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Overlapping or multiple certificates occur because there are two certificates on the same land and are officially issued by the National Land Office. As a result this overlap raises a dispute between the parties, and then the certificate is no longer valid evidence. The formulation of the problem is the regulation of overlapping dispute resolution according to legislation in Indonesia and how the authority of the Land Office in resolving disputes overlapping land parcels. The research method used is empirical juridical using primary and secondary data. The results showed that there is no specific regulation regarding disputes over double or overlapping certificates, currently the regulations used by the District Land Office still refer to the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning number 11 of 2016 concerning Settlement of Land Cases. To reinforce the authority of the Land Office in resolving cases of multiple certificates, a special regulation on the settlement of overlapping land cases is needed. The conclusion shows that the Land Office has carried out its role by its duties, principal, and functions, but because the regulations used are general, many obstacles are found in solving the problem of multiple certificates, therefore there is a need for legal reform and education from the government to the public about the importance of officially registering land.

Forests in Indonesia need to continue to be preserved from the activities of companies or companies that use forest areas illegally, and the activities of organized individuals who carry out illegal enforcement activities (illegal logging) that continue to occur every year. Efforts to preserve forests have been realized in Law No. 18 of 2013 on the Prevention and eradication of forest destruction, which has authorized the Institute for the Prevention and Eradication of forest destruction to conduct investigation activities up to the investigation of criminal acts of forest destruction as ketntuan Article 56 paragraph 1, and in the eradication of destruction htuan institute can form a task force as an implementing element. The task force implements the eradication of strategic forest destruction from investigation to prosecution throughout the territory of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia, including the customs territory at the command of the head of the institution and or deputy in accordance with Article 55 paragraph 5. Prosecution Authority the task force contains legal implications with other laws and other institutions that have Prosecution Authority.

Islamic Architecture is characterized by its richness in many elements that were used in both architectural and decorative aspects such as the arches that were not innovations of Muslim architect, but were found in the buildings of the ancient civilizations and were inherited after that in Islamic architecture. The Muslim architect developed the arches in his buildings and presented them in new shapes. Among the various shapes of arches that appeared in Islamic architecture a formation that is composed of the overlapping of these arches with each other. What increased the importance of this formation is that the Muslim architect adapted it to have an architectural role beside their decorative aspects. The purpose of this paper is to study the usage of overlapping arches as a decorative and architectural element in Islamic architecture. The study looked into the origins of this element by investigating its earliest examples in ancient civilizations to determine how it emerged in Islamic architecture. Furthermore, the study traced back the initial attempts in Islamic architecture to use this element in both decorative and architectural roles, along with an assumption that its usage as architectural element is entrenched in Islamic architecture, as well as the arguments that support this assumption. Further to that, the research clarified the numerous shapes of overlapping arches used as decorative motifs in Islamic architecture and backed these shapes with examples to illustrate each of them. In addition, the paper also identified the cases where overlapping arches performed an architectural role in Islamic architecture. Finally, the paper clarified how the use of overlapping arches both as a decorative and architectural element moved to European architecture as an influence of Islamic architecture.

Pap smear testing is crucial for early diagnosis of cervical cancer, but cell overlapping poses a significant challenge to diagnostic accuracy, as improper processing of overlapping cells can lead to misclassification. While significant research efforts have been devoted to segmenting overlapping cells, there is an absence of thorough reviews covering existing studies. This survey represents the first comprehensive exploration of technologies aiming to segment overlapping cells in cervical cytology images. Initially, we collected over 100 relevant papers from various open-source databases using diverse keywords. Subsequently, we conducted a thorough analysis covering various aspects, including datasets, evaluation methods, and data augmentation techniques. We then categorized the applications into conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches, further subdividing both methods into three groups. We summarized articles that utilized conventional machine learning methods and compared the outcomes with those employing deep learning methods. Finally, we provide insights into current challenges and prospects in this critical domain.

The conventional clustering methods assume a binary classification and establish a complete inclusive or exclusive type relation of an object with a cluster. In contrast, a three-way paradigm handles situations where an object may or may not belong to a cluster, i.e., uncertain. The objects belonging to the uncertainty region may lead to inclusion or exclusion after further processing and information. One of the use cases of the three-way paradigm is the overlapping region between different clusters. Effective computation of overlapping objects is crucial to the application’s overall success. In this paper, we employ a three-way clustering approach inspired by image blurring and sharpening operations that consider the objects in the inside or outside regions of a cluster to be non-overlapping. The objects belonging to the partial region of more than one cluster are considered overlapping. The experiment conducted on Birds, Scenes, and 20 newsgroups datasets indicates that the proposed approach improves the F1 measure and hamming loss up to 18.6% and 4.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the system’s robustness for overlapping regions is observed using typical clustering measures. The experimental results suggested that the proposed approach may improve the computation of overlapping regions effectively.

The dispute over authority between state institutions whose authorities are based on regulations under the 1945 Constitution cannot be resolved through a decision (beschikking), considering that matters involving overlapping authority that has been included in the regulations (regelling) and will remain in effect unless one of the matters has been annulled. This research aims to elaborate the pattern of power restriction on state institutions and find out the resolution of authority disputes between state institutions whose authority is based on regulations under the 1945 Constitution. This research is a legal argumentation using a normative research approach. The results of the research show that each state institution obtains authority by attribution, which originates from the 1945 Constitution or from regulations under the 1945 Constitution. The annulment of material containing authority that is sourced from the regulations under the 1945 Constitution can only be carried out through a material test (judicial review) by the judiciary, namely the Supreme Court.

In the technology era, the process of teaching a computer to interpret musical notation is termed optical music recognition (OMR). It aims to convert musical note sheets presented in an image into a computer-readable format. Recently, the sequence-to-sequence model along with the attention mechanism (which is used in text and handwritten recognition) has been used in music notes recognition. However, due to the gradual disappearance of excessively long sequences of musical sheets, the mentioned OMR models which consist of long short-term memory are facing difficulties in learning the relationships among the musical notations. Consequently, a new framework has been proposed, leveraging the image segmentation technique to break up the procedure into several steps. In addition, an overlap problem in OMR has been addressed in this study. Overlapping can result in misinterpretation of music notations, producing inaccurate findings. Thus, a novel algorithm is being suggested to detect and segment the notations that are extremely close to each other. Our experiments are based on the usage of the Convolutional Neural Network block as a feature extractor from the image of the musical sheet and the sequence-to-sequence model to retrieve the corresponding semantic representation. The proposed approach is evaluated on The Printed Images of Music Staves dataset. The achieved results confirm that our suggested framework successfully solves the problem of long sequence music sheets, obtaining SER 0% for the non-overlap symbols in the best scenario. Furthermore, our approach has shown promising results in addressing the overlapping problem: 23.12 % SER for overlapping symbols.

Traditional text clustering based on distance struggles to distinguish between overlapping representations in medical data. By incorporating contrastive learning, the feature space can be optimized and applies mixup implicitly during the data augmentation phase to reduce computational burden. Medical case text is prevalent in everyday life, and clustering is a fundamental method of identifying major categories of conditions within vast amounts of unlabeled text. Learning meaningful clustering scores in data relating to rare diseases is difficult due to their unique sparsity. To address this issue, we propose a contrastive clustering method based on mixup, which involves selecting a small batch of data to simulate the experimental environment of rare diseases. The contrastive learning module optimizes the feature space based on the fact that positive pairs share negative samples, and clustering is employed to group data with comparable semantic features. The module mitigates the issue of overlap in data, whilst mixup generates cost-effective virtual features, resulting in superior experiment scores even when using small batch data and reducing resource usage and time overhead. Our suggested technique has acquired cutting-edge outcomes and embodies a favorable strategy for unmonitored text clustering.

The multi-class imbalance problem has a higher level of complexity when compared to the binary class problem. The difficulty is due to the large number of classes that will present challenges related to overlapping between classes. Many approaches have been proposed to deal with these multi-class problems. One is a hybrid approach combining a data-level approach and an algorithm-level approach. This approach is done by the ensemble on the classifier and also oversampling on the minority class. SMOTE is an oversampling method that provides good performance, but this method is necessary to determine the best sample used in the interpolation process to generate new samples. The need for determining the best sample is related to the overlap between classes that always accompanies the multi-class imbalance problem. The existence of overlap requires efforts to determine the safe region to synthesize the sample in the oversampling process in SMOTE. The safe region is considered the best for synthesizing samples due to the lower tendency of overlapping. It can be done by constructing distance features to determine the safe region. The sample with the best distance and the lowest imbalance ratio will be selected as a sample in the over-sampling process with SMOTE. The main contribution of this research is the proposed method of Hybrid Approach with Distance Feature so that it can determine safe samples, with the main advantage being in addition to handling multi-class imbalances, it is also better for handling overlapping. The results of this study will be compared with Multiple Random Balance (MultiRandBal) which performs a random oversampling process. The results showed that the Augmented R-Value, Class Average Accuracy, Class Balance Accuracy, and Hamming Loss obtained in this method was better than the random oversampling process. These results also show that the Hybrid Approach with Distance Feature provides better results in handling multi-class imbalances when compared to MultiRandBal.

The design of a lightweight deep learning model would be an ideal solution for overcoming resource limitations when implementing artificial intelligence in edge sites. In this study, we propose a lightweight deep neural network that uses a Mixer-type architecture based on nonlinear vector autoregression (NVAR), which we refer to as Mixer-type NVAR. We applied overlapping patch embedding to enrich the image input and Sequencer architecture for vertical and horizontal operation inside the Mixer-type NVAR. We utilized a window partition technique and general quadratic positional encoding to increase the performance of the proposed model. Our model achieved a top-1 accuracy of 82.48% for the CIFAR-10 dataset with 0.159 M parameters and 98.36% for MNIST with 0.106 M parameters. Moreover, we evaluated its throughput on a central processing unit, which was 190.1 images per second for CIFAR-10 and 106.7 images per second for the MNIST dataset. These results are competitive with the state-of-the-art convolutional neural network-based model, MLP-Mixer, and the traditional reservoir-computing-based Mixer model with the same tuning of hyperparameters.

Речь, являясь многоаспектным явлением, не теряет своей актуальности в лингвистических исследованиях. Известно, что вербальная коммуникация появилась эволюционно позднее невербальной формы, тем не менее мультимодальный подход к моделированию языкового общения на базе спонтанного диалога только начинает развиваться в отечественной лингвистике. Целью статьи являются предоставление данных о соотношении вербального и невербального компонентов в моменты затруднений развертывания устного спонтанного дискурса между двумя коммуникантами и их последующая систематизация в виде основных мультимодальных паттернов. Материалом исследования послужили 16 видеофрагментов спонтанных диалогов носителей русского языка, общий хронометраж которых составил 90 минут. Анализируемый видеоматериал относится к студенческому спонтанному диалогическому дискурсу. Темы диалогических выступлений условно можно разделить на два блока – общение друзей/коллег и общение между клиентом и обслуживающим персоналом. Каждый видео­фрагмент проаннотирован в программе ELAN v. 6.2. Представленные результаты основаны на общелингвистических описательном и сравнительно-сопоставительном методах, а также методе анализа когнитивного события. При описании когнитивного события и приведении статистических данных представлены основные мультимодальные паттерны, характеризующиеся наиболее частотными видами речевых сбоев и воспроизводимым набором невербальной реакции на их образование. Настоящее исследование строится на идее жестовой воспроизводимости. В результате анализа выявлены основные типы речевых сбоев, разделенных на пять блоков. Каждый из блоков сопровождают основные повторяющиеся мультимодальные паттерны, реализуемые в разных каналах, – мануальный, окуломоторный и целографический. Количество речевых сбоев, регистрируемых на внешнем уровне, прямо зависит от темы и не всегда от уровня компетенции говорящих, так как все диалоги являются импровизацией студентов, имеющих пресуппозиции относительно развертывания дискурса в зависимости от заданной роли. Речевые сбои и принципы их компенсации в разных мультимодальных каналах зависят как от внутренних (когнитивных), так и от внешних факторов (перекрестная речь, перебивания), которые представляют взаимопроникающую неделимую систему.

In this study, a thermal–phase–mechanical coupled numerical model was presented for the prediction of the distribution of temperature, phase and residual stress of 42CrMo steel during two-track laser hardening process. Austenite and tempering transformation were simulated based on the isoconversional method. K-M equation was used to calculate the fraction of martensite. Residual stress was calculated considering the thermal strain, transformation strain and transformation plasticity. The accuracy of the numerical model was verified according to the comparison with experimental results. The stress distribution of two-track laser hardening process was studied according to numerical simulation results. And the effect of the second track on the residual stress produced by the first track in two-track laser hardening was also analyzed by using this numerical model.

Many actions have been carried out to promote the low-carbon society construction in China, emission trading system (ETS) and energy efficiency trading (EET) are two typical instruments during the past five years. This paper focused on the coexistence between ETS and EET aiming to explore whether policy-mix could enhance industries’ interests through the partial-equilibrium model. The results showed that when overlapping transaction scope is allowed, the shadow price of energy saving is certain for the industries. When is not, setting up the policy-mix would not improve energy savings of industries but would make the two trading systems complementary, via the internal mechanism of the policy-mix and providing multiple policy options. The analysis indicated that EET and ETS could coexist and yield better results. Energy saving quota and CO2 quotas can be mutually recognized in a certain method avoiding the repeated accounting between two quotas, which will not increase the burden of enterprises but encourage them to conduct flexible emission reduction to enhance the competitiveness.

Highlights: This is the first empirical study to replicate Jadad algorithm assessments to evaluate discordance across systematic reviews. In 62% (13/21) of cases, we were unable to replicate the Jadad algorithm assessment and ultimately chose a different systematic review than the authors. When assessing systematic reviews using the Jadad algorithm, some steps of the Jadad algorithm were vague in description, making it difficult to operationalise, interpret, and use. The Jadad algorithm has several limitations as it does not account for the last literature search of the systematic review and publication recency of included trials. To assess discordance in the absence of an algorithm, we recommend decision makers consider relevance (objectives that most closely resemble their clinical question), recency (dates of search), comprehensiveness (most trials), and risk of bias (lowest risk of bias SR) when choosing one systematic review across multiple.

The dataset tends to have the possibility to experience imbalance as indicated by the presence of a class with a much larger number (majority) compared to other classes(minority). This condition results in the possibility of failing to obtain a minority class even though the accuracy obtained is high. In handling class imbalance, the problems of diversity and classifier performance must be considered. Hence, the Hybrid Approach method that combines the sampling method and classifier ensembles presents satisfactory results. The Hybrid Approach generally uses the oversampling method, which is prone to overfitting problems. The overfitting condition is indicated by high accuracy in the training data, but the testing data can show differences in accuracy. Therefore, in this study, Smoothed Bootstrap Resampling is the oversampling method used in the Hybrid Approach, which can prevent overfitting. However, it is not only the class imbalance that contributes to the decline in classifier performance. There are also overlapping issues that need to be considered. The approach that can be used to overcome overlapping is Feature Selection. Feature selection can reduce overlap by minimizing the overlap degree. This research combined the application of Feature Selection with Hybrid Approach Redefinition, which modifies the use of Smoothed Bootstrap Resampling in handling class imbalance in medical datasets. The preprocessing stage in the proposed method was carried out using Smoothed Bootstrap Resampling and Feature Selection. The Feature Selection method used is Feature Assessment by Sliding Thresholds (FAST). While the processing is done using Random Under Sampling and SMOTE. The overlapping measurement parameters use Augmented R-Value, and Classifier Performance uses the Balanced Error Rate, Precision, Recall, and F-Value parameters. The Balanced Error Rate states the combined error of the majority and minority classes in the 10-Fold Validation test, allowing each subset to become training data. The results showed that the proposed method provides better performance when compared to the comparison method

This study aimed to explain and compare the anatomical, histological, histochemical and histomorphometrical analyses of the trachea in different species of birds. This study includes 21 healthy birds from geese (Anser anser domesticus), cattle egrets (Bublucus ibis) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), 7 seven from each species. Anatomically, the trachea of the goose (the proximal and distal parts) was the longest of all the studied species, yet it had fewer cartilaginous rings than those of the cattle egret. Also, the tracheal length, beside the tracheal muscle in geese plays an important role in the phonation process. Histologically, the trachea is composed of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, fibrocartilaginous, and adventitia. The epithelium that lined the trachea was ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with simple mucous tubuloalveolar glands in either proximal or distal parts depending on the species. The proximal part is made up of overlapped hyaline cartilaginous rings that partially ossified in geese and cattle egrets but did not ossify in sparrows. In the distal part, the overlapping faded in three investigated species.

Community detection has been (and remains) a very important topic in several fields. From marketing and social networking to biological studies, community detection plays a key role in advancing research in many different fields. Research on this topic originally looked at classifying nodes into discrete communities (non-overlapping communities) but eventually moved forward to placing nodes in multiple communities (overlapping communities). Unfortunately, community detection has always been a time-inefficient process, and datasets are too large to realistically process them using traditional methods. Because of this, recent methods have turned to parallelism and graph stream models, where the edge list is accessed one edge at a time. However, all these methods, while offering a significant decrease in processing time, still have several shortcomings. We propose a new parallel algorithm called community detection with seed sets (CoDiS), which solves the overlapping community detection problem in graph streams. Initially, some nodes (seed sets) have known community structures, and the aim is to expand these communities by processing one edge at a time. The innovation of our approach is that it splits communities among the parallel computation workers so that each worker is only updating a subset of all the communities. By doing so, we decrease the edge processing throughput and decrease the amount of time each worker spends on each edge. Crucially, we remove the need for every worker to have access to every community. Experimental results show that we are able to gain a significant improvement in running time with no loss of accuracy.

This paper presents an antenna array organized in sub-arrays and composed of densely spaced dielectric-based radiating elements. To reduce the number of active components required in the array beamforming network, each sub-array consists of a single active element, directly fed, and several passive reactively loaded elements. State-of-the-art implementations of such arrays are typically based on rectangular air-filled waveguide radiators which provide a limited bandwidth and support a single linear polarization only. By utilizing the dielectric-based radiators presented in this work, a significant increase in the operating bandwidth of the array can be achieved. In this case, the aforementioned reactive loading is implemented through short-circuited dielectric-filled waveguides. By optimizing the position of the short circuits, the radiation pattern of the sub-array can be controlled and synthesized according to a given mask. To create larger design flexibility, one can design the sub-array in the presence of the adjacent sub-arrays, achieving in this way their effective overlapping. By employing the considered design technique, a sub-array featuring flat-top radiation pattern characteristics in combination with low side-lobe levels and high gain was developed, manufactured, and thoroughly analyzed. An additional benefit of such a design choice is the possibility of supporting two orthogonal polarizations.

For several years, machine learning (ML) technologies open up new opportunities which solve traditional problems based on a rich set of hardware resources. Unfortunately, ML technologies sometimes waste available hardware resources (e.g., CPU and GPU) because they spend a lot of time waiting for a previous step inside ML procedure. In this paper, we first study data flows of the ML procedure in detail to find avoidable performance bottlenecks. Then, we propose ol.data, the first software-based data processing scheme that aims to (1) overlap training and validation steps in one epoch or two adjacent epochs, and (2) perform validation steps in parallel, which helps to significantly improve not only the computation time but also the resource utilization. To confirm the positive effectiveness of ol.data, we implemented a convolution neural network (CNN) model with ol.data and compared it with the traditional approaches, Numpy (i.e., baseline) and tf.data on three different datasets. As a result, we confirmed that ol.data reduces the inference time by up to 41.8% and increases the utilization of CPU and GPU resources by up to 75.7% and 38.7%, respectively.

The construction industry has extensively applied the fast-tracking approach to the demanding need for the fast delivery of infrastructure projects. However, the fast-track strategy might be threatened by distinctive risks or changes in risk characteristics that emerge when activities are overlapped (overlapping risks). This article proposes a risk assessment simulation model to quantify the economic impact of overlapping risks on fast-track infrastructure projects. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation and a proprietary engine solution for the optimization procedure. It quantifies the overlapping risk impacts in the project duration and cost that could originate in three different overlapping degrees and evaluates the optimal overlapping degree to reduce the impact of the overlapping risks. The model demonstration used a commercial renovation project. The results suggest that overlapping risks have a high potential impact on the total cost, although with a high probability of attaining the target duration. Eight top risks affected the total duration, cost, or both. The optimum overlapping to reduce the economic impact and achieve the target project duration combines different overlapping degrees. This study contribution is a model for fast-track projects considering overlapping risks, their impact characteristic as a distribution, and the potential relationship between these risks.

Gas chromatography (GC) techniques for analyzing and determining the cannabinoid profile in cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) are widely used in standard laboratories; however, these methods may mislabel the profile when used under rapid conditions. Our study aimed to highlight this problem and optimize GC column conditions and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters to accurately identify cannabinoids in both standards and forensic samples. The method was validated for linearity, selectivity, and precision. It was observed that when tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A) were examined using rapid GC conditions, the resulting derivatives generated identical retention times. Wider chromatographic conditions were applied. The linear range for each compound ranged from 0.02 μg/mL to 37.50 μg/mL. The R2 values ranged from 0.996 to 0.999. The LOQ values ranged from 0.33 μg/mL to 5.83 μg/mL, and the LOD values ranged from 0.11 μg/mL to 1.92 μg/mL. The precision values ranged from 0.20% to 8.10% RSD. In addition, forensic samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) in an interlaboratory comparison test, with higher CBD and THC content than GC–MS determination (p < 0.05) in samples. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing GC techniques to avoid mislabeling cannabinoids in cannabis samples.

This paper firstly explains how the stator slot PM (SSPM) machines have evolved from the conventional flux reversal PM machines (FRPMs), by placing the magnets over the tooth tips or between the tooth tips. The influence of tooth tips and PM configurations of five types of SSPM machines with various PM structures in stator slots, two with tooth tips and three without tooth tips, on the electromagnetic performance are then investigated and compared. It shows that, no matter what winding configurations (non-overlapping windings or overlapping windings), appropriate design of tooth tips can increase the average torque, the SSPM machines having flux focusing structures (i.e. Halbach array PM and spoke array PM) exhibit higher torque than those without flux focusing, and the SSPM machines with tooth tips have higher PM utilization rate than those without tooth tips. Non-overlapping windings can help provide higher torque density when the prototype machine length is less than around 125mm while overlapping windings are more advantageous if the machine length is over 125mm.

In recent years, the classification of class-imbalanced data has obtained increasing attention across different scientific areas such as fraud detection, metabolomics, Cancer diagnosis, etc. This interest comes after proving the negative effect of overlapping on the performance of class-imbalanced learning. Based on augmented R-value, our proposed strategy aims to select features that make data achieve the minimal overlap degree, so improving the performance of classification as well. In this context, we present three feature selection algorithms RONS (Reduce Overlapping with No-sampling), ROS (Reduce Overlapping with SMOTE), and ROA (Reduce Overlapping with ADASYN), which are built through sparse feature selection to minimize the overlapping and perform binary classification. Also, a re-sampling process has been included in both ROS and ROA. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms as feature selection methods manage the variation of false discovery rate during the selection of main features for the process modeling. For the experiment, four credit card datasets have been selected to test the performance of our algorithms. Using F-measure and Gmean evaluation metrics, the results reveal that our proposed algorithms are considerably recommended compared with classical feature selection methods. Besides, this effective feature selection strategy can be extended as an alternative to deal with class-imbalanced learning problems that involve overlapping.

The principle of identitas indiscernibilium can be thoroughly expressed in a quantum context, overcoming the debate about the possibility of distinction among identical entities according to space-time parameters: the symmetry defined by the exchange of the wave function without overlapping describes the behavior of particles as if they were alike. That nature of the wave function is depicted along the essay as a relational property of observation, not of the quantum object itself, making the principle take an epistemological turn, dissociated from the object ontic drive.

Despite the advent of DNA profiling, fingerprints still play an important role in suspect identification. However, if single crime scene marks may be challenging to identify, overlapping fingermarks, understandably, pose an even greater challenge. In the last decade, mass spectrometry-imaging methods have provided a possible solution to the separation of fingermarks from two or more donors, based on the differential chemical composition. However, there are no studies attempting to separate overlapping marks from the same donor. This is important in relation to fingermark deposition at different times, which could be critical, for example, to ascertain legitimate access to the scene. In the work presented here, we investigate whether Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging can separate the same donor’s fingermarks deposited at different times based on intra-donor fingermark composition variability. Additionally, the hypothesis that the different times of deposition could be also determined was investigated in the view of linking the suspect at the scene at different times; the dating window of MALDI MSI within the selected molecular range was explored. Results show that it is possible to separate overlapping fingermarks from the same donor in most cases, even from natural marks. Fresh marks (0 days) could be separated from those of fourteen days of age, though the latter could not be distinguished from the set aged for seven days. Due to the use of only one donor, these are to be considered preliminary data, though findings are interesting enough to warrant further investigation of the capabilities and limitations of this approach using a larger cohort of donors.

Purpose: The flow diversion effect of an intracranial stent is closely related to its metal coverage rate (MCR). In this study, the flow diversion effects of Enterprise and low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS) stents are compared with those of a Pipeline flow diverter, focusing on the MCR change. Moreover, the changes in the flow diversion effect caused by the additional manipulations of overlapping and compaction are verified using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis.Methods: CFD analysis was performed using virtually generated stents mounted in an idealized aneurysm model. First, the flow diversion effects of single Enterprise, LVIS, and Pipeline devices were analyzed. The Enterprise and LVIS were sequentially overlapped and compared with a Pipeline, to evaluate the effect of stent overlapping. The effect of compacting a stent was evaluated by comparing the flow diversion effects of a single and two compacted LVIS with those of two overlapped, uncompacted LVIS and uncompacted and compacted Pipeline. Quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the hemodynamic parameters of energy loss, average velocity, and inflow rate.Results: Statistically significant correlations were observed between the reduction rates of the hemodynamic parameters and MCR. The single LVIS without compaction induced a reduction in all the hemodynamic parameters comparable to those of the three overlapped Enterprise. Moreover, the two overlapped, uncompacted LVIS showed a flow diversion effect as large as that induced by the single uncompacted Pipeline. Compacted stents induced a better flow diversion effect than uncompacted stents. The single compacted LVIS induced a flow diversion effect similar to that induced by the two uncompacted LVIS or single uncompacted Pipeline.Conclusions: The MCR of a stent correlates with its flow diversion effect. Overlapping and compaction can increase the MCR of an intracranial stent and achieve a flow diversion effect as large as that observed with a flow diverter.

The Banjar community, which consists of the Banjar ethnic group, is referred to as a tribe that overlaps between ethnic and religious identities. When mentioned with the word "Banjar", it will be imagined the word "Islam" accompanies it. The inherent stamp of "Banjar Islam" shows a certain religious dimension in it which is certainly different from other Muslims. This article is presented to illustrate the typology of religious reasoning of Banjar people who are associated with the label of Banjar Islam in front of them. It should be noted that far from the arrival of Islam, Banjar people also developed the belief in animism-dynamism followed by Hinduism and Buddhism. It was thanks to the role of the Banjar Sultanate that the Banjar community became the Banjar Islam. In the end, a shift in reason also occurred in the religious constructs of the Banjar community in line with social changes. This paper is a literature study that relies on descriptive methods in its presentation and psycho-socio-historical approach as the knife of analysis. This article explains that there are at least 4 types of reasoning that developed in Banjar since the era of animism and dynamism until after the entry of religious movements in the 20th century, namely mystical-realist, mystical-idealist, literalist-normative, and traditionalist-critical. The development of the religious reasoning of the Banjar community did not occur linearly, but rather overlapping. Masyarakat Banjar yang terdiri dari etnis Banjar disebut sebagai suku yang bertumpang-tindih antara identitas kesukuan dan identitas keagamaannya. Ketika disebutkan dengan kata Banjar, maka akan terbayang kata Islam menyertainya. Cap “Islam Banjar” yang melekat menunjukkan adanya suatu dimensi keberagamaan tertentu di dalamnya yang tentunya berbeda dengan Islam-Islam lainya. Artikel ini dihadirkan untuk menggambarkan tipologi nalar beragama masyarakat Banjar dikaitkan dengan adanya label Islam Banjar di depannya. Perlu diketahui bahwa jauh kedatangan Islam, di Banjar pun juga berkembang kepercayaan animisme-dinamisme yang disusul agama Hindu dan Buddha. Berkat peran kesultanan Banjarlah masyarakat Banjar menjadi Islam Banjar. Pada akhirnya, pergeseran nalar pun juga terjadi dalam konstruk keberagamaan masyarakat Banjar seiring perubahan sosial kemasyarakatan. Tulisan ini adalah kajian kepustakaan yang mengandalkan metode deskriptif dalam pemaparannya dan pendekatan psiko-sosio-historis sebagai pisau analisisnya. Artikel ini menjelaskan bahwa setidaknya ada 4 tipologi nalar yang berkembang sejak animisme dan dinamisme hingga pasca masuknya gerakan keagamaan di abad 20, yaitu mistis-realis, mistis idealis, literalis normatif, dan tradisionalis-kritis. Perkembangan nalar kekeberagamaan masyarakat Banjar tidak terjadi evolusi linier, namun lebih bersifat overlapping.

This study aims to determine the growth and yield of Madura corn and Peanut with the intercropping system Sari. This study uses an experimental method (true experiment), defined as the method used to look for the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions. In this case the writer uses the control class as a comparison so this study can also be called a pure experiment. The results showed that the best on Growth Results and Yield with intercropping system was local corn while the peanuts were not so good. Because at the time of harvest corn is harvested earlier than peanuts.

A social network consists of some people who are related to each other through some similarities. The emergence and evolution of these networks and increasing rate of using them is the major cause for social network analysis to be a hot research topic. Using various algorithms, each network can be divided into some communities. So, each community includes some members of the social network. Community detection is one of the most important and fundamental tasks in network analysis. It is a step towards understanding the patterns and characteristics of the complex systems they represent. In this paper, the state of the art algorithms for community detection are categorized into six categories (spectral clustering and centrality, quality function, Label propagation, Structure, Closeness, link clustering) based on their definition of the community and modelling the concept of overlapping (existence of the nodes with membership in multiple communities). Next, these methods are implemented on various datasets and compared to each other. It is obvious from the results of performance measures, even in this small collection of data sets, no algorithm can be considered as the best community detection method for all kinds of networks.

The analysis of materials using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has a unique area called the fingerprint region for each compound. However, this area is almost never discussed because of its complexity due to the large number of signals that appear in it. In this work, the fingerprint region analysis of the ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with different percentages of vinyl acetate (VA) (18%, 28%, 40%) was performed. In comparison with other instrumental techniques, the crystallinity and structural arrangement of the EVA copolymers were determined simply and economically. The crystallinities for EVA18, EVA28 and EVA40 were 24.39%, 6.95% and1.03%, respectively. In terms of structural ordering, the number of linear chains of EVA copolymer decreases as the concentration of VA increases, which favors the reduction of degrees of freedom and the formation of hydrogen bonds.

Bypass diodes are usually connected in PV modules to reduce the impact of partial shading. There are two configurations of the bypass diodes used in commercially available PV modules: non-overlapping bypass diodes, in which each diode is separately connected to a unique group of series PV cells, and overlapping bypass diodes, in which the diodes are connected to mutual PV cells. Because almost all PV studies are based on non-overlapping configuration, the effects of the diodes are well understood. On the other hand, a complete analysis for the effects of the overlapped bypass diodes on the performance of the PV module has not been yet systematically disclosed. Moreover, there is still no available mathematical formulation to model such PV modules without the use of circuit simulations. This paper first derives a mathematical modeling approach to simulate overlapped PV modules and then provides a comprehensive study and analysis for the effect of overlapped bypass diodes on the electrical response of PV module under a wide variety of possible shading levels to fully understand their effects and impact. Moreover, it reveals their effects on partial shading power losses, and on the hot spot formation, which both have not yet been investigated in the literature of overlapped PV modules. Their possible negative effects on the efficiency of micro inverters are also illustrated. The results are validated both using Matlab Simulink and experimentally.

The accurate identification of overlapping Agaricus bisporus in a factory environment is one of the challenges faced by automated picking. In order to better segment the complex adhesion between Agaricus bisporus, this paper proposes a segmentation recognition algorithm for overlapping Agaricus bisporus. This algorithm calculates the global gradient threshold and divides the image according to the image edge gradient feature to obtain the binary image. Then, the binary image is filtered and morphologically processed, and the contour of the overlapping Agaricus bisporus area is obtained by edge detection in the Canny operator, the convex hull and concave area are extracted for polygon simplification, and the vertices are extracted using Harris corner detection to determine the segmentation point. After dividing the contour fragments by the dividing point, the branch definition algorithm is used to merge and group all the contours of the same Agaricus bisporus. Finally, the least squares ellipse fitting algorithm and the minimum distance circle fitting algorithm are used to reconstruct the outline of Agaricus bisporus, and the demand information of Agaricus bisporus picking is obtained. The experimental results show that this method can effectively overcome the influence of uneven illumination during image acquisition and be more adaptive to complex planting environments. The recognition rate of Agaricus bisporus in overlapping situations is more than 96%, and the average coordinate deviation rate of the algorithm is less than 1.59%.

Remote and rural areas are a challenge to deploy cost-efficient connectivity solutions. 5G technology needslower frequencies, which calls for spectrum sharing for local networks. Spectrum sensing could complementtraditional database approach for spectrum sharing in these areas. This paper studies a windowing based(WIBA) blind spectrum sensing method and compares its performance to a localization algorithm based ondouble-thresholding (LAD). Both methods are based on energy detection and can be used in any band fordetecting rather narrowband signals. Probabilities of detection and false alarm, relative mean square error,number of detected signals and detection distances were evaluated in multipath, multi-signal and rural areachannel conditions. The simulation results show tha the WIBA method is suitable for 5G remote areas, dueto its good detection performance in low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) with low complexity. Results also showimportance of the detection window selection.

Overlapping (tadākhul) between God and His creatures is a novel theory which aims to explain the relationship between God and His creatures. But, it seems that this theory is controversial. Does accepting that God is infinite either entail that God is, in some sense, identical with His creatures – common view for explaining the individual unity of existence – or that God overlaps, in some sense, with His creatures – the view accepted by Gholamreza Fayyazi – or there is a third way? In this paper, we will reveal the weaknesses of Gholamreza Fayyazi’s theory and then we will present a new theory to explain the relationship between God and His creatures, which, in our point of view, is inspired by rational teachings of revelation. According to this third view, it is accepted that God is infinite and does not have any quantity while rejecting that God is identical and that God overlaps with His creatures. Indeed, since God does not have any finitude and does not consist of any quantity, He does not occupy (even infinitely) any place, which entails that God does not overlap with His creatures. Therefore, based on this view, the existence of finite beings and God’s infinite being are consistent.

Je přirozené, že se jednotlivé jazyky od sebe liší. Díky těmto rozdílům mluvíme o samostatných jazycích. Jazykovou interferencí rozumíme vzájemné přejímání některých jazykových prostředků z jednoho jazyka do druhého. Výskyt interference podmiňují různé faktory, např.: 1) nedostatečné ovládání cizího jazyka; 2) značná podobnost mezi cílovým a mateřským jazykem; 3) slabá koncentrace mluvčího. Tento příspěvek si klade za cíl zdůraznit mechanismy vedoucí k interferenci a její následky.

This research is based on the phenomenon of weak supervision on local law products. As a result, the province of Central Java became the region with the largest cancellation of local regulation in Indonesia, which is as many 90-local regulations cancelled. The cancellation of local regulation implicates the obstacles in the implementation of development and district and municipal programs in Central Java - Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to analyze the authority of the region in order to avoid overlapping authority on the cancellation of local regulation by the Governor as the representative of the Central Government. The method of writing uses a normative approach with qualitative analysis to detect the level of synchronization and harmonization of the application of local regulations. The results indicate that the cancellation of local regulation by the Governor as the representative of the central government shows an erroneous logic of the implementation of local autonomy. Ideally, the cancellation of local regulation is performed “one gate”, i.e by the Supreme Court (judicial institution only) through the authority of judicial review

Cancer therapy has progressed dramatically in recent years. In order to decrease the dose and side effects of the anticancer drug, the therapeutic options for patients with cancer include increasingly complex combinations of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This combination may cause overlapping interaction between the two types of treatment and affect the stability of the anticancer drug. In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation on the stability and therapeutic activity of one anticancer drug (Doxorubicin) was studied. For this purpose, doxorubicin drug characterized by two methods, at first, in-vitro study, before and after drug irradiation with different doses of gamma rays (2, 5, 20, 100 GY) which achieved through measuring the dielectric relaxation and absorption spectrum of drug solution. Secondly, in-vivo studies, where the unirradiated and the drug, which later exposed to gamma rays, were injected respectively into 6 groups of mice (3 mice in each group). The dielectric relaxation and absorption spectrum were studded for hemoglobin of the injected mice. The results for the in-vitro study indicate that the values of dielectric parameters show unnoticeable change for drug molecules before and after irradiation as compared with the control. The results for in-vivo study indicated an increase in the values of relaxation time and Cole- Cole parameter, that may as a result of changes in the conformational structure in hemoglobin molecules which may affect their properties and hence RBC's physiological functions. The absorption spectra of hemoglobin molecules show an increase in the amplitude of the characteristic bands with irradiation dose indicate an increase of the oxygen binding capacity with hemoglobin. It was concluded that combination between the drugs and gamma irradiation can be used as a powerful conjunction that may give us the benefit chemo and radiotherapy treatment.

Disambiguation of overlapping events is thought to be the hallmark of episodic memory. Recent rodent studies have reported that when navigating overlapping path segments in the different routes place cell activity in the same overlapping path segments were remapped according to different goal locations in different routes. However, it is unknown how hippocampal neurons disambiguate reward delivery in overlapping path segments in different routes. In the present study, we recorded monkey hippocampal neurons during performance of three virtual navigation (VN) tasks in which a monkey alternately navigated two different routes that included overlapping path segments (common central hallway) and acquired rewards in the same locations in overlapping path segments by manipulating a joystick. The results indicated that out of 106 hippocampal neurons, 57 displayed place-related activity (place-related neurons), and 18 neurons showed route-dependent activity in the overlapping path segments, consistent with a hippocampal role in the disambiguation of overlapping path segments. Moreover, 75 neurons showed neural correlates to reward delivery (reward-related neurons), whereas 56 of these 75 reward-related neurons showed route-dependent reward-related activity in the overlapping path segments. The ensemble activity of reward-related neurons represented reward delivery, locations, and routes in the overlapping path segments. In addition, ensemble activity patterns of hippocampal neurons more distinctly represented overlapping path segments than non-overlapping path segments. The present results provide neurophysiological evidence of disambiguation in the monkey hippocampus, consistent with a hippocampal role in episodic memory, and support a recent computational model of “neural differentiation,” in which overlapping items are better represented by repeated retrieval with competitive learning.

Abstract: This research aims to identify the factors causing overlapping of land certificates in Land Office of Banjarbaru and the strategy of the office to resolve it. This research is an empirical research. Data collection was conducted through literature study and field study through interviews. The data was analyzed using qualitative method. The results show that: (1) The causes of overlapping of certificate in Kota Banjarbaru are: Land office did not carried out the certification process based on the procedures written on laws and regulations, lack of registration map as a base map, the owner (the applicant) does not life in the same area with the location of the parcel, and lack of awareness of the applicant regarding to land boundaries. (2) The problems were tackled by: grievence mechanism, research, prevention of mutation, revoke the decree and submit lawsuit to the State Administrative Court. (3)The solution and recommendation giving by Land Office of Kota Banjarbaru are the implementation of computerized land registration and good land administration system at land office level and village level. Keyword: overlapping, certificate, freehold title. Intisari: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab tumpang tindih sertipikat hak milik atas tanah di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Banjarbaru, serta strategi penyelesaian yang dilakukan Kantor Pertanahan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian empiris. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi literatur dan pengumpulan data di lapangan melalui wawancara. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Faktor penyebab terjadinya tumpang tindih sertipikat hak milik atas tanah pada Kantor Pertanahan Kota Banjarbaru yaitu: Kantor pertanahan tidak menjalankan tugas sesuai dengan prosedur dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, kantor pertanahan belum memiliki peta pendaftaran yang lengkap, pemohon berdomisili di luar kota dari tanah yang disengketakan, pemohon kurang memahami letak batas tanah miliknya.(2) Penyelesaian masalah dilakukan dengan cara: pengaduan, penelitian, pencegahan mutasi (status-quo), pencabutan Surat Keputusan di Bidang Pertanahan oleh Kantor Pertanahan Kota Banjarbaru dan gugatan ke Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Banjarmasin. (3) Solusi dan rekomendasi yang diberikan oleh kantor pertanahan adalah melalui program komputerisasi peta pendaftaran tanah, tertib administrasi pendaftaran tanah, tertib administrasi desa berkaitan dengan informasi tanah. Kata Kunci: tumpang tindih, sertipikat, hak milik.

Every day cognitive and experimental researchers attempt to find evidence in support of their hypotheses in terms of statistical differences or similarities among groups. The most typical cases involve quantifying the difference of two samples in terms of their mean values using the t statistic or other measures, such as Cohen's d or U metrics. In both cases the aim is to quantify how large such differences have to be in order to be classified as notable effects. These issues are particularly relevant when dealing with experimental and applied psychological research. However, most of these standard measures require some distributional assumptions to be correctly used, such as symmetry, unimodality, and well-established parametric forms. Although these assumptions guarantee that asymptotic properties for inference are satisfied, they can often limit the validity and interpretability of results. In this article we illustrate the use of a distribution-free overlapping measure as an alternative way to quantify sample differences and assess research hypotheses expressed in terms of Bayesian evidence. The main features and potentials of the overlapping index are illustrated by means of three empirical applications. Results suggest that using this index can considerably improve the interpretability of data analysis results in psychological research, as well as the reliability of conclusions that researchers can draw from their studies.

This article proposes an analysis of the issue of spatial representation in Byzantine art. In the first part, we identify the reasons leading to the elimination of three-dimensionality effects in Byzantine imagery. The idea that Byzantine artists intentionally gave up three-dimensional representation is supported with arguments. Even though Byzantine art systematically rejected representing the third dimension, we can definitely discover certain ways of rendering spatiality. These methods are briefly analysed in the second part of this work.

Product development process has its specific complexity. This complexity can also be due to overlapping and dependent relationships (coupling) amongst activities in a product development process. On one hand overlapping may reduce duration of a project on the other, it engenders rework risk. In addition, coupled activities are another reason for rework risk too. This iteration and rework caused by overlapping and coupling of activities results in increasing time and cost of the project. In this article, a mathematical model is presented to study the characteristics of the product development process and also to balance the duration and cost of it. According to the overlapping and the amount of dependent relationships among activities, four types of time models have been formulated. Furthermore to verify the process, the model has been implemented in MATLAB and an example has been solved. It is observed that the proposed model is easily able to calculate the time and cost of the process in all four types.

Pocket milling has been regarded as one of the most widely used operations in machining. The surface quality of the machined pockets is an essential aspect of any engineering and medical applications. In the current study, rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) was applied for milling micro-pockets on alumina (Al2O3) ceramic. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of the tool overlapping parameters on the surface roughness, surface morphology and the profiles of the machined pockets. Subsequently, the effect of different tool path strategies was analyzed on the surface quality and the material removal rate (MRR) of the machined pockets. A scanning electron microscope is used for analyzing the tool wear mechanisms. The experimental results provide evidence that the surface roughness, surface morphology and the MRR have been significantly affected by the considered tool overlapping and the tool path strategies. Furthermore, among the selected tool overlapping parameters (5−25%) and the tool path strategies, the best surface roughness (Ra = 0.155 μm and Rt = 1.432 µm) of the machined pockets can be found at 20% of the tool overlapping with a mix of uni-directional and zigzag tool path strategy.

Based on a reflection on an environmental policy for the creation and implementation of parks which isruled by the dominant conservationist frame of mindthis paper aims to discuss how the top-down imposition contributes to the social exclusion of traditional and indigenous populations who get involved in these processes. The situation of the Pataxó of Barra Velha Indigenous Land, located in the extreme south of Bahia, who are in conflict with the managers of the National Park of Monte Pascoal for over half a century, will be approached taking into consideration the case of territorial overlapping. In addition, the author establishes a dialogue between the different conceptual and juridical perspectives of territory. In order to indicate horizontal and participatory experiences, this article also briefly addresses the case of an environmental reserve created and managed by the Pataxó people.

The objective of this paper is to address a question of the effectiveness of Financial Service Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan - OJK) investigators in eradicating financial service crimes in Indonesia. This question arises because in Law on Financial Service Authority there are OJK’s investigators with an investigatory authority on OJK crimes, including; banking, capital market, insurance, pension fund, financing institutions, and other financial service institution sectors. Meanwhile, there have been other investigators with an authority to investigate, namely, public prosecutor, police, and KPK (Indonesia’s corruption eradicating commission). The theoretical framework of this paper was grounded in the thoughts of Aristotle, who says that the goal of law is to achieve justice, and that of Hans Kelsen’s stuffen theory. The method of writing was juridical-normative, by studying legislations, both contained in laws themselves and in literatures/books of legal science, particularly those related to Financial Service Authority. The result was in a form of juridical aspect and written in a descriptive-analytical form. The conclusion of this paper was as follows: There was an overlapping of authorities between OJK’s investigators and public attorney’s investigators, police, and KPK, be they in the investigation of general crimes and that of special crimes/corruption. As for the effectiveness of OJK’s investigators, it should be proved yet in the future.

This article presents the development process for the integrated water resources management and development plan of Maha Sarakham Province by considering the priority and urgency of water problem issues. Gathering feedback from stakeholders and prioritizing water management and development projects are also taken into consideration. In view of integrated plans, the project is classified into short-, medium- and long-term plans with the project duration of 2 years, 3 years and 5 years, respectively. In this case, the plans can be categorized into proposed provincial and local plans. Firstly, the comprehensive provincial plans can be divided into 2 groups, i.e. district plans with the total number of 532 plans, which comprise of 505 projects for coping with drought and 27 projects for flood mitigation, and provincial plans from 13 agencies with the amount of 513 projects, which include 396 projects and 117 projects for dealing with drought and flood, respectively. Secondly, there are 4,099 of local plans to be put in place, in which 3,973 projects and 126 projects are proposed to handle drought and flood problems, respectively. From the analysis, it is found that if all planned drought relief projects are implemented, the water demand for domestic and agricultural needs could be covered by 96% and 51%, respectively. In case of the entire proposed flood alleviation projects are executed, 29% of the total flood prone areas can be effectively protected.

The increasing incorporation of power electronics and other non-linear loads, in addition to their energy advantages, also implies a poor power quality, especially as regards harmonic pollution. Different solutions have been proposed to measure harmonic content, taking the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards as a reference. However, there are still some issues related to the measurement of the harmonic, and especially, interharmonic content. Some of those questions are addressed in this work, such as the problem derived from the instability of the values obtained by applying the discrete Fourier transform to each sampling window, or the appearance of local peaks when there are tones separated by multiples of the resolution. Solutions were proposed based on time aggregation and the overlapping of windows. The results demonstrate that aggregation time, window type, and overlapping can improve the accuracy in harmonic measurement using Fourier transform-based methods, as defined in the standards. The paper shows the need to consider spectral and time groupings together, improving results by using an appropriate percentage of overlap and an adaptation of the aggregation time to the harmonic content.

Low-level warm clouds are a major component in multilayered cloud systems and they are generally hidden from the top-down view of satellites with passive measurements. This study conducts an investigation on oceanic warm clouds embedded in multilayered structures by using spaceborne radar data with fine vertical resolution. The occurrences of warm cloud overlapping and the geometric features of several kinds of warm cloud layers are examined. It is found that there are three main types of cloud systems that involve warm cloud layers, including warm single layer clouds, cold-warm double layer clouds, and warm-warm double layer clouds. The two types of double layer clouds account for 23% and in the double layer occurrences warm-warm double layer subsets contribute about 13%. The global distribution patterns of these three types differ from each other. Single-layer warm clouds and the lower warm clouds in the cold-warm double layer system they have nearly identical geometric parameters, while the upper and lower layer warm clouds in the warm-warm double layer system are distinct from the previous two forms of warm cloud layers. In contrast to the independence of the two cloud layers in cold-warm double layer system, the two kinds of warm cloud layers in the warm-warm double layer system may be coupled. The distance between the two layers in the warm-warm double layer system is weakly dependent on cloud thickness. Given the upper and lower cloud layer with moderate thickness of around 1 km, the cloudless gap reaches its maximum when exceeding 600 m. The cloudless gap decreases in thickness as the two cloud layers become even thinner or thicker.

This paper clarifies the mechanisms and conditions for improving product development performance in overlapping development processes. The (1) product design (upstream) process and (2) mass production preparation (downstream) process are interdependent. Yet, the results of case studies of Company X revealed insufficient robustness against noise that affected product functions in Product A during process (1). In process (2), although overlapping was routinely conducted, subsequent work was subject to continuous redesigning and did not result in a shorter product lead time. In contrast, for Product B, while more man-hours were required, the robustness of preliminary information was obtained by introducing Quality Engineering (QE) in process (1). As a result, by actively utilizing preliminary information prior to production preparation, the mold designer in process (2) is able to perform a “prior examination of the mold,” using methods, such as flow analysis. Moreover, access to the product designer allows the mold designer to pinpoint manufacturability problems/issues and implement the design for manufacturing (DFM) approach prior to production preparation (drawing release). Accordingly, in addition to the exchange of preliminary information, a condition that enables substantial overlapping is the frontloading and commencement of the (2) mass production preparation process at the (1) product design stage. Consequently, meeting this condition enables a considerable reduction in the amount of redesigning required to ensure manufacturability in process (2), a substantial improvement in mass production preparation performance, and a shortening of the overall lead time.