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This research uses the publicly available World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to investigate the relationship between an industry’s markup and its upstreamness, the industry’s position in the vertical chain of production; the research also identifies common attributes among high-markup industrial sectors: higher-markup industries display a higher level of capital compensation and a lower share of labour and other inputs in the value of output. Finally, it is found that upstream industries, those producing mostly raw materials and intermediate products enjoy higher market power than their downstream counterparts. This result could be among the first in the literature to find evidence of double marginalization at an industry level of aggregation. It also suggests that virtually all final product prices may incorporate substantial markups through their inputs.

The labor income share is constant under the assumptions of a Cobb-Douglas production function and perfect competition. This paper modifies these assumptions, and investigates how to behave actually dynamic the labor income share within the Iranian manufacturing industries through estimating the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor and the price markup. This paper estimates such elasticity by using of a CES production function under perfect and imperfect competition in the product market. The degree of imperfect competition is measured following the Rojer approach. This dynamism in labor income share is explained by (1) a non-unitary elasticity of substitution between capital and labor; and (2) non-perfect competition in the product market. The results show that the elasticity of substitution is 0.75 under perfect competition without price markup, but it is 0.65 under imperfect competition with price markup. These mean that the elasticity of substitution decreases due to the presence of the price markup in imperfect competition regime, while labor income share increases highly by increase in capital intensity.

Sea cucumber fishing pattern and the social and economic characteristics of sea cucumber fisher communities in the north, north-west and north-east regions of Sri Lanka were assessed using the data collected from November 2015 to January 2017. A total of 9 sea cucumber species is landed in these areas using three fishing methods; diving (SCUBA and breath-hold), gleaning and surrounding nets. SCUBA diving is the dominant fishing method and SCUBA divers do both day and night fishing reporting the highest catch rates (CPUE ± SD in numbers/person/day) than the other fishers (p