Search

Abstract Background Home care provides an excellent opportunity for personalizing treatment as nurses see patients in their natural environment. Along with its many advantages, the home care environment carries unique risks, as nurses are usually alone, without the protection and security provided by primary care clinics. There are no accurate data in Israel on the scope and characteristics of client violence against nurses during home visits. We conducted a qualitative study to investigate the nature of client violence faced by Israeli nurses during home visits, to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences, and to contribute to the development of effective policies and strategies to combat client violence in the healthcare sector. Methods Twenty-seven female nurses from primary care clinics, who were exposed to client violence during a home visit, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, and categories and themes were extracted. Results Most nurses interviewed experienced at least three incidents of client violence, the most common of which was verbal abuse. The nurses perceived that the location of the encounter between the nurse and the patient in the patient’s natural surroundings, rather than within the controlled boundaries of a clinic, contributes to the risk of violence. Violence affected the nurses’ professional decisions. The nurses reported that their organization had no established guidelines or instructions for safely conducting home visits, they were not provided with protective or security measures for emergencies, nor did they perceive that they had sufficient training to deal with client violence in clients’ homes. Conclusions Nurses encounter a range of challenges that make it difficult for them to deal with client violence during home visits, affecting their personal safety and professional decisions. Their ability to manage such situations is shaped by a complex interplay of personal and organizational factors and requires a range of strategies and resources to effectively address them.

Objective: Violent incidents in healthcare institutions are situations that negatively affect all healthcare professionals, especially physicians. This research was planned to determine the frequency of physicians’ exposure to workplace violence, their reactions to violence, the causes of violence, and solutions to violence. Methods: In this regard, the study group of the research consists of a total of 290 volunteer physicians between the ages of 24-72 working in the city center of Sivas. In this study, data was collected using a survey consisting of 49 questions, including the sociodemographic characteristics of physicians, information about their working status, variables related to the violence that physicians were exposed to, and physicians’ thoughts about the causes, consequences, and solution suggestions of violence. Results: The rate of physicians who were exposed to violence at least once in the working environment was 57.9%. Female physicians, physicians who worked in internal branches, and physicians who had a career of over 16 years were more likely to be exposed to violence. 49.4% of physicians who were subjected to violence filed a complaint. Psychological/verbal violence was the most common (82.1%) among the types of violence. The perpetrators of violence were primarily patients and their relatives. Conclusion: In order to prevent violent incidents and their adverse effects, adequate security measures should be taken, legal regulations should be made to deter acts of violence, and the level of awareness of violent incidents should be increased. Healthcare workers should be given support and training on the effects of violence and coping with it, and the working conditions of physicians should be improved.

ABSTRACTBackground Child discipline practices are the methods used by parents to prevent future unwanted behavior in children. Child discipline practices involve non-violent and violent. Violent discipline is a pervasive problem across Egypt shaped by many factors and has many negative consequences. This study attempted to measure the prevalence of child discipline practices among mothers in Alexandria and their associated maternal psychosocial profile of mothers.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to interview a sample of 275 mothers at eight family health units and centers in Alexandria using interview format to collect personal and socio-demographic data in addition to The Arabic version of the parent form of Conflict Tactics Scales Parent-Child (CTSPC) form and The Arabic Version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS).Results The study revealed that 25.09% of studied mothers were using nonviolent discipline practices (NVDP) only, while 74.18% were using psychological, physical, or severe physical violence with or without using NVDP.A significantly higher percentage of mothers who use NVDP are of high socioeconomic status compared to the other group (73.9% compared to 17.6%), they scored normal on the three domains of DASS compared to the other group (76.8% compared to 30.5% on depression domain, 72.5% compared to 14.7% on anxiety domain and 60.9% compared for 18.6% on stress domain).

Abstract Background A significant number of referrals to the emergency departments is due to violence and conflict leading to serious injuries and death. The increasing number of such cases highlights the urgent need for investigating victimization of physical violence. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of demographic and clinical characteristics in victims of violence and classify them based on penetrating or blunt trauma. Methods The data of the patients who had been the victims of violence in 2020 were extracted from the Trauma Registry System(TRS) of the Guilan Road Trauma Research Center(GTRC). All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 24. The significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results There was a significant difference in the type of violence-related trauma in different age groups (P

Background: The study of how to prevent crimes against kids’ and adolescents’ sexual freedom and inviolability is an ongoing topic of interest for scientific-legal doctrine. In Kazakhstan, the trend of the dynamics of committing such crimes is relatively high, as in other countries, which indicates the need to change approaches and means to prevent such sexual offenses. Aim and Objective: The goal of this study is to analyze statistical data on the number of crimes against minors and adolescents’ sexual integrity in Kazakhstan, as well as the effectiveness of domestic and international best practices in combating this issue, as well as the level of public sector involvement in this process. Materials and Methods: The issue under study is quite broad in its content; therefore, several scientific and methodological tools were used for its in-depth study. The functional and dialectical approaches are specifically mentioned, along with the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, formal-legal procedure, and generalization. Results: Both theoretical and practical facets of the issue under investigation were examined as a result of the research that was done. Accordingly, at the beginning of the study, all the necessary theoretical foundations for a qualitative understanding of the research object are covered. Conclusions: The practical part of the study determines the effectiveness of the available methods for preventing sexual crimes against minors and adolescents, considers the regulations governing this type of criminal offense, and analyses the approaches and tools used by foreign countries in this area.

Although research on lexicalization has been extensively documented, little is known about over- and under-lexicalization in translation. "Laut Bercerita" and its translation contain mostly violent physical expressions, leading to either excessive or deficient lexical representation compared to the source text. This research aims to analyze over- and under-lexicalization in expressions of physical violence in the novel "Laut Bercerita" and its translation "The Sea Speaks His Name". The research method used is comparative descriptive, which combines comparing the meanings of the source text and target text. Data were collected using note-taking techniques. In the analysis stage, the data were first segmented or classified based on categories of physical violence. Subsequently, the data were analyzed by adopting a lexical variation of Fowler’s theory. The results of the study showed that over-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) kicking, (2) torturing, (3) electric shocking, (4) slapping, (5) punching, and (6) stepping on, accounting for 47%. Meanwhile, under-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) hitting, (2) kicking, (3) torturing, (4) electric shocking, (5) handcuffing, (6) punching, and (7) stepping on, accounting for 57%. Under-lexicalization occurs when there is a reduction of lexical items and simplification of meaning concepts, while over-lexicalization occurs with the addition of lexical items and complex meanings. Over-lexicalization and under-lexicalization imply that the translation may not meet standard translation norms through lexicon choices but still maintains equivalence.

Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) can be described as a violation of human rights that results from gender inequality. It has arisen as a contemporary issue in societies from both developing and industrialized countries and an impediment to long-term development. This study evaluates the prevalence of IPV and its variants among the empowerment status of women and identify the associated sociodemographic parameters, linked to IPV. Methods This study is based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of India, 2019-21 a nationwide survey that provides scientific data on health and family welfare. Prevalence of IPV were estimated among variouss social and demographic strata. Pearson chi-square test was used to estimate the strength of association between each possible covariate and IPV. Significantly associated covariates (from univariate logistic regression) were further analyzed through separate bivariate logistic models for each of the components of IPV, viz-a-viz sexual, emotional, physical and severe violence of the partners. Results The prevalence of IPV among empowered women was found to be 26.21%. Among those who had experienced IPV, two-thirds (60%) were faced the physical violence. When compared to highly empowered women, less empowered women were 74% more likely to face emotional abuse. Alcohol consumption by a partner was established to be attributing immensely for any kind of violence, including sexual violence [AOR: 3.28 (2.83–3.81)]. Conclusions Our research found that less empowered women experience all forms of IPV compared to more empowered women. More efforts should to taken by government and other stakeholders to promote women empowerment by improving education, autonomy and decision-making ability.

Abstract This study analyzed physical violence against physicians in Egypt from a medicolegal perspective. 88%, 42%, and 13.2% of participants were exposed to verbal, physical, and sexual violence. Concerning the tools of violence, 75.2% of attackers used their bodies. Blunt objects (29.5%), sharp instruments (7.6%), and firearm weapons (1.9%) were used. The commonest manners of attacks were pushing/pulling (44.8%), throwing objects (38.1%), and fists (30.5%). Stabbing (4.8%) and slashing (2.9%) with sharp instruments were also reported. Traumas were mainly directed towards upper limbs (43.8%), trunks (40%), and heads (28.6%). Considering immediate effects, simple injuries were reported that included contusions (22.9%), abrasions (16.2%), and cut wounds (1.9%). Serious injuries included firearm injuries (4.8%), internal organs injuries (3.8%), fractures (2.9%), and burns (1.9%). Most (90.5%) of injuries healed completely, whereas 7.6% and 1.9% left scars and residual infirmities, respectively. Only 14.3% of physicians proceeded to legal action. The current study reflects high aggression, which is disproportionate to legal actions taken by physicians. This medicolegal analysis could guide protective measures for healthcare providers in Egypt. In addition, a narrative review of studies from 15 countries pointed to violence against physicians as a worldwide problem that deserves future medicolegal analyses.

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is high among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, empowering women enables them to confront and mitigate IPV. In this study, we examined the association between the survey-based women's empowerment index (SWPER) and IPV in SSA. Methods We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 19 countries conducted from 2015 to 2021. Our study was restricted to a weighted sample of 82,203 women of reproductive age who were married or cohabiting. We used spatial maps to show the proportions of women who experienced past-year IPV. A five-modelled multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to examine the association between SWPER and IPV. The results were presented using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at p

This study examines the prevalence of various forms of peer bullying among elementary school children, with a particular focus on the rising issue of cyberbullying. Utilizing a specially constructed Likert scale, the research gathered data from a sample of 98 children, composed of 51 boys and 47 girls, across grades five to eight. The findings reveal that verbal abuse, such as name-calling, mocking, and insulting, is the most common form of bullying experienced by children. Physical bullying behaviors like hitting, pushing, and kicking are also prevalent. Furthermore, the study highlights the significant presence of cyberbullying, characterized by malicious online messaging and social media interactions, which often result in emotional distress and withdrawal from social activities. The reliability and internal consistency of the measurement scale were confirmed by a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.775. The results underscore the importance of addressing both traditional and cyber forms of bullying to ensure a safer school environment. The study advocates for comprehensive educational programs that promote digital literacy and empathy among children to mitigate the negative impacts of bullying. Additionally, the research suggests implementing effective intervention strategies that include prompt responses to reported bullying incidents and providing support to victims. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on bullying by offering insights into the dynamics of peer and cyberbullying, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and preventive measures within educational settings.

Hala Bawadi,1 Zaid M Al-Hamdan,2 Cari Jo Clark,3 Rachel Hall-Clifford,4 Jehan Mahmoud Hamadneh,5 Emad Elddeen Al-Sharu6 1Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; 2Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 4Center for the Study of Human Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 5IVF Center/ King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan; 6OB-GYN Senior Specialist Reproductive Medicine(IVF), Royal Medical Services, Amman, JordanCorrespondence: Zaid M Al-Hamdan, Email zaid_hamdan@hotmail.com; zmhamdan@just.edu.joBackground: Infertility affects one in six couples globally and is compounded by stigma and violence, particularly for women, in Jordan’s culture. While existing research has illuminated societal pressures faced by infertile women, there is, yet no comprehensive understanding of the violence they encounter in their daily lives.Objective: This Interpretative Phenomenological study seeks to unravel the experiences of infertile women regarding societal violence in Jordan. By focusing on different types of community violence - physical, psychological, and emotional - The study aims to provide nuanced insights into the challenges these women confront. It also endeavors to identify contributing factors, including societal attitudes, cultural beliefs, and individual encounters, while informing policy and practice to mitigate this issue.Methods: Employing a qualitative approach, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled infertile women. Thematic analysis was utilized to uncover recurring patterns and themes, facilitating a comprehensive exploration of their experiences.Results: Five main themes were identified: How the surrounding people view me as an infertile woman; I am suffocated by their questions; they interfere in the smallest details; I got burned and turned to ashes, and I have no right to complain; The problem of childbearing and the treatment plan is a matter for me and my husband only; and who supports me and what do I want from those around me?Implications: This study’s implications are significant for policy and practice. By foregrounding the prevalent violence faced by infertile women, it underscores the urgency of interventions. Raising awareness, providing education, and extending support can counteract societal stigma and violence. Creating a more compassionate societal fabric can ensure a safer, more inclusive environment for these women.Keywords: infertile women, community violence, societal stigma, qualitative study, Jordan, cultural norms, psychological abuse, physical violence, emotional trauma

In Peru, 68% of women have reported being the victim of partner violence, at some point in their lives. However, very little is known about the economic determinants of domestic violence. The present study is intended to analyze the relationship between the gender wage gap and domestic violence in Peru. We understand that the gap is a characteristic of the market that places women at a disadvantage compared to men. Data from the National Household Survey enables the calculation of this wage gap. This information, combined with the violence report from the Demographic and Health Survey, is used in the regression analyses. We find that wide wage gaps are associated with higher incidences of physical and emotional violence. This result also extends to women who are not gainfully employed. These women benefit from greater equality in the labor market that provides them with better potential income, which would increase their bargaining power within the home.

Background: Physical and sexual violence against pregnant women have been associated with detrimental mental health outcomes for victims. Few studies have examined both positive (wellbeing) and negative (illbeing) mental health indicators in the same sample. Additionally, the literature assessing mental health based on different forms of violence is limited.Objective: To compare both wellbeing (life satisfaction) and illbeing (anxiety and depression) trajectories between non-victimized and victims of physical, sexual and both forms of violence that occurred during or shortly before pregnancy. Further, we analyse whether social support moderates these trajectories.Method: This longitudinal study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort, including the period from early pregnancy to toddlerhood (3 years). We compared wellbeing and illbeing trajectories of non-victims (n = 73,081), victims of physical abuse (n = 1076), sexual abuse (n = 683), and both forms of abuse (n = 107) using Growth Curve Modelling. Finally, social support was included as a moderator of wellbeing and illbeing trajectories.Results: Results indicated that victims scored systematically lower in wellbeing and higher in illbeing. Exposure to violence did not significantly change the wellbeing trajectory, pointing to similar developments in wellbeing among victims and non-victims for the considered period. On the other hand, different trajectories in illbeing occurred between victims and non-victims, as well as between victimized groups. Victims experienced greater change in illbeing scores, with a steeper decrease in illbeing compared to non-victims. Both victims and non-victims returned to respective baseline scores 3 years after birth. All women benefited from social support, but victims of physical abuse were particularly protected by social support.Conclusions: There is an alarming persistence of mental health problems in women exposed to violence during peripregnancy. Different forms of violence differentially impact women’s mental health. Social support is beneficial among all pregnant women.

Abstract Background Gender-based violence (GBV) particularly against women is unfortunately common during armed conflicts. No rigorous and comprehensive empirical work has documented the extent of GBV and its consequences that took place during the two years of devastating armed conflict in Northern Ethiopia. This study aims to assess GBV and its consequences in war-torn areas of northern Ethiopia. Methods We used a qualitative method augmented by quantitative method to enroll research participants. We conducted in-depth interviews to characterize the lived experiences of GBV survivors. All interviews were conducted confidentially. The data were collected to the point of data saturation. All interviews were transcribed verbatim into local language, translated into English, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. We also used reports from healthcare facilities and conducted a descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics of study participants. Results One thousand one hundred seventy-seven persons reported GBV to healthcare providers. The qualitative study identified several forms of violence (sexual, physical, and psychological). Gang rape against women including minors as young as 14 years old girls was reported. Additionally, the perpetrators sexually violated women who were pregnant, and elderly women as old as 65 years, who took refuge in religious institutions. The perpetrators committed direct assaults on the body with items (e.g., burning the body with cigarette fire) or weapons, holding women and girls as captives, and deprivation of sleep and food. GBV survivors reported stigma, prejudice, suicide attempts, nightmares, and hopelessness. GBV survivors dealt with the traumatic stress by outmigration (leaving their residences), seeking care at healthcare facilities, self-isolation, being silent, dropping out of school, and seeking counseling. Conclusion GBV survivors were subjected to multiple and compounding types of violence, with a wide range of adverse health consequences for survivors and their families. GBV survivors require multifaceted interventions including psychological, health, and economic support to rehabilitate them to lead a productive life.

The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of secondary school pupils in Kinshasa towards educational violence. In addition, it had the specific aim of studying the effects of sociodemographic variables on pupils' attitudes to such violence. To this end, a scale of attitudes to educational violence was administered to a sample of 309 secondary school pupils from three Kinshasa schools (Institut Technique et Pédagogique Mokengeli, Complexe Scolaire Cardinal Mosengwo and Complexe Scolaire les Bâtisseurs). The results revealed that 278 pupils (89.9%) had been victims of educational violence during their school career. The results also revealed a trend towards the normalization of acts of physical violence. However, acts of verbal and psychological violence were not tolerated by the subjects surveyed. In the face of such acts, respondents resort to passive attitudes (sadness, resignation, indifference and a sense of injustice). Two of the five variables in the study influenced subjects' attitudes to educational violence (school and experience of educational violence).

Abstract Interpersonal violence and opioid use disorder are significant and intersecting public health concerns in the USA. The current study evaluated the consequences associated with opioid use (e.g., physical, social, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and impulse control) as a function of a history of exposure to interpersonal trauma, specifically physical and sexual violence. Participants were 84 trauma-exposed individuals recruited from the community who use opioids (M age = 43.5 50% men; 55% white). Whereas no significant differences emerged in the consequences of opioid use based on a history of physical violence, individuals with a history of sexual violence demonstrated higher levels of impulsive consequences of opioid use compared to individuals without a history of sexual violence. These data highlight the importance of considering the role of exposure to sexual violence in the context of opioid use disorder treatment.

Abstract Background Identifying occupational health hazards among Registered Nurses (RNs) and other health personnel and implementing effective preventive measures are crucial to the long-term sustainability of health services. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the 12-month prevalence rates of exposure to workplace aggression, including physical violence, threats of violence, sexual harassment, and bullying; (2) to identify whether the perpetrators were colleagues, managers, subordinates, or patients and their relatives; (3) to determine whether previous exposure to these hazards was associated with RNs’ current turnover intention; and (4) to frame workplace aggression from an occupational health and safety perspective. Methods The third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) was used to assess RNs’ exposure to workplace aggression and turnover intention. A national sample of 8,800 RNs in Norway, representative of the entire population of registered nurses in terms of gender and geography, was analysed. Binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted, and odds for exposure and intention to leave are presented, with and without controls for RNs’ gender, age, and the type of health service they work in. Results The 12-month prevalence rates for exposure were 17.0% for physical violence, 32.5% for threats of violence, 12.6% for sexual harassment, and 10.5% for bullying. In total, 42.6% of the RNs had experienced at least one of these types of exposure during the past 12 months, and exposure to more than one of these hazards was common. Most perpetrators who committed physical acts and sexual harassment were patients, while bullying was usually committed by colleagues. There was a strong statistical association between exposure to all types of workplace aggression and RNs’ intention to leave. The strongest association was for bullying, which greatly increased the odds of looking for work elsewhere. Conclusions Efforts to prevent exposure to workplace aggression should be emphasised to retain health personnel and to secure the supply of skilled healthcare workers. The results indicate a need for improvements. To ensure the sustainability of health services, labour and health authorities should join forces to develop effective workplace measures to strengthen prevention, mitigation, and preparedness regarding incidents of workplace aggression in health services and the response and recovery regarding incidents that could not be prevented.

IntroductionIntimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious public health issue and refers to physically, sexually and psychologically harmful behaviors as well as emotionally controlling behaviors and financial abuse that occur in the form of marriage or cohabitation. Knowing the current situation of the IPV prevalence against women and high-risk areas in the Zanjan city, Iran, can help policymakers to establish better health programs for risk reduction.MethodsThis population-based cross-sectional study consisted of married women aged 18–55 years living in Zanjan city in 2021. 760 married women covered by 19 urban comprehensive health service centers (UCHSCs) were selected by the stratified systematic random sampling method. The prevalence of IPV against women was measured in four types: psychological, physical, sexual, and economic.ResultsMean (SD) age of the women was 35.49 (8.76) years. 606 women (79.7%) experienced one type of IPV. The highest and lowest IPV prevalence against women were psychological (76.6%) and economic (12%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of psychological violence were observed in CUHSCs 2 and 17, physical violence in CUHSCs 1 and 14, sexual violence in CUHSCs 2 and 17, and economic violence in CUHSCs 2 and 8, respectively. The severity of violence was higher among self-employment or workers husbands, with low monthly household income, and among younger women.DiscussionThe IPV rate in the target population is high, and the highest rate is related to psychological violence. These results highlight the need to intervention in the society and high-risk women for policymakers of the health system.

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety in young people. Relevance. The study of the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is of particular interest due to the specific age characteristics of youth on the one hand, and the significance of the childhood period on the other. In childhood, the foundations of personality are laid, stable personality traits are formed, and youth is characterized by a desire for self-realization, professional self-determination, the development of a system of moral and cultural values, in the formation and manifestation of which the experience of child domestic violence can have a significant negative impact. Based on the analysis of literary sources, it was revealed that the experience of child domestic violence can subsequently cause situational and personal anxiety. This was the basis for studying the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety in youth (in retrospect) to develop a diagnostic technique. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between childhood experiences of domestic violence and anxiety at the age of youth. In this work, the following research methods were used: analysis of theoretical sources on the research problem, study of the resources of educational Internet portals, survey, testing, mathematical and statistical methods. Calculations were performed using the Statistica 10 statistical package. The Student's t-criterion was used to compare unrelated samples, and Pearson's r-criterion was the linear correlation coefficient. The Pubmed search engine in the Scopus electronic database, as well as the scientific electronic library (e-Library) were used to review the literature. In the course of the study, publications and web data were searched by keywords and phrases: "violence of children in the family", "physical violence", "mental violence", "sexual violence", "detection of domestic violence". Research results and discussion. The article offers the results of a correlation analysis between the personal and situational anxiety of respondents and their childhood experience of domestic violence experienced at the age of 14, a description of the author's questionnaire for studying physical, psycho-emotional and sexual violence of young people aged 15 to 24 years (in retrospect). Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the experience of child domestic violence can cause and actualize situational and personal anxiety later. In this regard, the study of the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is an important task designed to provide an understanding of how human development occurs in ontogenesis. It is also associated with the study of the factors of the formation of a person as a full-fledged personality.

Lielt Gebreselassie Gebrekirstos,1 Tizita Tekle Lencha,2 Yordanos Sisay Asgedom,3 Tsiyon Birhanu Wube4,5 1Department of Maternity and Reproductive Health Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 3Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 4Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University College of Health Science, Aksum, Northern Ethiopia; 5Health Science Education Development Center, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Lielt Gebreselassie Gebrekirstos, Email lieltinamulu23@gmail.comBackground: Violence is a serious public health problem with far-reaching negative effects. The lack of data on disability-related violence obscures developing nations from taking the appropriate steps to mitigate it.Objective: This study sought to assess the prevalence and associated factors of violence as well as perceived social support and health access among people with disabilities in Southern Ethiopia.Methods: This cross-sectional, community-based mixed study was conducted from March 15 to May 15, 2022. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 645 participants. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Qualitative data were transcribed and translated verbatim and analyzed thematically.Results: The total prevalence of any form of violence within the last year was 61.2%. Being female {AOR: 3.5; 95% CI: (1.61,7.47)}, having no formal education {AOR: 4.8; 95% CI: (1.18, 19.79)}, having a visual disability{AOR: 3.5; 95% CI: (1.61,7.43)}, strong reliance on others {AOR: 5.6; 95% CI: (1.34,23.55)}, and not joining any community group {AOR: 3.9; 95% CI: (1.36,11.35)}were associated with sexual violence. Being female {AOR: 1.9; 95% CI: (1.16, 3.04)}, having no formal education {AOR: 4.9 95% CI: (1.86, 7.78)}, and a low level of perceived social support {AOR: 3.0; 95% CI: (1.74, 5.32)} was associated with emotional violence. Belonging to the lower wealth index group {AOR: 5.4; 95% CI: (1.96, 15.16)} and reliance on others {AOR: 2.9; 95% CI: (1.54, 5.30)} were associated with physical violence. During a qualitative study there is a lack of social support and receiving wrong social support frequently, leading to isolation, depression, and violence. Additionally, access to transportation and health services is not user-friendly for such persons.Conclusion: A significant proportion of people with disabilities experience violence. The finding highlight there is a need for capacity building particularly, for women with disabilities.Keywords: violence, sexual violence, physical violence, emotional violence, disability

Abstract Background Violence against women is a global public health problem that has numerous adverse effects. However, published literature regarding violence against housemaids during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia is lacking. The current study aims to explore the experiences of violence and associated factors among housemaids in Ethiopia. The findings may be useful to the design appropriate policies, programs and strategies to reduce the problem. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March, 2021 in Kombolcha Town, Ethiopia. A total of 215 housemaids aged 14 years and older were included in the study using a simple random sampling technique. A multivariable logistic regression model with 95% CI (confidence interval) was applied to identify significant factors of physical and sexual violence. Variables with a P-value

Objective:Workplace violence is an important source of problem for employees worldwide. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of exposure to violence among healthcare professionals, the type of violence they experienced and influencing occupational features, and to determine the healthcare professionals’ opinion about the causes of violence and the potential measures to be taken against violence in health.Methods:A 37-question survey was performed in 598 medical doctors and 357 healthcare assistants including nurses as well in Adana, Turkey. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 25.0 program was used for the statistical analysis of study data.Results:Of the 955 healthcare professionals participated in the study, 48.5% were male and 51.5% were female, and 85.9% have been subjected to violence at least once in their professional lifetime. The most common type of violence was psychological or verbal attack, which stated to be most frequently committed by the patient relatives and by male gender. Male healthcare workers were exposed to statistically significantly more physical violence. There was statistically significant correlation between the number of patients healthcare professionals dealt with in a day and the rate of exposure to violence. It was found that those who had been exposed to physical violence filed a complaint more than those who had been subjected to other forms of violence.Conclusion:High rates of violent behavior against healthcare workers are at worrying levels indicating that violence in health is a critical problem. Solution of this problem requires all parties’, primarily the health policy makers’ undertaking important tasks.

Aims: This study aimed at examining coach-athlete violence based on the retrospective reports of adults who had been athletes as children and adolescents; predict variables that contribute to the existence of such violence; describe difficulties that the participants encountered as young athletes following such violence; and reveal the outcomes of such violence on their emotions and behaviors, in the past and present. Methodology: The applied mixed methods comprised quantitative self-reporting questionnaires and qualitative interviews. The former included 440 participants (mean age 27.6) who had trained for at least one year in a sports union youth department; the latter included 14 participants (aged 23–37). These competitive athletes came from eight branches of sports. The interviews were analyzed based on the Narrative Approach. Results: According to the quantitative study, all participants had experienced coach violence at least once during their career, mainly psychological violence and neglect, followed by physical violence. Sexual violence was least reported. The age of their retirement from sports and the number of coaches that they had had were significant predictors of violence. Thematic analysis of the qualitative interviews resulted in six types of coach-athlete violence: (1) psychological violence; (2) verbal violence; (3) starvation and food fattening; (4) non-proportional punishing; (5) physical violence; and (6) sexual violence. Conclusions: It is vital that coach-athlete violence is addressed in public discourse, that the topic of young athletes’ safety is introduced into coaching education, and that a position holder is nominated to be in charge of such safety in all sports organizations.

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) perpetrated against health professionals is a major problem in health sector. It affects health and performance of workers. The aims of this study were: 1) to assess WPV facing nurses in the northern region of Morocco and 2) to identify the related factors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the northern region of Morocco from October to December 2021. In total, 391 volunteer nurses working in 13 hospitals were enrolled. A self-reported questionnaire, ‘Violent Incident Form’ (VIF), was distributed to the participants. It assesses verbal and physical violence. Results: We obtained 98% response rate and 97% of the respondent nurses faced at least one WPV episode the last year. Verbal violence is the most common type of violence. Significant factors as age of the victims (c2 = 15.34; p = 0.038) and the assaulters (c2 = 27.66; p

Abstract Objectives People who use drugs (PWUD) experience disproportionately high rates of violent victimization. Emerging research has demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated violence against some priority populations (e.g., women), however there is limited research examining the impact of the pandemic on the experiences of violence of PWUD. Methods Using data collected between July and November 2020 from three prospective cohort studies of PWUD in Vancouver, Canada, we employed multivariable logistic regression stratified by gender to identify factors associated with recent experiences of violence, including the receipt of COVID-19 emergency income support. Results In total, 77 (17.3%) of 446 men, and 54 (18.8%) of 288 women experienced violence in the previous six months. Further, 33% of men and 48% of women who experienced violence reported that their experience of violence was intensified since the COVID-19 pandemic began. In the multivariable analyses, sex work (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–4.35) and moderate to severe anxiety or depression (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.37–6.57) were associated with experiencing violence among women. Among men, drug dealing (AOR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.10–3.38), street-based income sources (AOR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.10–3.38), homelessness (AOR = 2.54, 95%CI: 1.40–4.62), and regular employment (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.75–5.04) were associated with experiencing violence. Conclusion Our study results suggest economic conditions and gender were major factors associated with experiencing violence among our sample of PWUD during COVID-19. These findings highlight criminalization of drug use and widespread socioeconomic challenges as barriers to addressing violence among PWUD during periods of crisis.

Abstract Background Reproductive coercion victimization (RCV) is a significant public health issue that negatively affects women’s sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Less is known about reproductive coercion perpetration (RCP). Few studies have examined these phenomena among representative samples of Black women. Methods Retrospective data of women (n = 298) attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD were analyzed. We calculated lifetime and 12-month prevalence reports of reproductive coercion, and reported values stratified by forced sex history. Binomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between forced sex history and RCV, accounting for other types of violence typologies. Results Lifetime and past 12-month RCV and RCP prevalence were higher among women with forced sex experiences than their counterparts (Lifetime RCV: 46.9% versus 17.5%; past 12-month RCV: 19.4% versus 8.5%. Lifetime RCP: 24.5% versus 17%; past 12-month RCP: 13.3% versus 10.5%). Adjusted models, lifetime reproductive coercion: Women reporting forced sex had a 3.58 times higher odds of having had experienced RCV compared to women not reporting forced sex (AOR 3.58; 95% CI 2.00, 6.46). Women reporting forced sex had a 3.66 times higher odds of having ever experienced pregnancy coercion compared to their counterparts (AOR 3.66; 95% CI 1.93, 7.03) and 4.30 times higher odds of having ever experienced condom manipulation (AOR 4.30; 95% CI 2.15, 8.86). Adjusted models, past 12-month reproductive coercion: Women reporting forced sex had a 2.72 times higher odds of having had experienced past 12-month RCV compared to women not reporting forced sex (AOR 2.72; 95% CI 1.27, 5.91). Women reporting forced sex had a 3.25 times higher odds of having experienced past 12-month pregnancy coercion compared to their counterparts (AOR 3.25; 95% CI 1.38, 7.83) and 3.41 times higher odds of having experienced past 12-month condom manipulation (AOR 3.41; 95% CI 1.14, 10.98). Conclusions Participants in our study reported high rates of RCV. Our novel exploration revealed significantly high rates of co-occurring forced sex experiences and RCV and initial prevalence report of RCP. Agencies have a unique opportunity to intervene by implementing screening protocols and referrals for supportive services. These findings may inform future intervention research efforts aimed at improving reproductive health outcomes among Black women.

BackgroundGender-based violence (GBV) is usually defined as unequal power relations between men and women, which poses a widespread public health problem. The study evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with GBV among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ethiopia.MethodWe used cross-sectional bio-behavioral data collected using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in 2020 from 16 towns in Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics was analyzed to summarize the study population characteristics and prevalence of GBV, and a multilevel logistic regression model was applied to identify associated factors for GBV. A p-value of ≤0.05 was used as a threshold for statistical significance.ResultOf 6,085 participants, 28.1% had experienced GBV during the last 12 months, among which 12.7% and 22.3% experienced physical and sexual violence, respectively. FSWs aged 15–24, and 25–34 than those 35 years or more, had a non-paying than paying partners, had 31–60, 61–90, and over 91 than those had less than 30 paying partners, ever had anal sex than those not, condom failure than those not, mobile female sex workers when compared with those not mobile at different town; 3–5 and ≥ 6 years than those less than 3 years stayed in selling sex, street-based, and multiple places selling sex than those used other venues were significantly associated with GBV.ConclusionGender-based violence is a substantial problem among FSWs in Ethiopia, with significant implications for program planning on prevention and response to mitigate the occurrence and impact of GBV among FSWs.

Background: Children with disabilities are at heightened risk of violence compared to their non-disabled peers. However, extant research suffers from several limitations, focusing on child abuse and one or few types of disability, ignoring conventional violent crimes. Objective: The aim was to assess 10 disabilities and to examine whether different disabilities vary in their risk of criminal victimization. Method: Using the Danish Psychiatric Case Register, the Criminal Register, and other population-based registers, we included nine birth cohorts (n = 570,351) and followed them until 18 years of age. We compared children exposed to violence with non-exposed children. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for the disabilities and adjusted the ORs for several risk factors. Results: We identified 12,830 cases of reported violence (2.25% of the population) towards children and adolescents. Children with disabilities were overrepresented, as were boys and ethnic minorities. After controlling for risk factors, four disabilities had heightened risk for criminal violence: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), brain injury, speech, and physical disabilities. When we compared risk factors controlling for the various disabilities, parental history of violence, family break-up, out-of-home placement, and parental unemployment contributed especially to the violence, while parental alcohol/drug abuse was no longer a predictor. Having several disabilities increased the risk of violence. Conclusions: Criminal victimization of children and adolescents with specific disabilities was common. However, compared to the previous decade, a considerable reduction of one-third has taken place. Four risk factors contributed particularly to the risk of violence; therefore, precautions should be taken to further reduce the violence.

Background & aim: In recent years, violence against women has been an important problem in developing and developed countries; In such a way that the World Health Organization has declared domestic violence as a public health epidemic. Violence against women is a complex social phenomenon with psychological, physical, and moral damage. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of domestic violence and its related factors in married women aged 18-49 years in Yasuj, Iran. Methods: The present cross-sectional (descriptive-analytic) study was conducted by simple random sampling, with 384 married women aged 18-49 years with a minimum of one-year marriage were enrolled from four urban health centers. Data were collected using demographic and domestic violence (33 questions in physical, verbal, emotional and financial aspects) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 23 software using descriptive and analytic (logistic regression) statistics. Results: The mean age of women was 29.32 ± 5.89 years, the mean age of marriage was 21.55 ± 4.20 years. The mean age and marriage age of the husbands were 33.92 ± 6.62 and 26.47 ±4.28 years, respectively. About 90 women had experienced domestic violence during their lifetime. The most common types of violence were verbal (80), emotional (73), financial (48) and physical (22), respectively. The most common form of verbal violence was yelling (29) and verbal arguments (21). The most common form of emotional violence was the husband's interference in the relationship between the wife and her family members (18), the husband's dominance and the expectation of the wife's obedience (17). The most common form of financial violence was reluctantly paying alimony to the wife (12) and also the husband making financial decisions without asking the wife’s opinion (10). The most common form of physical violence was pushing (11.5), slapping (9) and throwing objects (9). According to logistic regression analysis, husband's age at marriage was the only predictive factor of domestic violence against women (Exp β =0/925, CI0/95 Expβ=0/86-0/99, Sig= 0/0025). Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of domestic violence against women, especially verbal and emotional violence, teaching life skills, especially communication skills in marital life, is necessary in premarital counseling.

Abstract Background Evidence on the social determinants of mental health conditions and violence among people who inject or use drugs (PWUD) is limited, particularly in conflict-affected countries. We estimated the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety or depression and experience of emotional or physical violence among PWUD in Kachin State in Myanmar and examined their association with structural determinants, focusing on types of past migration (migration for any reason, economic or forced displacement). Materials A cross-sectional survey was conducted among PWUD attending a harm reduction centre between July and November 2021 in Kachin State, Myanmar. We used logistic regression models to measure associations between past migration, economic migration and forced displacement on two outcomes (1) symptoms of anxiety or depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-4) and (2) physical or emotional violence (last 12 months), adjusted for key confounders. Results A total of 406, predominantly male (96.8%), PWUD were recruited. The median age (IQR) was 30 (25, 37) years, most injected drugs (81.5%) and more commonly opioid substances such as heroin or opium (85%). Symptoms of anxiety or depression (PHQ4 ≥ 6) were high (32.8%) as was physical or emotional violence in the last 12 months (61.8%). Almost one-third (28.3%) had not lived in Waingmaw for their whole life (migration for any reason), 77.9% had left home for work at some point (economic migration) and 19.5% had been forced to leave home due to war or armed conflict (forced displacement). A third were in unstable housing in the last 3 months (30.1%) and reported going hungry in the last 12 months (27.7%). Only forced displacement was associated with symptoms of anxiety or depression [adjusted odds ratio, aOR 2.33 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.32–4.11)] and recent experience of violence [aOR 2.18 (95% CI 1.15–4.15)]. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of mental health services integrated into existing harm reduction services to address high levels of anxiety or depression among PWUD, particularly among those who have been displaced through armed conflict or war. Findings reinforce the need to address broader social determinants, in the form of food poverty, unstable housing and stigma, in order to reduce mental health and violence.

Violence is one of the destructive social phenomena. It is widespread in any society and has different forms of existence. The greatest attention is drawn to domestic violence, violence against family members (wives, children, elderly parents). The purpose of the research is to establish the attitude of the Dagestan peoples to spousal abuse. The object of the research is domestic violence. The subject of the research is spousal abuse. As a rule, indicators of the measurement of spousal abuse are data on the female subgroup, since it is almost always the victim. The research method is a mass standardized survey. On the basis of the research, it has been found that in the mass consciousness of the Dagestan peoples there is a negative attitude towards spousal abuse and they emphasize its inadmissibility in the family. The author's hypothesis about the key role of education as a factor influencing the family behavior of both men and women has been confirmed by the results of the research. However, the research notes the presence of inconsistency in positions: on the one hand, it emphasizes the inadmissibility of violence in the family, regardless of the circumstances, on the other hand, the focus on its application. Verification of the sociological material shows that in the male subgroup there are fewer people who oppose spousal abuse.

Abstract Background The increasing physical violence against doctors in the health sector has become an alarming global problem and a key concern for the health system in Bangladesh. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of physical violence against doctors in Bangladeshi tertiary care hospitals. Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed among 406 doctors working in tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and the binary logistic regression model was employed for predicting physical violence against doctors. Results Of the participants, 50 (12.3%) doctors reported being exposed to physical violence in 12 months prior to the survey. According to logistic regression analysis, aged less than 30 years or younger, male and never-married doctors were prone to physical violence. Similarly, doctors from public hospitals and those worked in emergency departments were at higher risk of physical violence. More than 70% of victims reported that patients’ relatives were the main perpetrators. Two-thirds of the victims referred to violence in the hospitals as a grave concern. Conclusions Physical violence against doctors is relatively common in the emergency departments and public hospitals in Bangladesh. This study found that male and younger doctors were at high risk of exposing physical violence. To prevent hospital violence, authorities must develop human resources, bolster patient protocol and offer physician training.

Abstract Background Preventing and responding to gender-based violence (GBV) is both a human rights imperative and a multifaceted economic issue. GBV can also act as a barrier to economic empowerment. The aim of the study was to examine the association between women’s empowerment (physical mobility, decision making and economic resources) and GBV among married youth in India. Methods Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among married youth in the age group of 15–24 years, in two selected districts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, India. The data was collected from 578 youth. Pre-validated scales were used to assess women’s empowerment indicators (physical mobility, decision making and economic resources). The outcomes assessed were scales on physical and sexual violence. Multivariate regression models examined associations between women’s empowerment, spousal characteristics, socio-economic status and demographics. Results The overall results of the study found that restricted physical mobility had a negative association with sexual violence [AOR: 0.49; CI 0.26–0.92]. Women with no decision-making power had higher odds of physical violence [AOR: 2.12; CI 0.01–4.43] and sexual violence [AOR: 1.96; CI 1.02–3.77]. Having no economic resources had a negative association with sexual violence [AOR: 0.19; CI 0.09–0.39]. Women going through spousal controlling behavior had a higher likelihood of physical [AOR: 3.79; CI 1.75–8.19] and sexual violence [AOR: 4.03; CI 2.09–7.79]. It was also found that married women from rural areas and other ethnic backgrounds had higher odds of physical violence. Conclusion There is a crucial need to work towards women’s empowerment, with progressive gender roles such as greater decision-making, physical mobility and economic resources to reduce GBV. An established method that has worked in various contexts is adopting gender transformative approaches that involve men.

Abstract Background Parents and caregivers belonged to those with the highest burdens during the COVID-pandemic. Considering the close link between parental stress and child maltreatment, identifying families with high parental stress is of utmost importance to prevent violence against children. Within this study, we thus aimed to investigate the interplay of parental stress, changes in parental stress, and physical violence against children during the second year of the COVID-pandemic on an exploratory level. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study in Germany from July to October 2021. By using different sampling steps, a representative probability sample of the German population was generated. A subsample of these participants with children under the age of 18 was included for analysis within this study (N = 453, 60.3% females, Mage = 40.08; SD = 8.53). Results Higher parental stress levels were associated with more physical violence against children, higher levels of own experiences of child maltreatment, and mental health symptoms. An increase in parental stress during the pandemic was associated with female sex, the use of physical violence against children, and parental experience of child maltreatment. Parents who have ever used physical violence against their children have been characterized by higher parental stress levels, a stronger increase in parental stress during the pandemic, own experience of child maltreatment, mental health symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics. Higher parental stress levels, a stronger increase of parental stress during the pandemic, having pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and parental experience of child maltreatment predicted an increased use of physical violence against children during the pandemic. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of parental stress for the risk of physical violence against children, more so in times of overall increased stress due to the pandemic and underline the need for low threshold support for families at risk in times of crises.

Cases of physical violence committed by minors continue to occur and increase in Indonesia. One of them was a case of physical violence that befell an elementary school student in Gresik which resulted in permanent blindness due to a meatball stab attack by her senior in one eye. This research is intended to find out about legal protection for minor victims who experience physical violence and how the law in Indonesia regulates the justice of minors who commit criminal acts. By using normative juridical research methods and using secondary data in the form of articles, published news and previous research and using positive law in Indonesia, namely, Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. It is hoped that this research will provide comprehensive insight regarding law enforcement efforts and the protection of minors in Indonesia.

This article investigates the historical aspects of physical violence in intimate relationships. The primary purpose is to illustrate the legal aspects and emotional dynamics of physical violence in intimate relationships, focusing on differences in perspective of various historical eras. We analyzed the Istanbul Convention, which represents a base document for preventing physical violence in domestic environments. In addition, we have analysed curriculum in kindergarten. We have discovered that the topics from the Istanbul Convention are incorporated in the kindergarten.

Background: Spousal or intimate partner violence is the most common form of domestic violence and is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of spousal violence, various types of spousal violence, and the factors associated with it among reproductive age group women. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in the Urban Health Training Center area of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Nagpur, India, among married women between 15 and 49 years of age who were selected using systematic random sampling. The data was collected from a sample of 373 women by face-to-face interview and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v21. Results: The prevalence of spousal violence among reproductive age group (15–49 years) women was found to be 59.7%, with emotional violence (54.1%) being the most common, followed by physical (51.2%) and sexual (43.4%) violence in that order. Regular alcohol consumption of husband had the highest odds of spousal violence among women (odds ratio [OR] 12.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.51–24.03). Other factors associated with spousal violence among reproductive age group women were early age at marriage, literacy and employment of women and husband, lack of emotional support from the family members, and dowry-related problems in the family. Conclusion: A multifaceted approach including legal measures, empowerment of women, and sociocultural factors involving families, institutions, governmental, nongovernmental, and civil society organizations is the need of the hour.

Prevention, counteraction and investigation of criminal offenses is a priority task of law enforcement agencies for any legal, democratic state. While the general issues of combating domestic violence are being studied at the scientific level for a long time, the specifics of initiating an investigation of this destructive phenomenon have remained understudied, which indicates the relevance of the topic for scientific discussion. This aspect has also an important practical significance, as it is shown in the analysis of the studied case law. It has been identified and analyzed the peculiarities of initiating a pre-trial investigation on domestic violence, in particular: firstly, domestic violence (Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) is classified as a criminal proceeding carried out in the form of private prosecution, and therefore it is initiated at the request of the victim; secondly, when an investigator, interrogator or prosecutor enters information about a criminal offense into the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, there must be information about repeated (three or more times) bringing the offender to administrative responsibility under Article 173-2 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses or about committing systematic actions related to domestic violence. In this regard, it should be noted that bringing a person to administrative liability is only one way of providing evidence. If a person has not been brought to administrative responsibility, but has systematically committed acts (domestic violence), then it is reasonable to consider criminal liability for the relevant actions. It has been determined that difficulties arise due to the fact that, on the one hand, the investigator, interrogator or prosecutor must have information about the intentional systematic commission of domestic violence by a person, and on the other hand, the commission of such an act against a spouse or former spouse or other person with whom the perpetrator is (was) in a family or close relationship.

Abstract Background To address the challenges of limited national data on the prevalence and nature of violence experienced by children, Rwanda conducted, in 2015–2016, the first National Survey on Violence among female and male children and youth aged 13–24 years. To further contribute to these efforts to fill existing data gaps, we used the Rwanda survey data to assess the prevalence and predictors of physical violence (PV) in children aged 13–17. Methods A nationally representative sample of 618 male and 492 female children were analysed. Nationally representative weighted descriptive statistics were used to analyse the prevalence of PV self-reported by children, and logistic regression models were applied to investigate its predictors. Results Sixty percent of all children, including 36.53% of male and 23.38% of female children, reported having experienced any form of PV in their lifetime. Additionally, 21.81% of male children and 12.73% of female children reported experiences of PV within twelve months before the survey date. Older children (OR: 0.53 [0.40–0.72]), female children (OR: 0.43 [0.31–0.58]), and children not attending school (OR: 0.48 [0.31–0.73]) were less likely to be physically abused. However, sexually active children (OR: 1.66 [1.05–2.63]), children in households from the middle wealth quintile (OR: 1.63 [1.08–2.47]), children living in a larger family (OR: 1.55 [1.07–2.26]), and children who reported not feel close to both biological parents (OR: 2.14 [1.31–3.49]) had increased odds of reporting physical violence. Conclusion Higher rates of PV in children attending school were the key finding. There is an urgent need to design and implement particular national interventions to prevent and reduce the incidence of PV in schools in Rwanda. PV was also associated with poor parent-child relations. Parents and other adult caregivers should be sensitised to the consequences of PV on children and be urged to adopt positive parenting practices.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to determine the associations between sexual identity, disability and HIV status and bullying victimisation, and a history of physical, emotional and sexual violence in Nigeria. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a primary dataset generated through an online survey conducted between February 7 and 19, 2021. The 3197 participants for the primary study were recruited through snowballing. The dependent variables were physical, emotional and sexual violence. The independent variables were sexual identity (heterosexual and sexual minority), HIV status (negative, positive and unknown), bullying victimisation (yes/no) and living with disability (yes/no). A multivariate logistic regression model was developed for each form of IPV. Each model was adjusted for age, sex assigned at birth, marital status and education level. Results Respondents living with HIV had higher odds for physical (AOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.46–2.76; p

This study compared the level of workplace violence experienced by personal healthcare workers in a district in Seoul, Republic of Korea, with those experienced by workers in office or service jobs. We matched 150 personal care workers with 150 office workers and 150 service workers using a propensity score. Workplace violence was categorized into psychological violence and physical violence. Of the surveyed personal care workers, 53.3% reported experiencing psychological violence, and 42.0% reported experiencing physical violence. After adjusting for self-reported work-related symptoms, personal care workers had significantly higher odds of experiencing psychological violence than office workers (OR = 5.01; 95% CI: 2.80–8.97) or service workers (OR = 7.54; 95% CI: 3.93–14.47). The adjusted odds for physical violence were also significantly higher for personal care workers compared with those for office workers (OR = 5.83; 95% CI: 2.96–11.50) and service workers (OR = 6.00; 95% CI: 2.88–12.49). In terms of specific types of workplace violence, personal care workers were 7–10 times more likely to experience unwanted sexual attention, sexual harassment, and physical violence than office or service workers. We found that personal care workers were more prone to workplace violence than office or service workers, with gender-based or physical violence being the most common types. Considering the negative impact of workplace violence on workers’ well-being and health services, policy updates and interventions focusing on personal care workers are needed to reduce workplace violence, safeguard workers’ rights, and establish a secure working environment.

This qualitative study investigates the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and the duration of marriage in the Turkish context and explores spouses’ perceptions, experiences, and solutions concerning IPV. Participants were thirty Turkish couples married for twenty or more years. Data collection tools were a semi-structured interview, observation notes taken during the interview, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Data analysis showed that psychological violence was the most reported type, while sexual and economic violence was not reported in long-term marriages. Only a few instances of physical violence were reported during the first years of marriage. Regarding gender, the perpetrators of physical IPV were all men except for only one case, while both men and women were the perpetrators and victims of psychological violence. Spouses’ proposed solutions for IPV were identify­ing the determinants of IPV, encouraging religious and values education, solving economic problems, building communication and patience, learning respect, responsibility, and love; or getting divorced. The study suggests some implications for professionals.

The lack of a validated methodology severely hampers the study of violence among athletes. Questionnaires and surveys with unproven psychometric characteristics used in various studies cast doubt on the results obtained. The current study presents the results of the construction of a test to investigate violence among athletes. The test is based on the questionnaire for the study of violence among athletes proposed by Vertommen et al. (2016), as its final version is a modified methodology. The study includes 314 current and former athletes. The survey was conducted online. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to the empirical data. The analysis results provide the basis for adopting a two-factor test structure with corresponding physical and emotional abuse subscales.

Abstract Introduction Violence against women is a significant health and legal problem and has been declared as a health priority by the World Health Organization. The most common type of violence against women is domestic violence, more prevalent against women with disabilities than other women. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disease and has experienced sudden growth in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of domestic violence and its various types (psychological, economic, physical, and sexual) experienced by women with MS. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 275 married women with MS were selected using convenience sampling. After obtaining informed consent and reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the Domestic Violence against Women Questionnaire developed by Mohseni Tabrizi et al. was completed by the participants on a self-report basis. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. To analyze data, statistical tests including chi-square and Fisher exact tests for univariate analysis and logistic regression, were employed. Results The mean age of participants was 37.12 ± 8.48 years. Domestic violence in different forms of psychological, economic, physical, and sexual violence was present in 53.1%, 63%, 33.6%, and 20.4% of participants, respectively. Economic violence (33.8%) was the highest, and sexual violence (5.1%) was the lowest rate of severe violence among participants. There was a significant relationship between the overall rate of domestic violence and the variables including income (P = 0.013), spouse’s income (P = 0.001), participant’s job (P = 0.036) and participant’s education (P = 0.001). In logistic regression, the overall rate of domestic violence was higher in participants with education less than a diploma than in participants with a diploma (P = 0.014) and participants with a university education (P = 0.016). Conclusion According to the results, providing opportunities such as promoting the social status of women, fulfilling the rights of women with disabilities and debilitating diseases such as MS in society is recommended. Additionally, educating men about the negative impact of domestic violence on the current and future status of the family seems necessary. Providing counseling facilities on various forms of violence, especially domestic violence, for women with MS, is also recommended.

Introduction. The article analyzes the category of violence in the criminal offense provided for in Article 153 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in view of the changes introduced in 2017 and its modern significance for the qualification of such an offense. Including, the place of violence when committing any violent acts of a sexual nature is determined. The purpose of the research is to analyze the use of violence in the commission of a criminal offense provided for in Article 153 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Research methods that were used: analysis and synthesis, comparative legal and statistical methods. Summary of the main results of the study. The statistics of detected criminal offenses provided for by Art. 153 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine from 2017 to 2022, characterized by a moderate decrease in the number of such acts. It was determined that the wording of Art. 153 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine until 2017 was characterized by a morally outdated phrase that was devoid of legal certainty. Despite the numerous comments of the scientific community regarding the new content of the criminal offense - sexual violence, the author identifies the positive aspects of the new version of the article. In particular, the replacement of the outdated construction of «violent satisfaction of sexual passion in an unnatural way» by «any violent acts of a sexual nature» criminalizes a much larger number of acts. Conclusions. Judicial practice confirms that committing violent acts of a sexual nature, including the use of physical and/or mental violence against the victim. Taking into account the existence of different meanings of sexual violence in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Prevention of Domestic Violence», there is a need to change the title of Art. 153 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on «violent acts of a sexual nature without penetration into the body of a person».

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is physical, sexual, or psychological harm perpetrated by a spouse or an intimate partner. Its detrimental effects on women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health are well-documented. However, its impact on nutritional status is not well-studied, and previous studies have led to contradictory findings. This study aimed to explore the association between intimate partner violence and the nutritional status of married Nepalese women. Methods The study used the 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey data, which employed a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale to determine women’s exposure to IPV. Anemia and low body mass index (BMI) were used as proxies of nutritional status. Multinomial regression was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and IPV; multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between anemia and IPV. Results The prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity, and anemia were respectively 13.9%, 25.1%, and 38.7%. The prevalence of physical, sexual, and emotional IPVs experienced in the preceding year were respectively 9.8%, 4.6%, and 7.6%. Likewise, the prevalence of lifetime physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behavior IPVs were respectively 21.8%, 7.4%, 12.3%, and 32.1%. The low intensity of emotional IPV (AOR 1.62; CI: 1.02–2.56) and moderate intensity of physical IPV (AOR 3.70; CI: 1.64–8.35) experienced in the preceding year, and low intensity of lifetime emotional IPV (AOR 1.69; CI: 1.11–2.58) were associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity. Moderate intensity of sexual IPV (AOR 2.59; CI: 1.099–6.108) experienced in the preceding year was associated with an increased risk of underweight BMI. The low intensity of lifetime controlling behavior (AOR1.25; CI: 1.03–1.53) was associated with an increased risk of anemia. Conclusions Emotional and Physical IPVs are significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity. Sexual IPV is significantly associated with an increased risk of underweight BMI, and controlling behavior is significantly associated with an increased risk of anemia. Seeking help could offset the detrimental effects of IPV; therefore, IPV screening should be a part of regular healthcare assessment for married women, and appropriate rehabilitation should be offered to IPV survivors.

Intimate partner violence (IPV), also referred to as domestic violence, is a "silent" pandemic that has been considered a problem of the family for many years. It can take various forms, including psychological, sexual and physical violence, harassment and/or threats of violence, stalking, etc., between former or current spouses or partners, in a heterosexual or homosexual relationship. Victims can be both female and male. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of IPV against men, the age characteristics of the victims, the type of perpetrator and the types of injuries caused. A retrospective joint study of cases of IPV identified during forensic examinations at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University - Sofia and the Forensic unit at the Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal affairs was conducted for the period 2017-2021. 553 of the victims out of 3027 cases of domestic violence, were male. It was indicated that in just over 50% of them the perpetrator of the crime was the intimate partner. The mean age of the affected men was 41.6 years. The injuries found during the forensic medical examinations were most often superficial, with isolated cases of more severe trauma. The prevalence of IPV against men and its main characteristics have so far been studied to a small extent, compared to that of women. The ability to identify the signs of violence and their proper assessment, appropriate behaviour and documentation of each cases should be among the competencies of every doctor.

Background: Since the early 1990s, several milestone international declarations have recognized violence against women as a violation of human rights. Intimate partner violence (IPV), often used synonymously with domestic abuse or domestic violence against women, is a big burden to our society which manifests itself in many forms and it has its existence in every corner of the world irrespective of all the boundaries. Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of IPV against reproductive age group tribal women in Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 360 tribal women aged between 15 and 49 years residing at selected villages across Siliguri subdivision. Data regarding IPV were collected using the Indian Family Violence and Control Scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and multi-variable logistic regression was done to find out factors associated with domestic violence. Results: The study revealed that 70.3% of women had experienced domestic violence in any form in their lifetime. Logistic regression revealed that IPV was significantly associated with: age between 30 and 49 years, education above primary school, unskilled occupation, ₹ 2500 and above per-capita monthly income, and participants who are separated/broken up. Among the factors related to the male partner, literacy above primary school level was associated with experience to domestic violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence in all its manifestations was found to be present in the study population. The report may offer policymakers fresh perspectives on how to allocate funds for the complete elimination of domestic violence against women.

Abstract Background Global studies on adolescent victims of violence require serious attention due to the possibility that underreported cases may be higher than official records indicate. Since Indonesia expects to witness a demographic bonus, extensive research is needed to strengthen early detection, case handling, and prevention. Here, we report the outcomes of a survey on physical, verbal, and sexual violence experienced by adolescents in West Java, an Indonesian province inhabited by 18% of the country’s total population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2017 using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C) questionnaire for detecting child abuse; an expert panel translated, simplified, and validated it based on a theoretical framework that combines paediatrics, public health, and medicolegal perspectives. We aimed to cover a large sample size and explore three types of violence (physical, verbal, and sexual) that have high evidentiary value in the forensic context. The respondents were adolescents in the first and second grades of middle school (12 to 14 years old) and high school (15 to 17 years old) in seven cities/municipalities in the province, selected through several stages of simple random sampling (N = 3452). We analysed the samples through univariate (percentage), odds ratio (OR), comparison, correlation, and correspondence analyses. Results The results showed that 78.7% of the adolescents experienced violence in 2017, comprising those who encountered at least one incidence of physical violence (43.1%), verbal violence (12.2%), and sexual violence (4.5%). Data overlap includes 14.3% who experienced one type of violence in 2017, 7.4% who experienced two forms of violence, and 1.4% who underwent all three kinds of violence. The offenders were mainly adolescents across all types of violence, except for being forced to engage in sexual intercourse. Several victims of sexual violence did not state who the offenders were. Further, several characteristics showed a higher chance of experiencing violence than other characteristics, especially for adolescents who were still in middle school and those who lived only with their mothers. Correspondence analysis suggested subtle differences between characteristics. Conclusion We expect this study to help identify risk and protective factors that are essential to strengthening early detection efforts, decisive medicolegal examinations, case handling, and policy-making.

Background: The United Nations defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”.[1] Violence can take many forms, including physical, sexual or emotional and varies in its severity. Gender discrimination, norms and practices mean that adolescent girls are likely to experience certain forms of violence, such as sexual violence, at much higher rates than boys. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural block of North India. A total of 500 adolescent girls in the age group of 13–19 years studying in class VIII to class XII in 10 government and private senior secondary schools of the Lakhanmajra block were included in the study. A pre-designed pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule was used. Results: In this study, we found the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional violence among adolescent girls as 6.6, 5.4 and 5.2%, respectively. The most frequent perpetrator of physical violence was the parent and of sexual violence was the neighbour followed by friends or relatives. Higher emotional violence was experienced by adolescent girls from middle-class families (P < 0.05). The prevalence of physical violence among adolescent girls was maximum in the younger age group 13–14 years (10.2%), followed by 15–17 years (4.0%). This association was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There are several restrictions on free communication about violence-related topics in our highly conservative society. Blaming the victim is the rule rather than the exception and sexual abuse is usually linked to a loss of virginity and family honour in our patriarchal society. Hence, girls may be more reluctant to disclose their experience of violence.