrying out correlation of their clinical and histopathological diagnoses as per Ridley–Jopling scale along with inclusion of indeterminate and pure neuritic types. Materials and Methods: Eighty fresh untreated patients hailing from areas under PCMC–in whom leprosy was clinically considered to be either the diagnosis or the differential diagnosis-reporting to the department of dermatology of our tertiary care hospital were enrolled. Their age, sex, and clinical findings were recorded on a proforma. Slit skin and scrape smear were stained by the Ziehl–Neelsen method. Punch biopsies–processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin and Fite-Faraco method for morphological assessment and identification of the lepra bacilli, respectively–were evaluated histopathologically and a clinico-histopathological correlation, attempted. Results: Male to female ratio of the study patients was 2.3:1; their age ranged from 14 to 74 (mean, 36.67) years. The overall clinico-histopathological concordance observed was 70%. Five cases of indeterminate leprosy (IL) emerged on histopathological examination from among the nine skin biopsies on patients of dermatoses mimicking leprosy (pityriasis alba, postinflammatory hypopigmentation, nevus depigmentosus, etc.). Conclusion: This study enabled us to detect additional cases of IL (from among dermatoses mimicking leprosy) and led to more accurate typing, thereby underscoring the importance of clinico-histopathological correlation as an important diagnostic aid.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by immune-mediated demyelination, and is a leading cause of neurological disability worldwide. It has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations which overlap with other neurological conditions many times. Further, the radiological array of findings in MS can also be confused for multiple other conditions, leading to the need to look for the more typical findings, and interpret these in close conjunction with the clinical picture including temporal evolution. This review aims to revisit the MRI findings in MS, including recent innovations in imaging, and to help distinguish MS from its mimics.

AIM: To present a method of repairing orbital floor fractures using pre-shaped titanium mesh implants that were formed on templates designed on the basis of computed tomography images by MIMICS.METHODS: Ten patients with simple unilateral inferior orbital wall fracture were included in this study. All patients underwent transconjunctival repair of isolated orbital floor fractures. First, 3D virtual models and then 2D models with fracture areas were created on the basis of computed tomography images using MIMICS software. These 2D models were printed on the papers in real size and then sterilized as templates to shape the titanium mesh and which were then used in the reconstruction of orbital floor defects. Within 3 days after surgery, the orbits were then scanned by spiral CT to evaluate the reconstruction accuracy of preformed titanium mesh implants.RESULTS: CT scans reveal that the preformed titanium mesh implants had great accuracy to reconstruct the orbital floor defects in all patients. Significant improvement resulted in 1 case with respect to diplopia and enophthalmos and total recovery in 9 cases.CONCLUSION: It is clinically viable to build templates by MIMICS, on the basis of CT studies, that can be used to shape the titanium mesh in the repair of orbital floor fractures.

Changes in cell surface glycosylation are a hallmark of the transition from normal to inflamed and neoplastic tissue. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) challenge our understanding of immune tolerance, while functioning as immune targets that bridge innate immune surveillance and adaptive antitumor immunity in clinical applications. T-cells, being a part of the adaptive immune response, are the most popular component of the immune system considered for targeting tumor cells. However, for TACAs, T-cells take a back seat to antibodies and natural killer cells as first-line innate defense mechanisms. Here, we briefly highlight the rationale associated with the relative importance of the immune surveillance machinery that might be applicable for developing therapeutics.

Research issues related to indirect communication engaged paralinguistics studying the factors that accompany speech communication and engaged in the transfer of information. The funds, which are called paralinguistic can give meaning to a variety of shades of expression, including direct antonymous sense, transmitted verbally.

Catalysts are employed in many areas of research and development where they combine high efficiency with often astonishing selectivity for their respective substrates. In biology, biocatalysts are omnipresent. Enzymes facilitate highly controlled, sophisticated cellular processes, such as metabolic conversions, sensing and signalling, and are prominent targets in drug development. In contrast, the therapeutic use of catalysts per se is still rather limited. Recent research has shown that small molecule catalytic agents able to modulate the redox state of the target cell bear considerable promise, particularly in the context of inflammatory and infectious diseases, stroke, ageing and even cancer. Rather than being “active” on their own in a more traditional sense, such agents develop their activity by initiating, promoting, enhancing or redirecting reactions between biomolecules already present in the cell, and their activity therefore depends critically on the predisposition of the target cell itself. Redox catalysts, for instance, preferably target cells with a distinct sensitivity towards changes in an already disturbed redox balance and/or increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, certain transition metal, chalcogen and quinone agents may activate an antioxidant response in normal cells whilst at the same time triggering apoptosis in cancer cells with a different pre-existing “biochemical redox signature” and closer to the internal redox threshold. In pharmacy, catalysts therefore stand out as promising lead structures, as sensor/effector agents which are highly effective, fairly selective, active in catalytic, i.e., often nanomolar concentrations and also very flexible in their structural design.

Modern methods of diagnosing of maxillary bones in various clinical situations presume a method of computer tomography. In some cases, the treatment planning according to three-dimensional image cannot be performed and the question of creation of the biomechanical model study area arises. Various methods of computer-aided design and three-dimensional modeling are worth while using to achieve the realization of the task.

The clinical diagnosis of acute stroke is inaccurate approximately 10%-30% of the time, which can lead to unnecessary administration of thrombolytic therapy or delays in appropriate therapy. Rapid and accurate neuroimaging triage is essential to guide therapy and exclude mimics. Although many conditions that mimic stroke clinically have imaging appearances that can overlap acute stroke, these conditions can be differentiated in most cases by using a careful pattern-based approach. We describe a case of 67 yo male patient who had a clinic of wakeup stroke and at the first magnetic resonance image (MRI) it was found that was an acute stroke of middle cerebral artery.The patient did not improve and a second MRI revelead a two times growth of the lesion, and the MRI findings were compatible with tumor. At the surgery they found a infiltrative lesion and the anatomopathological exam showed that it was a high grade glioma.The diagnosis of ischemic stroke is often straight forward; however, the clinical diagnosis of acute stroke is inaccurate in many cases. Furthermore, many of these conditions, such as encephalitis, mass lesions, seizures, hypoglycemia, transient global amnesia (TGA),demyelinating disease, drug toxicity, and metabolic disturbances, have imaging appearances that can mimic acute or subacute infarction; however, an accurate diagnosis can often be made by using a pattern-based approach.

The clinical diagnosis of acute stroke is inaccurate approximately 10%-30% of the time, which can lead to unnecessary administration of thrombolytic therapy or delays in appropriate therapy. Rapid and accurate neuroimaging triage is essential to guide therapy and exclude mimics. Although many conditions that mimic stroke clinically have imaging appearances that can overlap acute stroke, these conditions can be differentiated in most cases by using a careful pattern-based approach. We describe a case of 67 yo male patient who had a clinic of wakeup stroke and at the first magnetic resonance image (MRI) it was found that was an acute stroke of middle cerebral artery.The patient did not improve and a second MRI revelead a two times growth of the lesion, and the MRI findings were compatible with tumor. At the surgery they found a infiltrative lesion and the anatomopathological exam showed that it was a high grade glioma.The diagnosis of ischemic stroke is often straight forward; however, the clinical diagnosis of acute stroke is inaccurate in many cases. Furthermore, many of these conditions, such as encephalitis, mass lesions, seizures, hypoglycemia, transient global amnesia (TGA),demyelinating disease, drug toxicity, and metabolic disturbances, have imaging appearances that can mimic acute or subacute infarction; however, an accurate diagnosis can often be made by using a pattern-based approach.