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As the world population grows, the need to meet greater resource demands leads to a proportional increase in solid waste generation. This trend has been difficult to reverse in the last decade, but when it comes to minimizing waste generation, there is an innovative model that has successfully reduced per capita production (PPC) in the medium term called the "Volume-based Tariff System". South Korea implemented this model since 1995 under the motto "polluter pays", managing to decrease PPC from 2,3 to 1,1 kilograms of waste per day per inhabitant in just 5 years, in a country with an average of 51 million inhabitants. Inspired by this success, the canton of Santa Cruz in the Galápagos province replicated the Volume-based Tariff System, adapting it to local realities. They justified its implementation with the goals of reducing local PPC, increasing recycling, creating incentives, complying with the reform of the Organic Law of the Public Service of Electric Energy (2019), and implementing a variable tariff based on volume. The results mirrored those of South Korea: since its implementation in May 2021, Santa Cruz reduced per capita waste generation from 0,77 kilograms per day per inhabitant in 2019 to 0,44 kg by 2022. Additionally, within 6 months, recyclable materials increased from 78,17 tons in May to 132,47 tons in December 2021, these achievements led the Municipal GAD of Santa Cruz to win the 2022 Green Award from the Development Bank of Ecuador. This experience demonstrates that the Volume-based Tariff Model could be successfully replicated in Santa Cruz. While challenges remain for improvement, being the first replication in Ecuador has yielded excellent results.

The paper examines data on electricity consumption in the Russian regions for the period from 1990 to 2020. The main attention is paid to the dynamics of this indicator, including its calculation per capita. As a result of the analysis, parallels between the change in the socio-economic situation in the country, as well as the migration of the population in the regions and electricity consumption are established. One of the main findings of the study is that over the past decades, regional differentiation in electricity consumption has increased significantly, especially if we consider this indicator per capita. This indicates the growing socio-economic stratification of regions in Russia. To achieve the goals set, the work used such methods of processing statistical data as tabular and graphical analysis, as well as methods of general scientific knowledge, including analysis and synthesis. The results of the study can be used to assess the socio-economic development of the regions, as well as to draw up plans for the creation of a generating and electric grid infrastructure in the country. The results obtained are an important and relevant contribution to the study of the problems of electricity consumption in Russia and can be used for further research in this area.

IntroductionMilk and dairy products provide essential nutrients and have the potential to prevent chronic diseases, thus reducing healthcare costs. However, there is a lack of consistent and updated data on dairy consumption trends in Iran. This study aims to analyze the trends in dairy consumption among Iranian households from 1991 to 2021, focusing on household-level determinants across different expense groups.MethodsThe study uses data from the Iranian Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted annually from 1991 to 2021 to analyze households’ dairy consumption. The data includes values and expenses of food and non-food items purchased in the previous month, as well as demographic characteristics of household members. The households were categorized into 10 deciles based on their gross expense. The econometric model used weighted mean per capita milk, yogurt, cheese, and total dairy consumption based on milk equivalent for each decile. The model takes into account changes in income, prices, household composition, education level, occupation, and residency area using panel data. Data preparation and model estimation were performed using RStudio and STATA17 software.ResultsBased on the findings, in 1991, per capita milk, yogurt, and cheese consumption were 26.77 kg, 16.63 kg, and 2.42 kg, respectively. By 2021, these figures changed to 22.68 kg, 11.06 kg, and 3.79 kg, reflecting a decrease in milk and yogurt consumption but an increase in cheese consumption. Family size was positively correlated with yogurt consumption and head of the household spouse’s job score were positively correlated with milk, yogurt and cheese consumption. Also, the presence of under five-year-old children and older adults members (over the age of 60) in the household was inversely related with yogurt and cheese consumption. Female-headed households tended to purchase more cheese, while their milk purchase level was significantly lower. Residing in urban areas was negatively related to milk, while cheese and total dairy consumption was higher in urban areas.DiscussionThe findings highlight the importance of targeted dairy subsidy interventions and educational programs to improve dairy consumption in Iranian households, especially among vulnerable groups. This will require urging policymakers and food system stakeholders for effective strategies that address macro-level factors to promote dairy consumption.

Providing good quality drinking water is one of the most important concerns of today's societies. Using a proper system for the fair distribution of potable water is very necessary and evidently the type of the system will lead to different amounts of water use per capita. Today, the dispute over good quality water resources in arid regions has escalated, Governments are forced to use separate drinking and sanitation water systems. Understanding the consumption of people in the form of per capita is a prerequisite for the proper design of drinking water distribution networks, the data of which are collected and analyzed in different ways. Quality of groundwater resources in Bajestan region, has led to the plan of separate drinking and sanitation water, with the establishment of government water collection stations since 2014. The purpose of this article is to estimate the per capita drinking consumption by query method by considering 378 samples and random sampling at certain distances from each station. The amount of per capita obtained is estimated at about 3 liters, but its amount has a different distribution in different city districts ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 liters. The highest amount is obtained for the new districts with villa texture and the lowest for the zones with more apartments. The results of the survey of the plan and the problems and consequences of its implementation showed that about 69.03% of people are using the water of these stations for drinking and tea, which is the criterion for determining per capita; The biggest problems of withdrawal stations are the numerous breakdowns of the stations and difficulty harvesting them, which requires the revision of some network operations.

Urban land use is one of the important issues in urban planning, so that currently the proper analysis of urban land use is one of the important strategies to achieve urban sustainable development and service uses to a large extent quality of life and welfare they overshadow man. The present study tries to analyze the selected land use indicators in the neighborhood units of Basht city in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, which are among the small cities of the country, using the new multi-criteria Mairca technique. The research is quantitative and analytical and the data required for the research have been collected through a comprehensive and detailed plan of Basht city. Using Mairca technique and calculating the total final values ​​of the total gap, the situation of the neighborhood units of Basht city in terms of urban land use in 2020 has been investigated. The scores obtained from the model show that the two neighborhood units are in the best position with a score of (0.0520). Neighborhood unit one with a score (0.0886) and neighborhood unit three with a score (0.1201) are in relatively good condition. The results of applying Mairca technique show that the neighborhood unit of five with a score of (0.1414), the neighborhood unit of six with a score of (0.1600) and the neighborhood unit of four with a score of (0.1642) are not in a good situation. The total area of neighborhood two, in which the neighborhood unit four is located, is 63.8 hectares, which constitutes 17.6% of the texture of this city. 99.7% of the texture is occupied by residential lands, so that its existing per capita figure for residential use with It is 56 square meters per person, which is close to the desired per capita. This neighborhood has shortcomings in terms of service uses. So this neighborhood does not have enough kindergartens, children's parks, sports-recreational and commercial.

Introduction Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought with itself the diseases of the present age, that is, inactivity and many problems such as physical, mental, educational, and so on problems. Therefore, proper status, rational distribution of sports spaces and the creation of sports places ensure the health of the community. The use of sports lands is one of the most important uses and is very important and it is very important to pay attention to it in urban space in urbanization processes with increasing demand of population for cities. Residential areas, land, commercial buildings, sports spaces and leisure times, roads and parking lots, and so on will replace vegetation, to the extent that today in terms of green space and open areas between urban networks and natural patterns, no vacant space is found. Undoubtedly, paying attention to sports and recreational spaces and urban services is the most important point. Sports spaces are places in which the fields of sports perform leisure times or participate in various competitions. Data and Method The purpose of the present research is to analyze the status of sports places and uses in Izeh. The research method is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library, questionnaire, interview and observation methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is elite experts in the field of urban and sports in this city. The sample size has been considered 27 people and through personal estimation method. For data analysis, Williamson’s model and SPSS software and one sample test were used. Results and Discussion Urban land use planning, spatial organizing of human activities and performances should be defined based on the demands and needs of urban society. Attention to sports and recreational spaces is considered as one of the most important service uses in the city. Sport has regained its role as a part of the city's recreational performance along with other service spaces. Sports can make people enthusiastic to spend their money by bringing people together for a variety of sports events, from making sports public to holding sports competitions. By exercising and attending sports events, people need the proper sports infrastructures, environment, places and facilities. Per capita sports facilities vary in various countries from European to American countries. Therefore, in this research, the status of sports places and uses in Izeh has been evaluated and analyzed. The proposed criteria for analysis and evaluation of sports places in Izeh were selected and determined in 14 indicators. Conclusion Sports spaces are considered as one of the most important uses at the city level, which have allocated a significant level to itself. According to conducted studies, out of 15 neighborhoods in Izeh, four neighborhoods do not have sports space and 11 neighborhoods have sports space of 67,653 square meters. Also, from the analysis of 14 selected components using Williamson’s model, it was specified that the average of Williamson’s index for Izeh is 0.21, which indicates the shortage and inappropriate distribution of sports space and use in this city. Also, based on the results of one-sample t-test, the status of the number of sports places (hall/indoor) with -2.819, the status of holding sports competitions at the neighborhood level with -2.787, the appropriate distribution of sports uses at the city level with -2.767, the status of sports equipment at the parks and gardens levels of the city with -2.760 had the most severe dissatisfaction among experts, respectively, while the components of the status of donors’ welcoming to build sports places at the city level with -1.01, the status of financial cooperation between government and semi-government departments with the sports sector of the city with -1.023, the status of sports activities in the dimension of health at government and semi-government departments level of the city with -1.03, had less intensity in dissatisfaction in this regard.

Background: Eggs are of the few naturally occurring foods that meet the needs of human body in a balanced manner. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of egg per capita consumption in Tehran city in 2018. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 4.213 heads of families living in 22 regions of Tehran. Selected randomly using multistage cluster sampling method. The research data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire completed by interviews. Results: Mean egg consumption per person was 2.58 per week and 134 per capita (95%CI; 134-137). Moreover, 39.59% of the participants believed that brown-shelled eggs had a higher nutritional value and 61.99% were unaware about the presence of omega 3-enriched eggs. Concerning the participants' attitudes towards egg consumption effective factors, the 'recommendations of physicians and nutritionists to use eggs' and knowing about harmlessness of cholesterol found in eggs' received the mean highest scores of 3.47 and 3.31, respectively. Conclusion: Per capita consumption of eggs among families in Tehran was much lower than the recommended standards. Physicians and nutritionists are recommended to try to raise the community awareness about the nutritional value and correct the misconceptions about egg cholesterol

Objetivo: A pesquisa objetivou identificar a receita per capita nos municípios catarinenses com base na Receita Corrente Líquida e a relação existente entre receitas próprias, transferências com a capacidade de cada município. Metodologia: O estudo que ora se apresenta, quanto aos objetivos como descritiva, pois busca analisar a receita pública per capita, analogamente aos procedimentos caracteriza-se como documental, pois torna possível, a partir dos relatórios publicados, em relação à abordagem do problema, como pesquisa quantitativa, com emprego de valores e suas correlações. O período em análise compreende os anos de 2015 e 2016. A amostra consiste nos 295 municípios catarinenses. Resultados: Os resultados apontam que, na estratificação e análise, a Receita Corrente Líquida Per Capita por porte de Município, aos quais, os municípios com maior porte possuem, proporcionalmente, melhor distribuição da arrecadação municipal, que culmina na maior capacidade de enfrentamento às demandas sociais. Na média da Receita Corrente Líquida Per Capita dos municípios Catarinenses, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, foi de R$ 3.332,61, com uma variação entre a receita per capita mínima e máxima de R$ 1.377,24 e R$ 8.055,16, o que demonstra haver discrepância significativa entre os municípios analisados. Contribuições do Estudo: Considerando os valores recebidos pelos municípios catarinenses, a pesquisa procurou demonstrar e esclarecer a influência de valores recebidos da União e do Estado por ente para investimentos e manutenção das atividades, em função da divisão populacional e porte de cada município, sendo informações uteis e relevantes para o planejamento e captação de recursos para aplicação em benefício da população.

Los residuos sólidos en ambientes marinos son un problema de alta relevancia e incidencia a nivel global. En el presente estudio se describió la composición, características físicas y determinó la generación per cápita de los residuos sólidos en la playa Las Sombrillas, Lima. Se contabilizó la afluencia de bañistas en 3 puntos de y procedió a recoger y caracterizar los residuos generados por los bañistas contabilizados durante el día. La categoría de otros residuos no reciclables fue la más abundante, con un 33,22% de la masa total promedio y 44,97% del volumen total promedio. Ingresaron 2616 persona.día-1 en promedio, y generaron 0,014 kg.persona-1.día-1 en términos de masa y 0,000226 m3.persona-1.día-1 en términos de volumen. Los resultados difieren con la bibliografía citada. Las limitaciones del estudio se mencionaron en las discusiones.

During 31 days, this study determined and evaluated the amount of salt (sodium chloride) per capita used in the preparation of the lunch meals in a public hospital food service in the City of Natal, RN, Brazil. The quantification of the salt was done through the weighing of the salt container in the beginning and at the end of lunch preparation. After that, the total amount found on each day was divided by the number of meals (750), and then the per capita amounts were compared to the maximum intake recomentation (5 g/day), and the maximum amount of salt estimated to be used for preparing lunch (2.5 g/day) in the food service studied, considering that this meal is planned to provide diners 50% of their caloric needs, even though the amount of salt used in the preparation of a meal does not necessarily represents the salt ingested, and plate waste should be considered as a modifying factor to salt intake. The results showed the per capita amounts of salt used for cooking lunch varied from 1.33 g to 5.87 g, and the average for the 31 days was 3.11 g. Only 14 days (45%) were under the limit line established for lunch. The lowest and highest results could be associated to cooking techniques and ingredients required in the menu. The findings of this study are important since they provide support to the implantation of a control system for the distribution of salt from the storeroom to the kitchen, as well as data to elaborate guiding material to food handlers, and also campaign material that can be used to sensitize both the food service team and dinners (employees, patients and patient companions) about the use and consumption of salt, helping to decrease the health risks associated to a high-sodium diet.

In the present study, an investigation was carried out to analyze vegetable consumption rates by the comprehensive survey at five selected sites (Alipur, Shahdara, Kanjhawala, Mehrauli, and Najafgarh) in Delhi NCR region.Six vegetables, i.e., potato, carrot, tomato, spinach, mustard, and okra mostly cultivated in the peri-urban areas, data were collected from each site of 25 families. Results indicated that the gross per capita per day vegetable consumption was highest at Shahdara (0.314 kg/capita/day), followed by Najafgarh (0.307 kg/capita/day).It was also observed that the per capita per day consumption of vegetables was highest mostly in the case of potato followed by tomato.Tomato was the second-highest utilized vegetable at most of the selected sites. While mustard was consumed lowest at most of the sites except Mehrauli. It was also observed that in selected vegetables, the consumption of root vegetables was higher as compared to other vegetables.

Urbanization is one of the most obvious signs of modernity influence on the lives of human societies and Belonging to a community and participating in social spaces is a vital need of modern man. Using urban public spaces for people in various communities differ significantly in variables such as age, gender, socialgroups,and racial- ethnic minorities. These factors affect the amount and the way people take part in urban public spaces. The presenr research attempted to evaluate urban public spaces in the city of Zabol. In other words, it has been tried to study the current situation of the public spaces in the city and to identify their distribution and the way they are established. Moreover, the area and per capita of public spaces and their level of development in the city of Zabol were studied based on the selected indices in this descriptive – analytical research. Based on the comprehensive plan of the city, the samples were taken from districts 1 and 2. The public spaces were divided based on their main and sub- indices. Implementation and analysis of the research results were also carried out using fuzzy logic inference. The results were presented in terms of the models’ output to explain the current situation of the public spaces of the city and its compliance with optimal situation.The research results showed that there was no significant correlation between the physical and human dimensions of the public space of both districts. Moreover, the overall index of public space had a significant relationship just with the human dimension of development (RPS, HPS, = 0.821), yet, it had no significant relationship with its physical dimension. (RPS,SPS=0.314).

Imbalance in the distribution system and failure of services including educational spaces is a key issue that is observed in the larger cities. Uneven and unplanned development and rapid population growth can be considered as the main reasons for the occurrence of this problem. In order to increase the efficiency of these spaces, attention to the appropriate organization and distribution is necessary. The method of this research is of descriptive-analytical one and its nature is fundemental-applied one. Its purpose is to examine the distribution of educational spaces by using the existing analyses in Geographical Information System (GIS) and using AHP technic and Delphi method thorough considering the parameters influencing on the spatial distribution of educational centers and provide an appropriate model and the optimal distribution of educational centers In the study area for the purpose of sustaibability and meeting the social and economical objectives of urban land use. The results indicated that the schools of the district is not enough to cover the entire districts of the area and some western parts of the area are deprived from justic and favorable access And are excluded from the coverage of the existing schools. Therfore, for determining the areazoning, no special regulation has been observed in the urban planning and it is recommended that in the future researches, an appropriate response is given to this important requirement and a regular zoning to be determined for the schools. Most of the urban areaswhich has a great population of the secondary and high school students particularly the high school, has no the requied educational place and this has increased the dencity of students in the schools of the other areas of the city. Also, locating for educational places regardless of how to access, not only is vulnerable from safety aspects and threatens the health of the students who traffic in this ares, but also will not be successful from the view point of reducing the urban problems including the traffic.

Farmland infringement for the purpose of construction has become a serious problem in Egypt that negatively affects the average per capita of arable land and soil fertility in Egypt. On the other hand, this situation negatively affects Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, agricultural income, and employment in rural areas. However, farmland infringement is completely forbidden by the Egyptian agricultural legislation. In this regard, the current research aims at evaluating the impact of the Geographic and placement impact on Farmland infringement in Egypt during the period (2005-2010). This study recommend the importance of reduce farmland infringement in different Geographic places, to increase the Egyptian agricultural production, raise Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, and reduce the deficit in agricultural trade balance, and reduce the problem of unemployment in rural areas. Moreover, the current study used descriptive and statistical analysis to achieve its goals. The main results of this research showed that the total area of ​​agricultural land that had been infringed during the period (2005-2010) reached about 4031 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 28788 feddans and increased more after revolution during the period 2011- 2014 to ( 38046) feddans. By calculated the total yearly average of farmland infringement in Egypt, the result show that it was about 30.8 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 43.3 feddans and reduced after revolution as a total to 34.8 feddans as a result of reducing the rate of farmland infringement in the civilization governorate by intensive security power. On the other hand the farmland infringement in all other this rate had increased in all geographic placements in Egypt. Where the yearly rate of farmland infringement in Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper. Egypt reach about (43.1, 49.5, 41.2) feddans respectively before revolution, increased after revolution to (712.1, 405.8, 354.5) feddans respectively. It is clear that the delta Egypt has the highest yearly rate of farmland infringement, so it is important to control this rate in future. Besides, the results showed that the most important reasons behind farmland infringement by construction in Egypt are the dummy variable representing the Geographic and placement for the governorates’ and time. The economic model shows the increase of yearly average of total farmland infringement by about 74.4 feddans and the result was significant at the level of significance 1%. Moreover the yearly average of farmland infringement for Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper Egypt by about (287.9, 101.7, 95.4( respectively. On the other hand, by using the dummy variable of piecewise to describe the situation after and before revolution in the different geographic and placement of governorates the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in delta of Egypt from 1136.4 to 2704.3 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. The results show also the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in middle of Egypt from 206.7 to 492 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Furthermore the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in Upper Egypt from 254.2 to 605.1 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. However, the results showed that the farmland infringement after revolution in Egyptian civilization governorates decreased as a results of strong security from -34.5 to -82 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Finally, the research recommends strengthening the importance of protected the Egyptian agricultural land specially in the highest geographic and placement governorates especially in delta of Egypt, middle and upper of Egypt by achieving the balance of investment between all these geographic and placement governorates and establishment the necessary desert villages to meet the needs of Rural households.

Healthy urban planning is the optimal utilization of the environment and comply with all land uses due to the density and per capita appropriateness, so that the citizens can be benefited. Considering the importance of healthy the city land uses, this paper aims to assess the situation indicators and per capita city of Bbol to the quality healthy city land. The purpose of this paper is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to their land of Bbol and compliance with of healthy per capita. This is an applied research and research methods are descriptive, analytical and comparative survey. It also identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Bbol for strategic analysis. Results obtained show that the land use per capita in Bbol is much lower and there are many deficiencies in the land of Bbol per capita. Except for residential land use, the rate applicable for the land use per capita is, less than twenty-eight percent. Some users are in a critical situation, such as in the use of facilities and equipment, utilities, health care, green space and parks, and cultural and sport land uses. In terms of the balance and harmony in the land uses, there is no balance between them. Location of land use particularly user green space and sports are not done right. Babol residents have good access to land uses.

It is presented the evolution of Employment rate of work age population (aged 15-64) by gender and area, as well as statistical correlation between Gross Domestic Product/capita and Employment rate of population in Romania (during 2002-2011).

In this article the author explains how national policies interfer in the urban aspects of local policies, and emphasizes the need for government intervention in urban policies. Urbanization deepens the division of labor, widens the market, and increases the advantages of greater specialization. For these reasons, there is a direct correlation between urbanization and a high income per capita Nevertheless, Currie expresses doubt about the benefits of economies of scale offered by urban growth in the absence of planning po1icies. The author points out that although economic growth tends to be se1f·perpetuating, this tendency can be accelerated or slowed down by these policies , The numerous and important economies of scale should be confronted with the diseconomies and the social costs which are implied by centralization. Planning which is directed to the design of "cities within cities" can contribute simultaneous1y to the goals of accelerating growth and obtaining, at the same time, a pleasant habitat for the urban population.En este artículo el autor explica la manera como la política nacional interfiere en los aspectos urbanos de la política local, y enfatiza sobre la necesidad del intervencionismo estatal en materia de política urbana. La urbanización profundiza la división del trabajo, amplía el mercado y aumenta las ventajas de una mayor especialización, razón por la cual existe una correlación directa entre urbanización y alto ingreso per cápita. No obstante, Currie pone en duda el beneficio de las economías de escala brindadas par el crecimiento urbano en ausencia de políticas de planificación si bien, señala el autor, el crecimiento económico tiende a ser autoperpetuante, esta tendencia puede ser acelerada o retardada por las políticas. La numerosas e importantes economías de escala deben ser confrontadas con las deseconomías y los costos sociales que implica la centralización. Una planificación encaminada al diseño de "ciudades dentro de las ciudades" puede contribuir simultáneamente a los objetivos de acelerar el crecimiento y procurar, a la vez, un hábitat agradable para la población urbana.

El autor analiza la trayectoria seguida por las economías regionales a lo largo de la última década, revelando los cambios ocurridos en la distribución del PIB y del PIB per cápita departamental. Para este propósito se utiliza un escalafón del peso relativo de las economías subnacionales. De igual forma, a partir de los indicadores básicos mencionados, se clasifican las economías regionales en cuatro tipos: ganadoras, convergentes, estancadas y declinantes. Esta tipología es reforzada con el desempeño de indicadores económicos complementarios como las exportaciones y el empleo, así como de indicadores sociales como el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, el Índice de Calidad de Vida, el Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas, la Línea de Pobreza y la Línea de Indigencia,buscando identificar la hipotética correspondencia entre comportamiento económico y equidad distributiva. ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the path followed by the regional economies along last decade, identifying the changes happened in the distribution of the GDP and per capita regional GDP. For this intention there is in use a ranking of the relative weight of the subnational economies. Likewise, from the basic indicators, the regional economies have been clasified in four types: winning, convergent, stagnant and declining. This typology is reinforced by the performance of economic complementary indicators as the exports and the employment, as well as of social indicators like Human Development Index, Quality of Life Index, Basic Needs Index, and Poverty-Stricken Line, seeking to identify the hypothetical relationship between economic behaviour and distributive equity.