Search

Abstract Background Scabies is one of public health concerns among communicable disease in Ethiopia, especially among disadvantaged and the poor. This current study aims to detect the spatiotemporal patterns of scabies in Tigray from 2018 to 2023 using scabies data aggregated at the zonal level. The study also examined the persistent patterns in the spatial variation of scabies incidence across the administrative regions during the study period. Method We collected scabies data using a weekly disease surveillance reporting format of the country from 2018 to 2023 across all accessible district health facilities in Tigray region, Ethiopia. We conducted retrospective analyses using both purely spatial and spatiotemporal scan statistic approaches, employing a discrete Poisson probability model to identify statistically significant clusters of high scabies rates throughout the Tigray regional zones in Ethiopia. Our methodology involved the use of Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic software (SaTScan v10.1.3), R programming software version 4.3.1, and ArcGIS Pro for all analyses. Results A total of 101,116 cases of scabies were reported from 2018 to 2023. Our study indicated a spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of scabies across Tigray region as well as its localization among geographically contiguous zones across space, except for the Western zone of Tigray where no data was collected. The detected statistically significant spatial clusters $$\:p-value

Abstract Background Scabies, an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has seen an increase in clinical diagnoses in the Netherlands since 2011. This study aimed to analyse PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples through partial genome sequencing and to link findings to patient epidemiological characteristics. Methods Skin samples were collected from individuals in the Netherlands between January 2016 and January 2023. On the PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) sequencing was performed to assess genetic variability. Epidemiological information was collected through interviews. We examined associations between cox1 subtypes, epidemiological factors and treatment outcomes. Results Sequencing results were obtained from 128 patients, with epidemiological information available for 55 (43%) of these patients. Fifteen distinct cox1 subtypes were identified. Subtype 01 was most prevalent (45%) and present across all age groups and social settings. The remaining subtypes were less common and not consistently found in all contexts. Five clusters were identified, each with identical cox1 subtypes. Comparative analysis with GenBank sequences revealed genetic similarities with strains from Australia, the USA and China, suggesting the global distribution and transmission of specific subtypes. A substantial proportion (73%) of patients with scabies required multiple treatments to eradicate the infestation, with no subtype-related differences. Conclusions This is the first study linking S. scabiei sequencing results to patient epidemiological data. Several subtypes clustered in specific geographic regions and social contexts, underscoring localised transmission patterns. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to enhance our understanding of the transmission of this mite. This study provides valuable insights that will strengthen scabies control efforts. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Scabies disproportionately affects people in resource-poor areas. Clinical diagnosis risks misdiagnosis due to resemblance to other skin diseases, but laboratory confirmation improves accuracy. Scabies allow for secondary bacterial infections. Associated bacteria exacerbate scabies and antibiotic resistance. Ethiopian scabies diagnosis relies solely on clinical exams without confirming parasites or investigating secondary bacterial infections. This study aims to identify parasites via scraping, isolate secondary bacteria, and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 among scabies suspected patients who visited the dermatology clinic at Borumeda General Hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 422 study participants. Socio-demographic, hygiene, and clinical characteristics data were collected via face-to-face interviews and observation. Skin scrapings for parasitological investigations and swab samples for microbiological investigations were collected and transported for analysis and drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to assess risk factors. Result Among 422 skin scraping samples, 156 (37.0%) cases of scabies were microscopically confirmed. Bed-sharing and having contact history were independent predictors of microscopically confirmed scabies. The prevalence of secondary bacterial infections among scabies-confirmed patients was 35.9% (56/156). The most prevalent bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Tetracycline for Gram-positive bacteria and ampicillin for Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest rate of resistance. In both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, multidrug resistance was also observed. Conclusion This study found that over one-third of skin scrapings tested positive for scabies. Additionally, more than one-third of scabies cases were complicated by secondary bacterial infections. Improved scabies diagnosis and consideration of secondary bacterial infections are important for better controlling this neglected tropical disease.

Introduction: Scabies affects 200–300 million individuals annually around the globe and it is a serious public health issue causing social stigmatisation in patients. With this background and its substantial impact on morbidity, this study was undertaken with the objective to find the demographic profile, clinical morphology and quality of life in patients suffering from scabies in urban slums of Ludhiana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, time-bound hospital-based study was carried out for a period of 2 months. A total of 173 patients with a diagnosis of scabies comprising all adults and children >5 years of age attending skin outpatient department were included in the study. The collected information was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of the study population was 34.85 ± 17.48 years. The most affected age groups were 18–40 years (46.9%), followed by 41–60 years (26.0%) and 17.9% in children. The majority of patients had difficulty in working and feelings of embarrassment, and in three-fifths of patients, their sexual relationship was affected due to scabies. In children, more than half experienced teasing and feeling of embarrassment and their routine activities such as playing were affected. Conclusion: In the present study, scabies moderately affected the quality of life of the patients in the form of embarrassment and stigma associated with disease. As it is a contagious disease, early diagnosis and prompt treatment can be helpful in the prevention and control of disease.

Nodular scabies (NS) is a relatively common variant of classical scabies whose pathogenesis is unclear. It is clinically characterized by pruritic, firm nodules most commonly involving the genitalia followed by axilla and groin region. A clinical diagnosis of NS is often straightforward. NS may persist despite the administration of antiscabicidal drugs such as permethrin and ivermectin. Topical and intralesional corticosteroids form the mainstay of treatment. Postscabietic nodule is a complication that primarily occurs in patients with previous history of scabies that had been successfully treated.

ABSTRACT Background and Aims In deprived and poor communities worldwide, scabies remains an overlooked tropical disease. Numerous individual studies have been conducted in Ethiopia on this issue, demonstrating notable disparities and inconclusive findings. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to establish Ethiopia's pooled scabies prevalence and determinants among schoolchildren. Methods Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online through a systematic search. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool was employed to assess the quality of observational studies (cross‐sectional and case‐control). The meta‐analysis was performed using Stata software version 14 and its metan command. A forest plot was used with a random effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were employed to evaluate potential sources of heterogeneity. The funnel plot and Egger's test were used to evaluate publication bias, while heterogeneity was assessed using inverse variance (I2). Results In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, 14.71% (733/5104) of schoolchildren had scabies, with a 95% CI of 8.90%−20.52%. The highest prevalence is recorded in the Amhara region (17.09%; 95% CI: 2.15–32.04), and the lower prevalence is seen in the Oromia region (12.52%; 95% CI: 10.08–14.95). Children sharing clothes with scabies cases, using common sleeping beds/fomites, having a family history of scabies, and having illiterate parents are significantly associated with scabies among Ethiopian schoolchildren (based on adjusted odds ratios: 7.07; 95% CI: 1.55–12.59, 2.13; 95% CI: 0.04–4.22, 1.45; 95% CI: 0.35–3.94, 1.42; 95% CI: 0.94–0.89). Conclusion The current prevalence of scabies ranges from 12.52% to 17.09% and is higher in the Amhara region. The national policymakers and health planners should prioritize implementing prevention and control measures of scabies among schoolchildren through ivermectin‐based mass drug administration for three to five rounds annually until the prevalence is less than 2%.

Scabies, an old parasitic disease with a worldwide presence, has witnessed a recent resurgence in many parts of the world even in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a study on this resurgence in the Italian province of Messina, Sicily, evaluating the general features of affected people to better understand the possible modes of transmission. Specifically, we considered all the scabies notifications made in the period 2003–2022. Then, we focused on those cases occurred in the three-years period 2020–2022 carrying out an active surveillance by calling patients and asking them questions about their recent habits and movements and their consequent chances of contracting the disease. In total, 935 cases of scabies were reported from 2003 to 2022, with a remarkable increase between 2020 and 2022, when 288 cases were reported. Of these patients, we were able to reach by phone 240 (83.3 %) and interview them. Students were the most affected group (24.1 %), followed by retirees (21.0 %) and healthcare workers (13.2 %). Unfortunately, concerning the possible mode of transmission, more than half (58.5 %) of patients were not able to understand the real source of their infection. When known, the most common ways of transmission were a familiar origin (10.7 %) followed by causes linked to health environments (nursing home stays and hospital admissions). Moreover, 66.9 % of all the reported cases were part of an outbreak. Larger outbreaks occurred in healthcare facilities for more than half of the cases (69.4 %), the majority of which (88.9 %) were in nursing homes. Our research confirms the resurgence of scabies in our territory similar to trends in other European countries. Some critical factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, probably played a key role in influencing this epidemiological trend and showed the importance of always monitoring the epidemiology of all notifiable diseases to enable prompt action by competent authorities to limit their spread to the community.

Background Our study was conducted to determine the impact of scabies in people living in collective living areas such as tent cities and container cities after the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and to show the effectiveness of oral ivermectin treatment on scabies cases because topical treatments could not be used in this period when access to water was limited. Methods Among 233 patients diagnosed and treated with scabies in tent and container cities, 192 patients who met the criteria were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were given as number (n), percentage (%), mean, median, standard deviation (SD). In the comparison of categorical data, the chi-square test was applied; in the comparison of numerical data ANOVA analyses was applied. Results A total of 192 scabies patients (82.4%), 47.9% (N:92) of whom were women, were included in the study. The frequency of scabies in the total population in tent cities and container cities was found to be at least 0.54%. The most common symptoms were pruritis (99.0%) and rash (97.9%). The most common sites of lesion involvement were the umbilicus (87.0.%), forearm (75.0%), and back (70.3%). After the first dose of ivermectin, 159 (82.8%) patients showed complete recovery, while 30 (15.6%) patients showed partial recovery. 3 (1.6%) patients showed no improvement. After the second dose of ivermectin, 173 (90.1%) patients showed complete recovery. There were two (1.0%) patients who did not show improvement after two doses. Due to the deterioration of urban infrastructure after devastating earthquakes, the irregularity of mass living areas, the lack of hygiene conditions, and the difficulty of accessing clean, usable water, oral ivermectin may be the first choice for treatment in terms of ease of use and effectiveness.

Scabies are a global health problem that affects millions of people around the world, especially those living in densely populated and underprivileged areas. Rumak Village, located in a rural area, is no exception to this problem. Where people often live in crowded conditions, making the transmission of scabies easier. This study aims to analyze the determinants of scabies transmission. This study employed a cross-sectional design to examine the prevention behaviors employed by individuals in Rumak Village to avoid the transmission of scabies, totaling 483 families conducted from January to July 2023. Data collection was done using questionnaires, and data analysis was done using Chi-Square, with a p-value of 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed a significant association between hand washing practices, home environmental hygiene, sharing items, and bathing practices with the incidence of scabies in the community, with a p-value of 0.000. Families who do not regularly wash their hands, have less clean environmental conditions, often practice sharing personal items, and bathe 1 time/day have a risk of suffering from scabies in Rumak Village. Keywords: Determinants, prevalence, scabies

The diagnosis of scabies is mainly clinical, however the high variability in presentation could make it through. Besides dermoscopy, different non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to assist in scabies diagnosis: 400x magnification, Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) and High-Frequency Ultrasound (HFUS) could be useful for the diagnosis of various diseases such as benign tumors, malignant tumors and infectious diseases of all types (viral, bacterial, and parasitic). On the other hand, all these techniques are strictly operator and device-dependent.

Dear Editor, Scabies is a common pruritic ectoparasitic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It classically presents as an intensely pruritic eruption that usually involves hands and interdigital folds, wrists, axillae, areolae, abdomen, and genitalia. In immunocompetent adults, mite infestation affecting the face is considered exceptional; accordingly, if topical treatment is chosen, clinicians typically instruct patients to apply the product to the body, excluding the head area.

Summary: Background: Fiji has among the highest global reported prevalence of scabies. Mass drug administration (MDA) has been identified as a potentially effective strategy to control scabies, but acceptability of MDA from the perspectives of people receiving and delivering scabies MDA programs remains underexplored in Fiji and globally. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted after completion of the national MDA campaign. Participants included 44 community members and 12 key informants across the Central and Western Divisions of Fiji. Semi-structured face-to-face and virtual interviews were conducted in August and September 2023. An interpretive research approach was adopted, and data were analysed using deductive and inductive techniques. Findings: We identified several barriers and facilitators to scabies MDA acceptability. Facilitators included prior experiences of scabies and knowledge of the potential health benefit of MDA, community attitudes to MDA and neighbours’ adherence practices, endorsement of MDA by community leaders, community consultation and exposure to community sensitisation, and involvement of local key informants during planning and implementation. Barriers included a lack of trust in MDA campaigns, religious beliefs, limited reach of community sensitisation, and challenges to implementing MDA in urban locations. Interpretation: This is the first qualitative study documenting acceptability of a nationwide scabies-MDA globally. It identified diverse socio-structural factors that influenced MDA implementation and acceptability. Future MDA programs could benefit from widespread community sensitisation, tailored approaches to urban and rural MDA design and delivery, and the inclusion of communities in the co-design and implementation of MDA programs. Funding: The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) investigator grant—LR and the Macquarie Group Foundation 50th Celebration Awards–AS.

BackgroundThe strategies to control scabies in highly endemic populations include individual case/household management and mass drug administration (MDA). We used a decision-analytic model to compare ivermectin-based MDA and individual case/household management (referred to as “usual care”) for control of scabies in Ethiopia at different prevalence thresholds for commencing MDA.MethodsA decision-analytic model was based on a repeated population survey conducted in Northern Ethiopia in 2018–2020, which aimed to evaluate the secondary impact of single-dose ivermectin MDA for the control of onchocerciasis on scabies prevalence. The model estimates the number of scabies cases and costs of two treatment strategies (MDA and usual care) based on their effectiveness, population size, scabies prevalence, compliance with MDA, medication cost, and other parameters.ResultsIn the base-case analysis with a population of 100,000 and scabies prevalence of 15%, the MDA strategy was both more effective and less costly than usual care. The probability of MDA being cost-effective at the current cost-effectiveness threshold (equivalent to the cost of usual care) was 85%. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that the MDA strategy remained dominant (less costly and more effective) in 22 out of 26 scenarios. MDA was not cost-effective at scabies prevalence 10%.

Introduction: Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious skin infestation. Poor personal hygiene often contributes to its prevalence. This study aims to identify specific aspects of personal hygiene that influence the incidence of scabies among residents of the Institute Rehabilitation Center of The Vagrants, Scroungers, and Individuals with Mental Disabilities in the South Sumatra Region. Methods: This observational-analytic study employed a case-control design. Data collection involved clinical records, observations, and questionnaire-based interviews. A total of 160 occupants, comprising 80 cases and 80 controls, were selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis utilized chi-square test and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations (p-value = 0.000) between scabies incidence and bathing habits, cleanliness of mattresses and bed linen, cleanliness of clothing, and open defecation behavior. Multiple logistic regression indicated that open defecation behavior (OR = 56.336; 95% CI = 17.281 – 158.500) was the primary personal hygiene factor influencing scabies incidence. Thus, maintaining proper open defecation practices is crucial for residents' hygiene and health. Conclusion: Poor personal hygiene practices, including inadequate bathing habits, unclean bedding, dirty clothing, and open defecation behavior, contribute to the occurrence of scabies. Effective education and counseling by healthcare professionals are essential for promoting better hygiene practices among residents.

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical ‘spot-on’ formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for ‘pour-on’ delivery is one practicable solution. This study investigated the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto, a proposed essential oil-based diluent (Orange Power®), and two of its active constituents, limonene and citral, against Sarcoptes scabiei. Methods Sarcoptes scabiei were sourced from experimentally infested pigs. In vitro assays were performed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time of the mites when exposed to varying concentrations of the test solutions. Results All compounds were highly effective at killing mites in vitro. The LC50 values of Bravecto, Orange Power, limonene and citral at 1 h were 14.61 mg/ml, 4.50%, 26.53% and 0.76%, respectively. The median survival times of mites exposed to undiluted Bravecto, Orange Power and their combination were 15, 5 and 10 min, respectively. A pilot survival assay of mites collected from a mange-affected wombat showed survival times of

Xumei Wu,1,2 Feifei Yang,3 Ruina Zhang1 1Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Dermatology, Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ruina Zhang, Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613811708671, Email zrn1780@126.comObjective: To outline the clinical manifestations observed in patients with scabies misdiagnosed as generalized eczema, analyse the factors contributing to these misdiagnoses and explore potential reasons for the resurgence of scabies.Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed to investigate the patients with scabies misdiagnosed as generalized eczema.Results: We included 23 patients, with twelve (52.17%) being male and eleven (47.83%) female. The illness duration ranged from 0.5 to 7 months. Among all patients, 12 (52.17%) were residents of nursing homes, 5 (21.74%) were staff members of these facilities, 4 (17.39%) were caregivers of long-term hospitalized relatives, 1 (4.35%) was a construction worker, and 1 (4.35%) had a history of tourism. The rash predominantly affected the trunk and extremities, 12 patients (52.17%) are each involved the perineum and fingers webbings. The presentations included erythema, papules, and nodules. The main complaint of all patients was nocturnal itch. Under direct microscopy, 5 patients (21.74%) tested positive for scabies mites, and 3 (13.04%) showed histopathological features consistent with scabies. All patients were initially misdiagnosed with generalized eczema.Conclusion: Over half of all patients diagnosed with scabies either resided or worked in long-term care facilities. The lack of awareness of scabies among medical staff in long-term care facilities readily led to frequent misdiagnosis. Comprehensive measures should be implemented urgently to strengthen disease management.Keywords: scabies, long-term care facilities, elderly, misdiagnose, pruritus

One of the relative impacts caused by nutrition is weakening resistance to diseases that are usually not fatal and improving nutrition is a main factor that helps increase resistance to disease. This research aims to find out the nutritional status, individual characteristics and incidence of disease in students at the An-Nur Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya. The method used in this research is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach and verification method. The population in this study were students at the An-nur Islamic Boarding School, Surabaya. The sample technique used is simple random sampling. The questionnaire has been validated and consists of 4 sections: General information on respondents (characteristics of age, gender, length of time as a student), nutritional status, stress (using the DASS 21 stress section), gastritis (signs and symptoms), and scabies (risk factors and symptom). The results of this research are that the average age of the students is 19.5 years, the majority are women, 50 students, the majority are new students, the nutritional status of most of them is normal, 43 students have a fairly high stress level, 39 students have low levels of gastritis and only 18 students have scabies. low, only 17 students. The conclusion of this research is that most of the students are still young/adolescents, the majority are women, many are new students, the majority have normal nutritional status, high stress levels, low incidence of gastritis and scabies.

Abstract Background Annually, 175.4 million people are infected with scabies worldwide. Although parasitic infections are important nosocomial infections, they are unrecognized compared to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. In particular, nonspecific cutaneous manifestations of scabies lead to delayed diagnosis and frequent nosocomial transmission. Hospital-based studies on the risk factors for scabies have yet to be systematically reviewed. Methods The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023363278). Literature searches were conducted in three international (PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL) and four Korean (DBpia, KISS, RISS, and Science ON) databases. We included hospital-based studies with risk estimates calculated with 95% confidence intervals for risk factors for scabies infection. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Two authors independently performed the screening and assessed the quality of the studies. Results A total of 12 studies were included. Personal characteristics were categorized into demographic, economic, residential, and behavioral factors. The identified risk factors were low economic status and unhygienic behavioral practices. Being a patient in a long-term care facility or institution was an important factor. Frequent patient contact and lack of personal protective equipment were identified as risk factors. For clinical characteristics, factors were categorized as personal health and hospital environment. People who had contact with itchy others were at higher risk of developing scabies. Patients with higher severity and those with a large number of catheters are also at increased risk for scabies infection. Conclusions Factors contributing to scabies in hospitals range from personal to clinical. We emphasize the importance of performing a full skin examination when patients present with scabies symptoms and are transferred from settings such as nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, to reduce the transmission of scabies. In addition, patient education to prevent scabies and infection control systems for healthcare workers, such as wearing personal protective equipment, are needed.

Abstract Tuberculosis BCG vaccination induced non-specific protective effects in humans led to postulate the concept of trained immunity (TRAIM) as an innate type of immune mechanism that triggered by a pathogen, protects against others. Killed vaccines have been considered not to be effective. However, field efficacy of a commercial vaccine against paratuberculosis, as well as of a recently developed M. bovis heat-inactivated vaccine (HIMB) prompted to test whether it could also induce TRAIM. To this, we used a sarcoptic mange rabbit model. Twenty-four weaned rabbits were treated orally or subcutaneously with a suspension of either HIMB (107 UFC) or placebo. Eighty-four days later the animals were challenged with approximately 5000 S. scabiei mites on the left hind limb. Skin lesion extension was measured every 2 weeks until 92 days post-infection (dpi). Two animals were killed at 77 dpi because of extensive skin damage. The rest were euthanized and necropsied and the lesion area and the mite burden per squared cm were estimated. Specific humoral immune responses to S. scabiei and to M. bovis were investigated with the corresponding specific ELISA tests. Subcutaneously and orally HIMB vaccinated animals compared with placebo showed reduced lesion scores (up to 74% and 62%, respectively) and mite counts (−170% and 39%, respectively). This, together with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6276, p = 0.0031) between tuberculosis-specific antibodies and mite count at 92 dpi supported the hypothesis of non-specific effects of killed mycobacterial vaccination. Further research is needed to better understand this mechanism to maximize cross protection.

Despite the current approaches to diagnostics and treatment, regulatory documentation and guidelines, the diagnosis of scabies can often be delayed. The long-term scabies can mimic acute and chronic dermatoses which causes inadequate treatment. Physicians, including dermatovenerologists, misdiagnose scabies. Aim – to clarify historical aspects of scabies, present a clinical case of scabies complicated by allergic dermatitis and lymphoplasia in a patient with Darye's disease as an example of delayed diagnosis of scabies, errors in management tactics and features of treatment of scabies in a patient with chronic dermatosis.

Objective: Scabies infestation is a major parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to determine the distribution of scabies infestation in stray dogs in Bursa province. Methods: The study material was obtained from stray dogs suspected of mange kept in a municipal shelter in Bursa between June 2020 and February 2022. Samples from stray dogs were examined in a laboratory, and dogs with scabies were determined. Results: During the study, samples were collected from 205 (115 males, 90 females) scabies-suspected stray dogs, 58 (28.29%) of which had scabies. Demodex spp. were detected in 35 of the positive dogs (60.34%) (D. canis, D. injae), 19 (32.76%) Sarcoptes scabiei canis, 2 (3.44%) mixed infestation (Sarcoptes and Demodex), and 2 (3.44%) Otodectes cynotis agents. It was determined that 32 (55.17%) of 58 scabies-positive dogs were male and 26 (44.83%) were female. The association of infestations with age, season, and sex has not been found to be statistically meaningful. Conclusion: This study identified scabies agents and their prevalence rate in stray dogs of Bursa province, Türkiye.

Abstract Background Scabies are a significant health issue for institutions and represent a health burden in children. Topical treatments such as permethrin 5% are usually effective but lately, a loss of efficacy has been observed. Objectives To describe demographic data, topical treatment schemes (permethrin 5%; benzyl benzoate 25%) and outcomes in children with scabies over the past 2 years. Methods We retrospectively evaluated records of children aged 0 to 14 years with scabies treated in our outpatient clinic from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2022. Results Two hundred and thirty‐one records were evaluated. Permethrin 5% (P5%) was used as first‐line treatment in 103 children with a success rate of 81.5%; benzyl benzoate 25% (BB25%) was successful in 94.3% of 123 patients. Three patients were lost for follow up and two received other therapies. Mean days of application using P5% increased from 4.1 to 6.8 in 2 years, whereas BB25% showed an opposite trend, from 10 days to 4.7. With the same days of application, the success rate with BB25% was higher (repeated cycle of 2 treatment days, 7 days apart [2 + 2]: 93.3% for BB25% vs. 82.9% for P5%; 3 + 3‐day regime: 91.9% for BB25% vs. 83% for P5%). Twenty‐three out of 26 patients who still had active scabies after the first cycle cleared with a second treatment cycle, with the same topical treatment, or with a different agent. Mild to moderate skin irritation was the only side effect observed (18.4%), more frequently associated with BB25% (81%). Conclusions During the observational period, the use of permethrin decreased while regimen duration increased, probably due to a perceived lack of efficacy. Conversely the use of benzyl benzoate both as first‐line treatment and after permethrin failure increased, despite being more correlated to local inflammation. Both 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 regimes for P5% and BB25% may be considered as suitable first‐line treatment of scabies in children.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease clinically characterized by eczematous skin manifestations; sometimes it can manifest with non-specific clinical features, in common with other skin conditions, such as infectious and neoplastic diseases. We would like to underline the importance of accurate dermatologic examination and rigorous anamnesis in patient affected by AD, in order to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatments.

Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) (IDH) is a severe form of chronically infected eczema occurring in early childhood, although very rarely cases have been reported in adults. Most of the cases are from Jamaica and Brazil and occur in individuals with low socioeconomic status. IDH is always associated with refractory Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection of the skin and nasal vestibules. Patients with IDH may develop other even more severe HTLV-1-associated diseases, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) of early or late appearance and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In the context of the Brazilian experience, it has been observed that 54% of IDH patients exhibit the juvenile form of HAM/TSP while the estimated incidence of adult HAM/TSP is 3%. As there are no curative treatments for HTLV-1 infection (or vaccines) or most of its associated diseases, prevention of infection is fundamental, mainly by vertical transmission, as it is responsible for the development of IDH, infantojuvenile HAM/TSP, and ATL. Public measures to reduce this transmission must be implemented urgently. Furthermore, it is recommended, mainly in HTLV-1 endemic areas, to search for HTLV-1 infection in all patients with infected eczema, even in adults.

Scabies is a global public health issue, with approximately 455 million new cases worldwide each year. Scabies is a parasitic skin disease caused by infestation with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis that can lead to secondary skin infections such as impetigo. In 2017, scabies was added to the World Health Organization’s list of neglected tropical diseases renewing calls for effective management and control of the disease. Mass drug administration has emerged as an effective strategy to control scabies, especially in highly endemic settings. In this review, we detail scabies epidemiology and risk factors, clinical characteristics and diagnosis, as well as control options, and future areas for scabies research.

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. Objectives This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. Methods The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. Results All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. Conclusions The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease.

Abstract Sarcoptic mange or scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wildlife species. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, molecular identification, and characteristics of sarcoptic mange in vicuñas. A total of 3,274 vicuñas were examined. Following ritual harvesting events (“chaccus”) in 13 Andean communities. The presence of mange mites was determined by the skin scraping technique and confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primers for the ITS2 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of mange mites was also confirmed by microscopy using samples taken from wallows. A data collection form was used to register the characteristics of the vicuñas sampled. The prevalence of sarcoptic mange was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.1 - 5.6%). All samples from wallows tested positive (9/9). Importantly, the presence of the species S. scabiei was molecularly confirmed. Adult females with regular body condition were more susceptible to sarcoptic mange, although the lesions were mild. This study confirms the presence of S. scabiei in semi-captive vicuñas and points to the possible role of wallows in the dissemination of Sarcoptes mites.

Abstract We report the case of an 82‐year‐old diabetic patient, affected by a severe form of scabies‐induced acquired reactive perforating dermatosis, who was successfully treated with low‐dose methotrexate. Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis is a rare cutaneous disease, characterized by the extrusion of abnormal collagen through the epidermis and/or follicular units, mostly occurring in adult patients affected by systemic disorders, sharing itch as a symptom (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney disease). The induction of acquired perforating dermatosis by scabies has been rarely reported in literature, and in almost all cases occurred in diabetic patients. Several lines of evidence suggest that skin traumatism induced by scratch could elicit perforating disorders in patients with diabetic dermal microangiopathy.

Introduction: Scabies is a common parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Scabies can mimic other entities clinically, resulting in misdiagnosis. The presence of a mite in the stratum corneum on biopsy specimens is diagnostic of scabies. However, there are instances when mites are not visible, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining may be misleading. An example is when IHC demonstrates Cluster of Differentiation 1a and S100 positivity. The main differential diagnosis for this finding is Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a group of idiopathic disorders of bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells, with manifestations ranging from isolated to life-threatening multisystem disease. Case Presentation: We present a case of a patient who was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis based on histological findings, further review with a repeat reading and deeper sectioning of her biopsy revealed a mite in the stratum corneum, altering the diagnosis, course, and management. She subsequently developed persistent post-scabietic nodules, an underreported entity that may occur following infestation and persist for up to a year. These lesions are self-limiting and do not require repeated courses of treatment. Conclusion: Langerhans cell hyperplasia may be seen in a multitude of entities, including scabies. Familiarity with this phenomenon is crucial to avoid unnecessary invasive investigations, aggressive management and alleviate patients’ concerns.

Abstract Background Norwegian scabies is a rare dermatological manifestation that usually affects the most fragile populations, such as elderly and immunocompromised patients, and its diagnosis is quite complex, due to its low prevalence in the general population and because of a broad spectrum manifestation. Case Presentation Here we describe a rare case of Norwegian scabies that was previously misdiagnosed in a sixteen year old patient affected by Down syndrome and we conducted a non-systematic literature review about this topic. Lesions were atypical, pruritic and associated with periodic desquamation of the palms and soles and after a series of specialist evaluations, she finally underwent topical treatment with complete remission. Conclusion It is therefore crucial to take in consideration the relation between Down syndrome and community acquired crusted scabies, to enable preventative measures, early detection, and proper treatment.

Sarcoptes scabiei (Dee Geer) is the mite that causes scabies or mange. The mites live in the skin layers of humans and mammals. Nowadays, S. scabiei is classified according to their hospes and S. scabiei that lives in human is called Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Controlling and eradicating human scabies, especially at the community level, requires understanding scabies as a pathogen and its interaction with humans. This paper discusses the biology of S. scabiei var. hominis and the interactions between mites and humans as hosts.

Abstract Background By March of 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) had spread to 72 countries and was designated as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, leading to government policies enacted to keep citizens at home to reduce the spread of disease. Infectious dermatoses such as scabies are often spread by prolonged contact with infected skin. This study aims to investigate the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and associated lockdown procedures on the incidence of scabies in the population of Southeast Michigan through a single‐centre retrospective chart review. Objectives The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and associated lockdown procedures on the incidence of scabies in Southeast Michigan. Methods The number of patients diagnosed with scabies at Michigan Medicine outpatient Dermatology clinics from March 2012 to March 2022 was determined. Incidence of scabies diagnosis was compared between years before lockdown to after lockdown. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of total dermatology patients diagnosed with scabies at our institution from March 2020 through March 2022 compared with March 2012 through March 2020. Conclusions These results differ from trends previously reported in European populations. Although the reason for this disparity in incidence of scabies is unclear, contributing factors may include restrictions on visitor policies and inter‐resident contact in long‐term care facilities, use of ivermectin to treat COVID‐19, and temporary closure of daycare centres.

Background: Scabies is an intensely pruritic mite infestation. It is a significant health problem in developing countries and remains a major issue despite available treatment modalities. Methodology: A prospective study was carried out over a year with 90 scabies patients at a tertiary care center after obtaining Ethical Clearance to study the clinical profile of scabies, compare the efficacy of various topical scabicidal agents, and evaluate improvement after treatment. After calculating the severity of pruritus and lesions, a detailed history was noted and randomly allotted to one of the treatment groups. Group A was treated with 1% GBHC lotion, Group B with 5% Permethrin cream, and Group C with 0.5% Ivermectin cream. Patients were advised to review in the second, third, and sixth weeks. Observation and results: Patients with 16-25 years of age were most susceptible. 17 out of 90 patients had secondary bacterial infections, the most common associated cutaneous disease followed by dermatophytosis. Statistically significant reduction in pruritis severity in the drug C vs drug A trial (Z = -4.810, p =

Scabies in cats is an infectious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that attacks the stratum corneum layer of the cat's skin at all ages and is zoonotic. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of scabies using cat patient data from the Pemalang Animal Health Center from May 13th to July 15th, 2022, as well as morphological information of S. scabiei. The scabies diagnosis method employs two stages, namely the examination of clinical and laboratory symptoms. Purposive sampling was used to select laboratory examination samples. Cats with clinical scabies use the skin scraping technique, which involves scraping the skin in the area around the lesion, placing it on an object glass, dripping with 10% KOH, covering it with a cover glass, and examining it under a 400x microscope. The prevalence of scabies in cat patients at the Pemalang Health Center was 33.19%, and S. scabiei was found on the legs of cat patients.

Objective: The objectives of this study are to assess the coronavirus disease (Covid) pre-pandemic and pandemic period table of 2019 with relation to the change in the frequency of ascariasis and to contribute to the epidemiological data in our nation. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from the Adana Provincial Directorate of Health, Department of Public Health Services between January 2017 and May 2022. Percentages of the number of cases were compared with the total numbers for the pre- and pandemic periods and for each specified period. Results were analyzed statistically. Results: When the number of scabies cases by year was analyzed, it was determined that the highest incidence rate was 37.8% in 2021 and the lowest incidence rate was 3.7% in 2017. During the pandemic period, it was determined that the rate of scabies in men was higher than that in women. Likewise, it was determined that the rate of scabies in women was higher than that in men before the pandemic. During the pandemic period, the rate of scabies in those aged 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 65 years and over was higher than that before the pandemic. Conclusion: According to our findings, the prevalence of scabies has increased throughout the Covid-2019 pandemic.

Sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is a disease that affects many species of mammals, including several wild ungulate species in the region of the European Alps, especially the Alpine chamois and the Alpine ibex, which act as parasite reservoirs. Here records of mange in alpine wild ungulates and its spread over time across the eastern parts of the European Alps are reviewed. First cases were recorded from Austria in 1824, and epizootic outbreaks have been described since then from the mountainous regions of Austria (mostly Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria), Germany (Bavaria), Italy (Udine and Trentino) and Slovenia. Switzerland, by contrast, has so far been free of mange except for cases in wild boar, indicating that this species is not a reservoir host of sarcoptic mites for other ungulate species in the European Alps, and that, so far, the disease in ruminant ungulates is restricted to the eastern and central parts of the Alps. Mutual transmission among wild and domestic ruminants is possible and, together with the protection of vulnerable wildlife, is also a reason for monitoring and, if necessary, intervention to contain mange outbreaks.

Background: Scabies is typically treated with scabicides like lindane, which poses a risk for acute neural toxicity. Lindane’s prolonged use, particularly in agriculture, is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This study aimed to evaluate whether scabies patients, particularly those treated with topical lindane, are at increased risk of developing PD. Methods: A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Research Institutes claims database from 2000 to 2018. The study included 27,173 patients with scabies, matched to a control group, with both groups followed for up to 18 years. The primary outcome was the incidence of newly diagnosed PD, and the hazard ratio (HR) for PD was calculated, focusing on those treated with topical lindane. Results: Among the 54,346 patients, 1639 (3.0%) were newly diagnosed with PD, with 993 (60.6%) from the scabies group and 646 (39.4%) from the control group. Scabies patients had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.46 (95% CI 1.32–1.63) for developing PD compared to controls. However, patients treated with topical lindane had a significantly lower aHR for PD at 0.15 (95% CI 0.12–0.19; p < 0.001), with a lower cumulative incidence of PD also observed in this group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Scabies patients are at a 1.46-fold increased risk of developing PD, but those treated with lindane exhibit a significantly lower risk, suggesting potential protective effects of lindane against PD.

Scabies is a worldwide parasitic dermatosis with a significant health burden on the young and the elderly. Statistics about the prevalence of scabies in Hong Kong are not available. This is a retrospective study of patients from a regional hospital cluster in Hong Kong with microscopy-documented Sarcoptes scabiei infestations from January 2018 to December 2022. The condition was categorised into classical scabies and crusted scabies upon clinical presentation. Demographic data, comorbid diseases, mobility and residential status, seasonal variability, secondary bacterial infection, treatment and outcomes were described. These were compared between classic and crusted scabies. In total, 604 patients were identified, representing 51.65 per 100,000 discharged patients during the study period. The median age was 84 years and 54.5% were male. The majority (506 or 83.8%) came from residential care homes for the elderly. The mean time from admission to diagnosis was 8.8 days for community-acquired infestation. There were 564 and 40 cases of classic and crusted scabies, respectively. The two groups of patients were comparable in terms of residence in elderly homes, co-existing chronic illnesses, mobility, and time from admission to diagnosis. Forty-five (7.5%) patients had positive blood cultures temporally associated with scabies. Patients with crusted scabies were at higher risk for bacteraemia (7/40 versus 38/564, p = 0.022). Permethrin and benzyl benzoate were the most popular treatment regimens, with treatment failure observed in 59/397 (14.4%) and 18/173 (10.4%), respectively. There were 172 (28.5%) mortalities within 30 days of scabies diagnosis. Thus, the burden of scabies infestation is significant in Hong Kong. Hospitalised patients diagnosed with scabies are mainly senior citizens living in residential care homes for the elderly, suggesting reservoirs of S. scabiei in the community. Of concern, bacteraemic illnesses are common and significant mortality is temporarily associated with infestation. With a rising elderly population, there is a pressing need to understand and control scabies in Hong Kong. Our study did not find that common medical illness, besides immunosuppressive therapy, predisposed patients to crusted scabies. The crusted form of scabies was associated with a higher risk of bacteraemia. The current study provides a better perspective of the disease load of scabies in Hong Kong.

Introduction: Scabies is a pruritic skin infestation with a globally increasing prevalance. Sleep problems, dispaired social and personal interactions, mainly due to itching, have been reported. Objectives: We aimed to determine the influence of scabies on quality of life and psychosocial health using Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DQOL) and Depression Anxiety and Stress-42 (DASS-42) Scale and analyse whether there is a correlation between the two scales and any sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: Scabies patients (>16 years) who presented to our Outpatient Clinics were enrolled. Age, gender, occupation, marital status and education level and clinical features were recorded. DQOL Index and DASS-42 Scale were used. Possible influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on total scores were analysed. The Spearman coefficient analysis was performed to determine whether there is a correlation between these scores. Results: Of 92 patients (mean age:37.76±15.355, Female/Male: 1.09/1) 63% were married and 35.9% were high-school graduates; 27.2% and 23.9% were housewives and officer-proffesionals. Disease was generalized in 57.6% and duration of disease was mostly

Skin diseases, such as scabies, present a significant global health concern, particularly among Indonesian boarding school students, resulting in complications, disruptions to daily life, and academic hindrances. To effectively address this issue, a health education approach utilizing Wayang videos was implemented, leveraging cultural elements for enhanced outcomes. Our research aimed to assess the impact of a Wayang educational video on scabies knowledge among Indonesian boarding school students. This study, conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, involved 447 students. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure knowledge levels. Our findings demonstrate a significant improvement in scabies knowledge among students following the Wayang video education intervention. The bivariate Wilcoxon test identified a significant difference (p

Background: Scabies is an infectious skin condition that occurs due to an infestation of the small parasitic mite known as Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It causes symptoms of itching, which usually worsen during the night and can interfere with sleep. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine how the incidence of scabies relates to the sleep quality of students at Al Anshor Islamic Boarding School in 2022. Methods: In this study, a quantitative approach was used with a cross-sectional research design. Primary data was collected through the diagnosis of scabies and the use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to measure sleep quality. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square test for data analysis. The research sample was obtained through the stratified random sampling method. Results: According to the findings, out of 42 participants, 26 students (61.9%) had scabies, with 11 males and 15 females affected. Most of the scabies cases were found in 17-year-old students. The study also found that all scabies sufferers had poor quality sleep. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between the incidence of scabies and sleep quality, with a p-value of 0.000 and a 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study suggests that there is a link between the occurrence of scabies and sleep quality. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness about personal hygiene practices to reduce the spread of scabies.

Abstract Background Around 200–300 million people are estimated to be affected by scabies annually worldwide. However, the mechanisms by which this disease may affect the general condition of the host are not entirely clear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the systemic changes that may accompany crusted scabies in both treated and non-treated experimental animals. Methods Male New Zealand rabbits were infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi and divided into the following three groups: control, ivermectin-treated, and fluralaner-treated. Several methods were used to evaluate the systemic changes, including histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, heart, and spleen, as well as the measurement of serum biochemical parameters and immunological parameters. Results Several definite structural and functional changes at the systemic level were revealed, as evidenced by the observed histopathological changes in the tissue sections of internal organs and the highly significant increases in markers of systemic inflammation, serum procalcitonin, and oxidative stress markers. Abnormalities in the liver and renal function results, as well as in the serum lipid profile, were also noted. Additionally, a disorganized immune response was noted, evidenced by a mixed type 1 and type 2 helper T cell response. Although there was notable clinical and parasitological cure in the ivermectin-treated group, the histopathological, biochemical, and immunological markers indicated incomplete resolution. In contrast, the fluralaner-treated group exhibited a nearly complete resolution of changes in these parameters. Conclusions We conclude that crusted scabies is a systemic syndrome that can affect several organs besides the skin. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and possibly bacterial infections, are all implicated as underlying mechanisms of tissue damage due to the disease. We recommend that fluralaner, a promising scabicidal agent, should be studied for possible human use, and especially for control programs. Graphical Abstract

Objective To summarize and analyze the dermoscopic features of scabies. Methods Dermoscopic images of 101 patients with scabies were collected from the dermatology clinic from January 2022 to April 2023, and the microscopic features were analyzed. Results The burrows were visible in all cases (100%). Triangular structure in coffee color and brown dotted structure were observed in 97 cases (96.04%) and 10 cases (9.90%), respectively. Eight patients (7.92%) had "gray-edged line" sign and 2 cases (1.98%) showed a gray-white structure in the middle of burrow. Light-brown and dark-red transparent mites were found in 4 cases (3.96%) and 1 case (0.99%), respectively. Conclusions The characteristics of scabies under a dermoscope include burrows and coffee-colored triangular structure. Other non-specific structures, such as brown dots, "gray-edged line" sign and gray-white structure in the center of burrows, are also helpful for the dermoscopic diagnosis of scabies.

Optical microscopy is the gold standard technique used to confirm the diagnosis of scabies. Multiple diagnostic features of the pathogen Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (S. scabiei) can be identified under a microscope and classified into 3 categories: mites, eggs and fecal pellets. However, mite and eggshell fragments can also be observed, which have been ignored in the 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria and by most researchers. In this study, we propose a novel morphological classification method that classifies multiple diagnostic features into 5 categories and 7 subcategories. Our results revealed that 65.2% (1893 of 2896) of the positive cases were confirmed through the identification of mites, eggs or fecal pellets, whereas up to 34.6% (1003 of 2896) of the positive cases were confirmed through the identification of mite or eggshell fragments. Therefore, the important diagnostic values of mite and eggshell fragments should be emphasized. Importantly, for the first time, mite and eggshell fragments were classified into 7 subcategories, some of which are easily ignored or confused with contaminating artefacts. We believe that this novel morphological classification method will be beneficial for operator training in interpreting slides and in improving the 2020 IACS Criteria.

Objective:Scabiosis, the infestation of the skin with Sarcoptes scabiei, is a neglected tropical disease, with at least 200 million people being infested with the parasite at any time. It is estimated that scabies is responsible for 0.07% of the total burden of disease worldwide. Objective of this study is to perform a scientometric analysis of S. scabiei literature using the Web of Science Core Collection database for the years 1981-2020.Methods:All documents indexed between 1981 and 2020 in scabies literature were analyzed by using a search string including keywords of “scabies”, “Sarcoptes scabiei” and “S. scabiei” in Web of Science Core Collection database. We excluded all materials including data on the bacterium species named Streptomyces scabies and Streptomyces scabiei.Results:Overall, 2,933 articles were retrieved on scabies, 66.3% of which were original article. With 663 publications the USA was the most productive country, while The International Journal of Dermatology was the journal with the highest number of publications on scabies. Half of the most productive institutions and seven of the top ten prolific authors were also from Australia. The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia was the most supportive funding agency. With 4,706 citations, 2020 was the year with most references on scabies. The most cited publication was “The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions” by Hay et al. in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology with a total of 565 citations. The most collaborative country was Australia and the most cooperative institution was the University of Melbourne.Conclusion:The majority of the studies were done in a given country while multicenter studies are very rare. It is recommended that more studies should be conducted on scabiosis in developing countries where the problem of scabies is the biggest.

Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the skin with high prevalence in crowded spaces. In some instances, scabies becomes the underlying factor for complicated skin-borne opportunistic pathogens infections in both children and adults. Geographic area and socio-economic factors are determinants of the endemic pattern of this disease. Currently, the treatment of scabies has been under special attention. A combination of oral therapy with Ivermectin and sulfur-based ointments are the gold standard. However, caution is required in patients with kidney impairment. The renal involvement in children with scabies is mainly caused by acute glomerulonephritis. The severity of the nephritic syndrome can lead to other complications. Also, Ivermectin possesses a nephrotoxic effect. Severe hypertension can lead to neurological complications. The aim of our case report is to present two unusual complications in brothers with scabies. We report the cases of two brothers with scabies who presented with severe skin infection that developed acute post infectious glomerulonephritis (APIGN). In addition, one of the brothers presented with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The other one developed acute tubule-interstitial acute kidney injury following Ivermectin administration. The evolution of skin lesions was favorable, and kidney function returned to normal in both brothers.

In an effort to tackle the skin reactions frequently observed with topical application of ivermectin (IVM), a study was conducted to develop and optimize transethosomes (TESMs) loaded with IVM for scabies treatment. A three-factor, two-level (23) full factorial design was employed. Soyabean phosphatidylcholine concentration (A), ethanol concentration (B) and Span 60 amount (C) were studied as independent factors, while entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and drug release after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The skin sensitivity of the optimized formulation was evaluated by skin irritation test and histopathological examination. The EE% ranged from 88.55 ± 0.576% to 94.13 ± 0.305%, PS was from 318.033 ± 45.61 nm to 561.400 ± 45.17 nm, PDI was from 0.328 ± 0.139 to 0.671 ± 0.103, ZP was from −54.13 ± 1.09 mV to −60.50 ± 2.34 mV and Q6h was from 66.20 ± 0.30% to 93.46 ± 0.86%. The IVM-loaded transethosomal cream showed lower skin irritation and a more intact epidermal layer with intact keratinocyte, compared to the marketed cream which showed severe destruction of the keratin layer. Therefore, patient compliance can be improved by encapsulating IVM within TESMs to minimize its skin reactions.

Objective To analyze the dermoscopic, reflectance confocal microscopic and histopathological features of 60 cases of atypical scabies. Methods Sixty cases of atypical scabies were analyzed in terms of demographic data, disease duration, and clinical, dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopic features. Skin histopathology was performed in 25 patients. Results A larger portion of the patients were aged 18-65 years (40.00%). Retirees, students and migrant workers accounted for 36.67% (22 cases), 20.00% (12 cases) and 18.33% (11 cases), respectively. The average disease duration was 38.12±22.56 days. Twenty-seven patients (45.00%) had a history of contact with patients with scabies. The commonly involved body sites were the palms (52 cases, 86.67%), abdomen (49 cases, 81.67%), wrists (44 cases, 73.33%) and vulva (38 cases, 63.33%). The most common skin rashes were papules (55 cases, 91.67%). Most patients had been misdiagnosed more than twice. The misdiagnoses included pruritus (17 cases, 28.33%), atopic dermatitis (16 cases, 26.67%) and eczema (14 cases, 23.33%). Over 60% of the misdiagnosed patients were treated with glucocorticoids (38 cases, 63.33%). Dermoscopic features included white burrows with triangular structures in brown or dark brown color at the end of burrows (48 cases) and gray-edge lines (42 cases). The typical mite body, burrows and feces were observed in 55 cases under a reflectance confocal microscope. Histopathologically, mites or eggs were seen in the stratum corneum in 17 out of 25 cases, and acute or subacute dermatitis with spongy edema were observed in 12 cases. Dermal infiltrates of eosinophils and lymphocytes were seen in 18 and 7 cases, respectively. Conclusions Atypical scabies displays divergent clinical features. Dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathology are helpful in the diagnosis of atypical scabies.

Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by the human-specific ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Despite the comprehensive study of scabies, the problem of its timely diagnosis in low-mobility patients with neurological and cognitive impairments remains relevant all over the world. Simultaneous administration of a large number of medications to patients with limited mobility may mask the clinical manifestations of scabies and mistakenly attribute itching to manifestations of skin allergic reactions or other dermatoses. The authors observed patient K., who was admitted in FCBRN of FMBA of Russia from 14.11.2022 to 15.11.2022. Clinical diagnosis upon admission: I69.3. The consequences of a stroke. Early recovery period of ischemic stroke in the basin of the left middle cerebral artery from 09.08.2022, atherothrombotic subtype according to TOAST criteria. Right-sided hemiparesis. Gross aphasia. Violation of the pelvic organs function. RMS 5. Comorbid diseases: arterial hypertension, controlled, the risk of CVE 4 (very high). The target blood pressure is less than 135/85 mmHg. Occlusion of the left anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery. Toxic-allergic dermatitis (medicinal) in the acute phase. Based on a set of clinical data and laboratory detection of the pathogen, patient K. was diagnosed with B86 — scabies. Even though the patient was under medical supervision at the ambulatory step, scabies was not diagnosed timely. Late diagnosis of scabies leads to the spread of the disease and an unfavorable epidemiological situation.

Abstract Background Scabies is one of the most common causes of dermatology outpatient visits. Scabies can cause significant impairment in quality of life of patients. Methods All consenting patients with Scabies presenting to the clinic from April 2021 to April 2022 were enrolled in this observational study. Clinical evaluation for scabies, sites involved and patient demographics was recorded. All participants were asked to complete the Nepali Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. Results This study included 119 patients. Of these, 76.5% were males, 61.3% were living single and 57.1% were students. The mean age of the study population was 24.69 ± 8.74 years. Almost half of the patients (42.8%) had had scabies for more than 1 month; a similar number of patients had at least one other member of the family with similar symptoms. The overall impairment in quality of life (QoL) was ‘very large’ with a total DLQI score of 12.91 ± 5.93. Conclusions Scabies exerts a strong impact on the quality of life of patients. Our study showed that almost half of the patients had a disease duration of more than 1 month.