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Tourism is a key economic sector in Indonesia, significantly contributing to foreign exchange and national revenue. Developing a sustainable tourism strategy requires collaboration across academia, businesses, communities, government, media, and NGOs. However, one major challenge in Indonesia’s tourism sector is the lack of synergistic, comprehensive, and integrated stakeholder collaboration. To address this issue, this study aims to develop a sustainable tourism strategy for Pati Regency based on the hexa helix model, which emphasizes multi-stakeholder engagement in tourism destinations. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research incorporates qualitative methods—such as interviews, observations, and documentation—and a quantitative analysis through MACTOR (Matrix of Alliance, Conflicts, Tactics, Objectives, Recommendations) to map stakeholder interactions. Findings reveal a high level of alignment between the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office (DINPORAPAR) and SMEs, scoring 21.7 on the convergence scale. The primary focus for sustainable development is on enhancing innovation and competitive ability, identified as the most influential objective.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The global concern over microplastic pollution has been on the rise, primarily due to its detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and the potential health risks it poses to humans. Tourism activities are the main sources of plastic waste that deteriorates into microplastics. This study monitors microplastic contamination in marine environments at tourist destinations and suggests policies and initiatives that encourage tourism operators, locals, and tourists to adopt practices that reduce microplastic pollution. This endeavor is in line with the journal''''''''s objective to oversee the environmental consequences and advocate for improved environmental management strategies. This study aims to quantify microplastics in beach sediments, seawater, and the gastrointestinal tract and muscles of three fish species, Selar crumenophthalmus, Auxis thazard, and Sardina pilchardus, which are commonly found in the municipalities of Moalboal and Badian, tourist destinations in Southern Cebu Province, Philippines.METHODS: This study followed the approved procedures outlined in prior studies for gathering, handling, and examining microplastics found in sediment, seawater, and fish tissue samples. Sediment and seawater were collected from four sampling points at each study site using sterilized bottle containers. Sediment samples underwent oven-drying, passed through a 5-millimeter mesh, underwent density separation with a saturated salt solution, and were then filtered with filter paper. For seawater, the bottle grab method was utilized for sampling, followed by gravity filtration performed in triplicate to ensure thorough extraction of microplastics. The selection of fish species was determined by their common presence in nearby markets. Samples of gastrointestinal tract and muscle tissues were meticulously processed, treated with chemicals, and digested in order to aid in the isolation of microplastics. The quantification of microplastics was conducted under a stereomicroscope.FINDINGS Moalboal exhibited higher average microplastic counts in sediments (0.12 items per gram) and seawater (0.06 items per gram) than Badian, which had 0.08 items per gram in sediments and 0.04 items per gram in seawater. There was no significant difference in the microplastic levels found in sediments and seawater between the two towns, as indicated by a p-value greater than 0.05. Similarly, there were no significant differences in microplastic abundance in fish between these sites. Significant disparities were noted in the abundance of microplastics across distinct fish species and anatomical segments. Auxis thazard showed significantly the highest microplastic particles (0.33 ± 0.10 in muscles; 0.077 ± 0.04 in the gastrointestinal tract) than other species. The microplastic abundance between Selar crumenophthalmus (0.20 ± 0.09; 0.055 ± 0.03), and Sardinella pilchardus (0.16 ± 0.03; 0.050 ± 0.04) did not significantly differ. In each fish sample, the presence of microplastics was notably more pronounced in the gastrointestinal tract than in the muscle tissue, demonstrating a statistically significant difference at a significance level of p

West Sumatera possesses a lot of natural wealth in terms of tourism aspects. However, it has not been used optimally, highlighting the need for a comprehensive analysis of public policies in the tourism district to achieve a tourist-friendly green tourism that could be use in the next 10 to 20 years. This research’s purpose is to discover the policies in West Sumatra’s district using a qualitative approach and to be supported from utilizing purposive sampling techniques by doing in-depth interviews and analyzing the results in the format of an interactive model. The outcome proves that the current West Sumatra’s policies did not provide a particular regulation in terms of implementation green tourism. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt a comprehensive cross-sectoral policy approach that actively engages stakeholders and other relevant actors in the development of a green tourism destination in Padang City. This approach is expected to significantly enhance the green tourism potential in Padang City across various related sectors, leading to improved community welfare. Furthermore, the involvement of tourism-conscious communities and various tourism actors is also expected to contribute to establishing Padang City as a prominent green tourist destination in West Sumatra. This study will offer valuable insights for the West Sumatra regional government and contribute to boosting both local and global tourist visits.

Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is a tourist attraction located in Bedulu Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency. Since it opened as a tourist attraction at the end of 2019, the level of tourist visits to Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is still relatively low, this is because access to information regarding the existence of Tebing Tegallinggah especially through online media is still very minimal. Story posts and reviews on social media regarding the existence of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah are still very minimal, until March 2023 there were only 11 story posts and 26 reviews. Therefore, this research is very important to carry out to create a digital tourism website application in the development of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah. Data collection in this research was carried out using in-depth interviews, observation, and document study methods. The data was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively using the digital tourism concept approach, the concept of potential tourist attractions, the concept of destination development, and the social action theory approach. The results of this research show that the potential tourist attraction of Tebing Tegallinggah is in the form of natural potential, cultural potential, and artificial potential. The digital tourism application for the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah tourist attraction takes the form of a website (https://canditebingtegallingah.id) which contains information regarding the location, history, and general description of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah which contains virtual tour content. The development of Candi Tebing Tegallinggah as a tourist attraction has had a positive impact on the economy, socio-culture, and the surrounding environment. The application of digital tourism applications in developing the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is expected to increase the number of tourist visits.

Abella, S. (2020). Situación del sector turístico y la crisis. En F. J. Bauzá, & F. J. Melgosa, Turismo post Covid-19: El turismo después de la pandemia global. Análisis, perspectivas y vías de recuperación (p. 41-55). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. Andrade, M. J. (2012): La generación de la imagen del destino a través de las fuentes de información y comunicación: El caso Gallego. Revista de Estudios Regionales, (93), 17-42. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=75524557001 Basquetour [@Basquetour_eus] (25 de marzo de 2020): Entre las medidas aprobadas para ayudar al sector del #turismo en la crisis del #COVID19, destaca la prestación extraordinaria por cese de actividad para los trabajadores por cuenta propia o autónomos, que alcanza hasta el 70% de la base reguladora. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1243064157722890240 Bauzá, F. J., & Melgosa, F. J. (2020). Turismo post Covid-19: El turismo después de la pandemia global. Análisis, perspectivas y vías de recuperación. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. Bello, E. (16 de diciembre de 2021). Cuáles son las previsiones y tendencias de comunicación para 2022. Recuperado el 17 de abril de 2022, de https://www.iebschool.com/blog/tendencias-comunicacion-digital-comunicacion-digital/ BEMYPARTNER (29 de marzo de 2021). ¿Cuáles son los cambios en la comunicación a raíz del covid-19? Recuperado el 17 de abril de 2022, de https://bemypartner.es/cambios-comunicacion-covid-19/ Candel, A. (2020). Comunicación y reputación corporativa de las empresas turísticas ante la crisis del coronavirus: Aplicación de la metodología del estudio de caso múltiple. [TFM, Universidad Camilo José Cela]. https://iddigitalschool.com/investigacion-tfm/comunicacion-y-reputacion-corporativa-de-las-empresas-turisticas-ante-la-crisis-del-coronavirus-aplicacion-de-la-metodologia-del-estudio-de-caso-multiple/ Carlsen Estrategia & Comunicación. (11 de noviembre de 2020). 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Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1262820714559791105 Comunitat Valenciana [@c_valenciana]. (22 de marzo de 2020). Primera semana superada. Nosotros estaremos esperándote en el #MediterráneoEnVivo #quédateencasa. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1241816922607333376 Comunitat Valenciana [@c_valenciana]. (24 de abril de 2020). ¡Un vuelo para llevar la esperanza a todos los rincones de la sierra de la Solana! Un globo aeroestático sobrevolará desde hoy hasta el 1 de mayo, Bocairent y Fontanars dels Alforins #QuédateEnCasa #YoMeQuedoEnCasa. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1253579185211281408 Comunitat Valenciana [@c_valenciana]. (29 de marzo de 2020). Rincones llenos de historia y majestuosidad estarán esperándote, pero ahora #quédateencasa. #MediterráneoEnVivo. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1244247938643169280 Comunitat Valenciana [@c_valenciana]. (7 de abril de 2020). Planazos sin salir de casa: Visita virtual con tus hijos a la Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias de València: https://buff.ly/2yeyZDH #YoMeQuedoEnCasa #MediterráneoEnVivo. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1247418244757151745 Comunitat Valenciana [@c_valenciana]. (8 de abril de 2020). Ideas para hacer con los peques de la casa: Diseñar tu propio ‘catxirulo’ de Semana Santa y volarlo desde la terraza #YoMeQuedoEnCasa #MediterráneoEnVivo. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1247787655087050752 Corzo, D., & Guatibonza, C. (julio de 2021). Marketing de destinos turísticos: un análisis de las tendencias mundiales post-COVID-19 en el departamento de Santander, Colombia. Kalpana - Revista De Investigación, (20), 70-92. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8530423 Costa, J. (2015). El paradigma DirCom. Joan Costa Institute. Del Águila, A. R., & Padilla, A. (2002). La comunicación en la empresa. Un enfoque estratégico. Servicio de Publicaciones e Intercambio Científico de la Universidad de Málaga. Departamento De Turismo, Comercio y Consumo [@DptoTurComCon]. (12 de marzo de 2020). El protocolo ante #COVID19 para el sector turístico recoge: (...). Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1238091297828810758 Departamento De Turismo, Comercio y Consumo [@DptoTurComCon]. (16 de marzo de 2020). El sector del #Turismo y del #Comercio cuenta con todo nuestro apoyo para afrontar esta situación excepcional. Estas son las medidas del #DecretoDeAlarma que afectan al comercio y la #hostelería en relación a la crisis sanitaria del #COVID19. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1239836529159213056 Departamento De Turismo, Comercio y Consumo [@DptoTurComCon]. (18 de abril de 2020): Volveremos, nos encontraremos muy pronto. Comercio y hostelería de #Euskadi gracias a los que estáis ahí, gracias a los que os quedáis en casa #ComerciodeEuskadi #nosencontraremospronto. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1252120780806279169 Departamento De Turismo, Comercio y Consumo [@DptoTurComCon]. (20 de abril de 2020): La consejera del @DptoTurComCon Sonia Pérez Ezquerra hace hincapié en la necesidad de apostar por el #comercio de proximidad y el #turismo interior como pilares sobre los que asentar la recuperación del sector tras la crisis de la #COVID19. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1252476868479066112 Emre, M., Cemberci, M., & Erdem, N. (2016). The role of Social Media in Crisis Communication and Crisis Management. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 5(3), 111-120. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3338292 Fernández, M. (2011) Comunicación y reputación en empresas e instituciones. Experiencias profesionales y propuestas prácticas. Editorial Universitas, S. A. González-Herrero, A. (1997): Marketing preventivo: La comunicación de crisis en el sector turístico. 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(8 de febrero de 2022). Evolución anual del número de visitantes internacionales en España de 2006 a 2021, por tipo. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2022, de https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/474658/visitantes-extranjeros-en-espana-por-tipo/ TOSCANO, C. (3 de junio de 2020). Comunicación institucional para atraer turismo tras la crisis. Recuperado el 17 de abril de 2022, de https://charotoscano.com/comunicacion-institucional-para-atraer-turismo/ TURESPAÑA. (2020). Memoria 2019. https://www.tourspain.es/es-es/Conozcanos/MemoriasAnuales/Memoria%20TURESPA%C3%91A%202019.pdf TURISMO COSTA BLANCA [@costablancaorg]. (2020, abril 16). HILO #QuédateEnCasa y apúntate a la ruta (virtual) de hoy: Faros de la #CostaBlanca Faro del Albir @alteaguide Faro de Villajoyosa @mach_82 Faro de Dénia @georgia_explores pic.twitter.com/fqhjnlqd18. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1250726486413279233 TURISMO DE BENIDORM [@visitbenidorm]. (13 de junio de 2020). #Benidorm abrirá este lunes 15 de junio, sus #playas siguiendo un plan específico que garantiza el uso de las playas a toda la población, residente y turista, en unas condiciones de #SeguridadSanitaria. Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1271934447089262598 VALLEJO, R. (2015). El Gran Viaje: Sesenta años de turismo en España: 1955-2015. Madrid: Fundación EOI. VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (14 de abril de 2020). El entorno natural del barrio de Aia en Ataun es espectacular. ¿Serán estas unas de #lasMejoresVistasdeEuskadi? Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1249985827322695680 VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (14 de marzo de 2020). Toca ser responsables y seguir las recomendaciones de las autoridades. #Euskadi estará preparada para recibirte cuando sea el momento. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1238737145034149889 VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (17 de marzo de 2020). ¿Sabías que en #VitoriaGasteiz hay un museo único dedicado a los naipes y que puedes visitarlo de manera virtual? Apúntalo en la sección #sitiosquevisitar de tu cuaderno de deseos. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1239843691172442113v VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (18 de marzo de 2020). ¿Echas de menos un paseo por la playa? En la página de @Gipuzkoa puedes ver las olas en directo. No es lo mismo que sentir la arena bajo los pies, pero alivia un poco, ¿no? Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1240216443939102720 VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (2 de mayo de 2020). Las sidrerías recuperan su temporada, con medidas de seguridad y actividades para celebrar la reapertura. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1266313818684231681 VISIT EUSKADI [@i_Euskadi]. (7 de abril de 2020). Sabes que en Euskadi sentimos auténtica pasión por la buena #gastronomía. Mientras piensas en tu próximo viaje, puedes disfrutarla con esta receta del Restaurante Mina de #Bilbao para #EuskadiGastronomika. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i_Euskadi/status/1247454381940801537 VISITVALÈNCIA [@Valenciaturismo]. (8 de mayo de 2020). ¡Restaurantes de #València que levantan la persiana! (...). Twitter. https://twitter.com/c_valenciana/status/1259011033789796352 XIFRA, J. (2020). Comunicación corporativa, relaciones públicas y gestión del riesgo reputacional en tiempos de Covid-19. El profesional de la información, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.20 Zaldívar, E. B., & Gutiérrez, O. (2020). Gestión de la comunicación en situaciones de crisis. Buenas prácticas por marcas turísticas ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Alcance. Revista Cubana de Información y Comunicación, 9(24), 91-106. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2411-99702020000300091&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es Zaldívar, E. B., & Gutiérrez, O. (2020). 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The rapid development of tourism has caused many tourists to be interested in enjoying it. Madura Island is a small archipelago and is part of East Java. Madura consists of 4 districts, namely Bangkalan district, Sampang district, Pamekasan district, and Sumenep district. With the number of districts owned, it creates a diversity of tourism. The development of the tourism sector must also be accompanied by the development of information technology. Utilization of technology can improve accommodation in supporting tourist destination services by designing an android-based application for searching for objects supporting Madura tourism destinations. The purpose of this research is to create an object search application that supports tourist destinations and serves as a medium for information about tourist locations on the island of Madura, making it more straightforward for tourists/users to enjoy their vacation. The stages of research carried out using ADDIE Model include knowing the system requirements, analysis and design, Development, implementation, and Evaluation. The results of the study are in the form of applications by detecting supporting objects including places of interest, gas stations, lodging, religion, culinary and health. It is expected that users when visiting Madura tourism will be easy, fun, and can enjoy their holidays.

The research objectives are to identify agro-tourism and culinary tourism spots, analyze the architectural landscape, develop the The Pasar KAMU as a culinary tourism based on local wisdom and analyze community and stakeholder participation in the development of the Pasar KAMU. Data methods and analysis use qualitative data methods and analysis and data collection through observation, in-depth interviews, and literature study. Research results: (1) the spots and facilities at Pasar KAMU are adequate for nature tourism and culinary tourism activities; (2) the layout and shape of the stand for selling traditional food at The Pasar KAMU applies an ecological architectural landscape and blends with nature, optimal use of local materials and resources; (3) culinary tourism which is served in the form of traditional Javanese and Malay food, processed manually and hygienic products (4) The medium of exchange at The Pasar KAMU is very unique, using tempo which has a nominal value of IDR 5000 and IDR 10,000 (5), The Pasar KAMU is superior tourist destinations are related to the participation of residents and tourism sector stakeholders which has an impact on increasing community income.

The study analysed the impact of tourism, trade, consumption expenditure, electricity usage, and population on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in leading tourist destinations. The study uses a panel dataset of 32 countries from different continents between 2001 and 2020 and applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) and Quantile Regression approaches. The results suggest that tourism (arrivals and revenues) can reduce environmental degradation, and that CO2 emissions increase due to factors such as GDP per capita, electricity consumption, and population growth. Trade openness can reduce CO2 emissions, and controlling for final consumption also indicates a decrease in CO2 emissions. The study suggests that sustainable tourism practices, responsible consumption, and larger international integration may play a role in mitigating CO2 emissions. Leading tourist destinations should develop sustainable urban areas to accommodate population growth, and embrace eco-friendly technologies, infrastructure, and consumption patterns to promote sustainable economic growth while reducing CO2 emissions.

The spread of Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has had a negative impact on the tourism industry and the creative economy in Indonesia. Since February 2020 the number of foreign visitors coming to Indonesia has decreased. This also has an impact on state revenue in the tourism sector. Coupled with the existence of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and the closure of access to and out of Indonesia, it has also caused a decrease in state revenue in the tourism sector. The purpose of this research is to find out the marketing communication of temple tourism destinations after the COVID-19 pandemic from a visitor perspective. This research is a research with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by interviewing visitors to temple tourism destinations (Prambanan Temple and Ratu Boko Temple). The conclusion from this research is that post-COVID-19 pandemic marketing communications for temple tourism destinations from the visitor's point of view have not been fully implemented. Because based on visitors, word of mouth is the strongest factor for visitors visiting temple tourist destinations.

A destination generates tourism flows and monetary flows if there are resources and attractions that can be exploited for tourism. Tourism potential plays a determining role in the development of a tourist destination and the forms of tourism that occur in that destination. Tourism resources and attractions determine the emergence of the technical and material basis for tourism, the emergence and development of tourist services and facilities needed to exploit these tourism resources. The image of a tourist destination plays an important role in attracting tourists and in generating tourist demand. In Romania, the analysis of tourist resources and attractions provides important information on tourist and monetary flows, the number of tourists and the forms of tourism practiced by exploiting these resources and tourist attractions. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the importance of tourism resources and attractions for Romania as a tourist destination.

In practice, sustainable development is still needed on Lusi Island considering that the existence of Lusi Island is not yet known by the wider community and the development plan has not been realized in the form of adding several tourist and educational facilities. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the influence of e-government-based tourist destination innovation and community participation both partially and simultaneously on sustainable development in the field of Lusi Island tourism. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that there was a partial and simultaneous influence of e-government-based tourist destination innovation and community participation in sustainable development in the field of Lusi Island tourism. Sidoarjo Regency is expected to maximize the development and promotion of Lusi Island tourism, for example by implementing online ticket purchases and promotions through official social media.

Undeniably, the new normality caused by COVID-19 presents an enormous challenge for tourist destinations to become more attractive to visitors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of destination personality and image on tourist behavior in Peru. This quantitative and cross-sectional analysis targeted 998 national tourists via a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The study employed AMOS 24 statistical software for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed positive effects of social innovativeness (β = 0.374), performance (β = 0.404), and honesty (β = 0.191) on an affective image. Likewise, the study confirms the favorable effects of social innovativeness (β = 0.524), performance (β = 0.156), and honesty (β = 0.280) on a cognitive image. Furthermore, the effects of a cognitive image on the intention to revisit (β = –0.756) and intention to recommend (β = –0.756) are also measured. In addition, the findings support the positive effects of an affective image in intention to revisit (β = 1.549) and intention to recommend (β = 1.547); all results obtained a significance less than 0.05 (p < 0.001). This study concludes that brand personality is a valuable concept that can suggest strategies to improve the brand image, so the personality of tourist destinations should be congruent with the personality of tourists.

Transport infrastructure in Serbia constitutes an integral part of the material basis of tourism. The development of a tourist destination is impossible without the development of transport infrastructure. Traffic infrastructure is an integral part of a tourist destination and a condition for the development of all activities and processes in the destination. The attractive factors of the tourist destination itself cannot be successfully valorized if there is no good traffic infrastructure and traffic connections. In fact, the development of traffic contributed to the movement of people and the development of tourism, especially the construction of traffic infrastructure, railways, roads and airports, which have led to modern mass tourism. Improving the quality of traffic in terms of speed and comfort of travel is an extremely important factor in the tourist offer today. Destinations that have quality traffic infrastructure and good traffic connections are more attractive as destinations for tourists. An important prerequisite for the development of tourism in destinations is the development of traffic infrastructure, that is, the position of the destination in relation to the main traffic roads. The development of air traffic and the existence of an airport with flights to emitting markets is one of the important prerequisites for the development of tourism in Serbia. The region around the city of Kraljevo and the Zlatibor district have an extremely good position for the further development of Serbia's tourist offer. The construction of transport infrastructure is the first and decisive factor that affects the growth and development of tourism in a certain tourist destination. Traffic infrastructure extremely strongly defines and directs the economic and tourism development of Serbia. The inclusion of the airports in Kraljevo and Užice, as well as the further inclusion of other smaller airports, especially in those locations that gravitate towards a larger number of cities, will strongly influence the improvement of tourism at the country level. Multiple benefits from the inclusion of smaller airports in Serbia will be most easily seen through the increase in the number of passengers at these airports, but the real effects will be seen when the mobility of people, primarily from the region, will be noticed in the years to come.

Purpose of the research. Development of a comprehensive approach to the modernization of the tourist services management system, which would allow effectively counteracting the negative consequences of overtourism and ensuring the sustainable development of the tourism industry. Design/Method/Plan of the reseach. An analytical method was used - the use of statistical data, scientific publications, official reports of tourist organizations to analyze the current state of the tourist market and identify the main problems related to overtourism. Comparative (comparative) analysis – study and comparison of international practices of management of tourist services, in particular those that were successful in countering overtourism in different countries. A case study method for conducting a detailed analysis of specific examples of tourist areas that have been negatively affected by overtourism and evaluating the measures taken. Results of the research. It is proposed to consider overtourism as a complex problem caused by the uncontrolled growth of the number of travelers in popular territories, which leads to the deterioration of the quality of life of residents and tourist dissatisfaction, the destruction of cultural and natural heritage, environmental damage, infrastructure problems, deterioration. The definition of tourismophobia as an extreme manifestation of overturism is substantiated; a conceptual model of their relationship is proposed; global approaches to the assessment and prevention of overtourism are generalized to improve the management of tourist services in conditions of excessive tourism. Strategies for regulating overtourism at various stages of the life cycle of tourist destinations have been formed - a strategy for stimulating the development of tourism, a strategy for preventive response, a strategy for limiting tourist activity; a mechanism for managing tourist services based on strategies to overcome overtourism in mature tourist destinations was formed and substantiated; a set of measures to prevent overtourism in tourist areas is proposed. The theoretical significance of the research. The theoretical significance of the research results lies in clarifying and supplementing the understanding of the essence of overturism and tourismophobia, the accumulation of scientific knowledge in the field of studying the consequences of overturism for the host territories. Practical significance of the research. The practical significance of the study lies in the modernization of the system of assessment and prevention of overtourism in mature tourist destinations. According to the results of the developed mechanism of regulation of tourist services, taking into account the strategies for overcoming overtourism, it is possible to respond preventively to the main risks of overtourism problems. The author's proposed structural models of the impact of tourism on the population and perception of the destination by visitors, a set of measures to prevent overtourism can be used as a tool for planning the development of tourism. The practical significance of the research. The conceptual and terminological apparatus of overtourism is specified, the aspects of its negative impact on destinations are determined, and the world experience of assessing the impact of overturism on the host territory is summarized. Strategies for regulating overtourism at various stages of the life cycle of tourist destinations have been formed and, on this basis, proposals for the development and improvement of the mechanism for managing tourist services to prevent overtourism have been formulated. Prospects for further research. The problem of overtourism has turned from local to global in recent years. To solve it, further research and the formation of a set of measures are necessary, which takes into account the interests of all subjects of the tourism and entertainment industry, and will also allow to preserve historical, cultural and natural monuments that constitute the heritage of the entire world society. Article type. Theoretical.

The tourism sector remains one of the domains with growth paces consistently higher than those of global economic development. Expansion of digital information and communication technologies is an essential foundation for securing the competitiveness of tourist destinations and innovative products. Their boost caused the reformatting of leading tourist destinations into the smart tourism regions in early 2016. The methodology of the research in the practical framework of the paper is based on the calculation of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum after 2014. The paper suggests the implementation of best global practices of the introduction of digital technologies directed at improving the competitiveness of tourist destinations. The authors emphasize that nowadays, the future of the tourism industry requires the creation of smart destinations and smart regions, which are almost absent in Ukraine today.

The oftenly issue that found in Toba Lake is the lack of facilities to support both foreign and domestic tourists. This convenience is related to culinary (food) availability in places of worship and hotels based on national standards. Since the majority visitors who come to Toba Lake are Muslims; thus it is very important to have a friendly-based tourism policy through good governance to create a superior tourist destination. This study aimed to determine the concept of policies to realize Muslim-friendly tourism toward Good Tourism Governance in Toba Lake area. The method in this study is a survey method with qualitative analysis. It showed the increasing of tourism standardization related to the tourists needs, especially for Muslim. It is concluded that tourism development oriented to GTG must have policies as directions and actions to realize the goals to be achieved; including Muslim-friendly tourism.

Spatial analysis of the geographic positions of photos taken by tourists enables the monitoring, presentation, and planning of tourism activities in regard to location. Most photo-sharing websites offer the possibility of geo-tagging the photos to provide geographical information. In this paper, we use the geo-coordinates of photos from the Flickr platform to identify the locations of popular tourist attractions and destinations in Slovenia and analyse the mobility patterns of visitors between them. We analysed samples of 210,643 photos taken by 11,555 different Flickr users over a twelve- year period between 2007 and 2018. The results generally show that Slovenia is not an integrated and homogeneous tourism destination than the eastern part of Slovenia, and that there are individual subsystems of destinations with strong centers.

In order to promote the sustainable development of Changdao Island tourism, this paper collected the data of Changdao Island tourism network attention from 2013 to 2019 based on Baidu Index, analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of Changdao Island tourism network attention by using seasonal concentration index and geographical concentration index, and put forward some suggestions. The results showed that the overall attention of Changdao Island tourism network was high and showed an upward trend, with large seasonal differences, which was basically consistent with the trend of the actual passenger flow of Changdao Island tourism, and there would be abnormal peaks due to special events and other factors. The regional distribution of Changdao Island tourism network attention was uneven, mainly distributed in nearby cities, economically developed cities and inland cities, but it had decentralized development potential. Changdao Island should vigorously develop tourism and increase publicity, maintain online attention, expand influence and improve popularity.

Gulo Puan is a traditional food from the Pampangan sub-district, South Sumatra Province. Its existence has sunk into the ages. Gulo Puan does not yet have a visual brand that can represent her existence. The absence of a visual brand makes people less aware of the existence of this gastronomy. The purpose of this study is to present the Gulo Puan visual brand as a promotional medium for the gastronomic tourism destination "Guwan" Gulo Puan in the Pampangan sub-district. This study uses a qualitative method with a five-stage approach to design thinking according to Tim Brown's version: empathy, define, ideate, prototype, and test. The data collection process was carried out by interviews, observation, literacy, documentation, and questionnaires. The data obtained were then analyzed using the Triadik Sumbo Tinarbuko design concept approach. The results of this synthesis form the basis for designing the Gulo Puan visual brand. The results of the synthesis are also positioned as a solution for the Gulo Puan visual brand for visual communication problems found at the Gulo Puan production center, Pampangan sub-district, South Sumatra Province. The novelty of the results of this design puts forward the concept of Gulo Puan's visual branding as a promotional medium that represents the Gulo Puan gastronomic tourism destination in the Pampangan sub-district. The theory used in this study: visual branding for strategies to design visual branding, sociology theory of design to determine the needs of target audiences, theory of tourist destinations to design tourist destinations, and visual communication design theory is used to design the form of messages and the contents of verbal and visual messages. Conceptually, this research also contributes theoretical and practical knowledge to the development of visual communication design science.

International tourism is the most dynamic component of tourism circulation. According to prognoses, the number of tourists worldwide is steadily increasing in 2008, after the record year 2007, despite economic uncertainties. In 2007, there have been 898,000,000 tourists that took trips to certain areas of the world, with 6.2% more tourists than in 2006. The main tourism destinations were France and Spain, but as far as international tourism circulation per regions is concerned, the most considerable growth compared to 2006 was that of the Middle East (13.4%), followed by Central America (11.1%) and Africa (7.9%). Europe has a growth of only 4.2% in 2007, compared to the reference year 2006, but despite all this, it still ranks first from the point of view of the total number of visitors (480,100,000 tourists), which recommends it as a main cultural destination worldwide.

The contemporary history of tourism has been shaken by different types of crises as natural disasters, economic crises, terrorist attacks and pandemics, resulting in economic, political and social implications that impact the tourist destination, the volume and direction of tourist flows. In early 2020, COVID-19 took the world by surprise, causing a worldwide pandemic in just a few months. The dimension of this outbreak coupled to the mobility that characterizes tourism in the Anthropocene, now raises a need for reflection on the arising and control of future pandemics. Several models of crisis management in tourism are presented in the scientific literature, however, all of generalist nature. It is urgent to examine and refine the existing crisis management models, since the models already developed have little specificity in the theme of pandemic crisis management in tourism. La historia contemporánea del turismo ha sido sacudida por diferentes tipos de crisis, como los desastres naturales, las crisis económicas, los ataques terroristas y las pandemias, lo que resulta en implicaciones económicas, políticas y sociales que afectan al destino turístico, al volumen y a la dirección de los flujos turísticos. A principios de 2020, la COVID-19 tomó al mundo por sorpresa, causando una pandemia mundial en solo unos meses. La dimensión de este brote, unido a la movilidad que caracteriza al turismo en el Antropoceno, plantea ahora la necesidad de reflexionar sobre la aparición y el control de futuras pandemias. Varios modelos de gestión de crisis en el turismo se presentan en la literatura científica, sin embargo, todos de carácter generalista. Es urgente analizar y depurar los modelos de gestión de crisis existentes, ya que los modelos ya desarrollados tienen poca especificidad en el tema de la gestión de crisis pandémicas en el turismo.

Local residents’ voices have been regarded as the most important extra-role behavior that determines the growth and survival of tourist destinations. This study examines the antecedents of such crucial extra-role behaviors of local residents. Furthermore, it examines the mediation role of destination brand psychological ownership in the relationship between social media brand engagement and local residents’ voice behavior. The study collected data from 376 local residents and was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling. The findings suggest that social media brand engagement plays a crucial role in motivating voice behavior among local residents. In addition, destination brand psychological ownership is a mediator of the relationship between social media brand engagement and local residents’ voice behavior. Therefore, Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) should deliberately consider Web 2.0 technologies as strategic assets to engage local residents in enhancing brand-building behaviors through voice behavior.

Online media in the era of digitalization has become an alternative choice for people in seeking information to replace conventional mass media. This study aims to see the relationship of online media in the development of tourist destinations in Gedung Juang45 in Bekasi Regency. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, with the Pan and Kosicki framing analysis technique. The online media studied was Tribunnews to see news narratives in the 2019 to 2020 period using discourse analysis. News was analyzed by selecting topics related to the development of the Gedung Juang45 in Bekasi Regency on the Tribunnews Online Media Content. There were two news stories in March and August 2019, which mostly criticized the Bekasi Regency Government (Pemkab. Bekasi). On the other hand, when entering February to December 2020, researchers managed to find 13 supporting news for Pemkab. Bekasi regarding the construction of the Gedung Juang45. The results showed that of the 13 news, there is the same narrative to form the image construction of the Pemkab. Bekasi in increasing tourism, especially the Gedung Juang45 Tourism Destination.

The article is devoted to the development of methods for creating and updating gastronomic tours in terms of realizing the tourist potential of the Right-Bank Polissia and in connection with the demand of potential domestic and foreign tourists. The method of calculating the gastronomic potential of the Right Bank Polissia has been shown, the geovisualization of which is carried out by developing a series of author 's thematic cartographic models. The map "Gastronomic tastes of the Right-Bank Polissіa festivals" will help to show the route to the Right-Bank Polissia, which contains popular gastronomic events, food museums and other infrastructural objects related to gastronomic tourism with well-thought-out logistics and price policy.

Gastronomic events in recent years represent a very significant segment for the development of tourism. There are numerous events traditionally taking place in Vojvodina. Each of these events is unique and represents a rich variety of customs, culture and traditions. The authentic gastronomic offer, which is promoted through these events, is an important segment for creating a brand of a particular place and tourist destination. The aim of this study is to investigate the recognizability of the Strudel festival in Dolovo, as well as the authenticity of this gastronomic event, in terms of creating a brand of the tourist destination. The research was carried out using the survey method, through a questionnaire, on a sample of 150 respondents. Based on the collected data, using statistical methods of binary logistic regression, chi-square and Fisher's test, the analysis was performed and the results were presented. The results of the research show that the Strudel festival in Dolovo and its brand - strudels - have a high level of recognizability among visitors. However, the Strudel festival in Dolovo should be promoted more intensively, as it is currently recognized locally, and has the potential to attract more tourists.

Wonosoco Village has natural and cultural phenomena based on local wisdom that have the potential as a tourist destination. However, the lack of understanding of the village community in developing tourism potential as well as the geographical conditions of the village which are prone to landslides and flash floods, it is difficult to be promoted to become a tourist village, so the community does not understand the essence of the values of village local wisdom. The purpose of this study is to analyze tourist destinations based on local wisdom values in Wonosoco Village, Kudus Regency. The qualitative research method used is a phenomenological approach. The main informants are the village head, with informants supporting the village community, Pokdarwis members, and tourists. Retrieval of data through observation and interview techniques with data analysis using the Spradley Model through the stages of analysis of domains, taxonomies, components, and cultural themes. The findings show that there are potential tourist destinations, namely natural resources, human resources, recreational facilities, and events organized by the government. This tourist destination essentially has local wisdom values in the form of spiritual values, social values, and cultural values that can construct knowledge for the community to be realized in everyday life, so it needs to be preserved to provide a transfer of values to generations to respect the values of wisdom. local culture

History Education Study Program, STKIP PGRI West Sumatra, Jl. Gn. Pangilun, Gn. Pangilun, Kec. Padang Utara, Kota Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia, e-mail:faliasiska17@gmail.com

In this article, I compare cartographic methods that can be used for analyzing tourist attractive regions and explore the possibilities of using GIS technologies for such analysis. I provide a specific methodology of searching for the most attractive tourist regions using Voronoi diagrams and heatmaps. I demonstrate the methodology by applying it to certain types of tourist resources in Chernihiv region of Ukraine.

This study aims to explore the sensitivity of hotel stock prices to national and transnational terrorist incidents that occur at the world’s top five tourist destinations. Event study analysis and the generalized sign test are the estimation techniques used in this study. Overall, hotel stocks were found to react differently to terrorist activities. U.S. hotel stocks were the most affected, and French hotel stocks were the least affected by domestic terrorist attacks. However, U.K. hotel stocks were the most influenced and Thai hotel stocks were the least influenced by transnational terrorist incidents. Based on the overall findings, several diversification, hedging, and speculation strategies are proposed for mitigating the effects of these influences to financial market stakeholders and hotel managers. This study recommends further studies to be conducted including various sectors to reveal how different sectors react to terrorist activities.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The objective of this paper is to rank the competitiveness of tourist destinations based on different aggregation operators, specifically, the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator and the simple additive weighting (SAW) method. The use of these methods allows tourist destinations to be sorted according to their competitiveness. In addition, it enables the generation of different scenarios that highlight the relative importance of each criterion. This information is useful for the government and recreation sites when generating different evaluations based on the specific characteristics of each municipality. An application of these methods to determine the competitiveness of the tourism destinations of Sinaloa, Mexico has been performed. JEL Codes: D49, L83, C44 Received: 10/07/2020. Accepted: 03/11/2020. Published: 01/12/2021.

The article is aimed at formulating the basic factors for the development of tourism event programs in the city of Kiev; formation of the tourist product and its branding in order to attract tourists. The article analyzes: event-tourism resources, event-related topics, rating of popularity of major actions of the eventive nature in the capital city, demand structure in the foreign tourism market for the purpose of travel; ranking the sources for obtaining information about tourist attractions of Ukraine by foreign tourists; components of successful event implementation and identified popular event activities are defined. In the course of analysis were used data from a survey of foreign tourists commissioned by the GIZ and the Kyiv State Administration's Office of Promotions and Tourism and from an analytical review of the results of the assessment of the quality of tourism services of the capital city. The results of the article are: definition of the term of «event program» and classification of types of tourism for the purpose of event travels; the results of studies of the demand for tourism services of the city of Kyiv among foreign tourists are analyzed; the quality and popularity of the events of the capital city are evaluated. Given the popularity of individual cultural and political events, mega-events, sporting and arts events, music and literature festivals, we offer a number of events that have already formed their own brands and are held in the well-known places of attraction; marketing measures for successful holding and location of various types of events in Ukraine. Promising places for events are the brand destinations that are already known and are gaining popularity with foreign tourists.

The subject of this paper is the influence of cultural heritage on the attractiveness of a tourist destination. Countries, as bearers of the brand, have become aware that it is no longer enough to invest only in the development of individual tourist destinations, such as those related to maritime tourism, metropolises, ski resorts or spas. T o modern tourists, the whole country must be presented as a tourist destination, and cultural-historical tourism is imposed as the best option. This was influenced by the fact that with the development of society, there have been major changes in the habits, desires, but also the needs of tourists, who today want different types of vacation. The aim of this paper is to present the marketing potentials of the cultural and historical heritage of Serbia.

Today, tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors globally and plays a decisive role in the economic development of countries. In recent decades the Yucatan peninsula has undergone great transformations connected to an uncontrolled and unrestrained tourism development. Multinationals and financial capital more and more interfere with national organizations and policies, under the banner of increasingly globalized tourism generating cultural models and lifestyles that risk emptying these contexts of functions and typical activities, distorting traditions, culture, and local identities. The paper is the result of a study carried out in south-eastern Mexico. The study investigates the other side of tourism, in an attempt to highlight the aspects closely related to the intensification of the tourism phenomenon and a low attention to the management of resources.

This paper explores usage of the Internet in relationship to local agro - food products of a tourist destination. The goals are 1) to examine availability of information about local agro - food products using different Internet tools and 2) to predict what types of websites are related to tourists’ searches for information about local agro - food products based on responders’ demographic characteristics. Two studies were conducted. The first included tourists who visited nine seaside tourist resorts, while the second focused on the content of different tourism-related websites. Data were processed using univariate (frequencies and percentages) and multivariate (logistic regression) statistics. Travel social networks and social networks were the most important information sources for tourists, while their demographic characteristics were somewhat significant in searching for information. Search engines were not very useful. Websites of tourism companies, tourist boards and local authorities provided some information.

This study proposes a time-space compression (TSC) model and evaluates the TSC effect of high-speed rail (HSR) on a sample of 2662 classified tourist destinations from 2008 to 2019 in China with the help of GIS technology. Based on panel models, this study finds that, within five hours: (1) the TSC effect of HSR on tourist destinations in eastern and central China is three times stronger than that in western and north-eastern China; (2) the negative impact coefficient of TSC of HSR on tourist destination development in China within temporal distances (3 h, 4 h, 5 h) are −0.193, −0.117, and −0.091 respectively; and (3) the farther the temporal distance, the weaker the inhibitory effect. Results from this study contribute to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the potentially negative TSC effect on regional and tourism development. Findings provide managerial implications suggesting that tourist destinations should implement marketing policies to retain tourists and prevent the loss of tourists brought by the opening of HSR.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

The growing impact and relevance of safety and security in tourism can be discerned in the increasingly more substantial foreign and Polish academic literature on the subject. Based on the available publications and enhanced by the author’s individual reflections and tourist experiences, the paper attempts to outline a number of issues selected arbitrarily by the author. The goal of this paper is to attempt to define the various threats posed for the safety and security of tourism in Poland, and to look at the salient problems and dilemmas that may, in the nearest future, become the object of further research and enquiries. Being absorbed by the trip implies that tourists frequently fail to pay enough attention to the dangers that await them. Situations of this sort are, indeed, numerous: some are caused by the people themselves, and the origins of others need to be traced in nature. The role of tourism organisers and travel agencies, as well as tourists themselves, is to strive to make sure that trips made to get some sunshine, bathe in warm water sofexotic seas, and expeditions to the mountains do not turn into a nightmare (Mansfeld 2006). Each type of tourism has its unique specificity that goes with smaller or bigger chances of fortuitous events. It is not just the specific nature of the above types of tourism that can trigger a variety of fortuitous events, but also at the individual stages of consumption of a tourism product (Sanetra&Sanetra-Półgrabi 2018) situations can occur that are caused by factors related to tourist transport, and staying at a given rest spot. Admittedly, the essence of tourism rests on people’s travelling to destinations that pride themselves on outstanding tourist qualities, and that are located beyond the place where tourists reside on a permanent basis. This form of travelling constitutes the basic element of the consumption of tourism. This paper is the fruit of critical literature-based research, and desk research conducted on the subject matter at hand.

Introduction The concept of regional development with a holistic and comprehensive view and with an emphasis on a comprehensive and integrated process emphasizes the promotion of human and material capabilities to meet human needs, without reducing the capabilities of future generations. One of the areas in which it is possible to take advantage of regional capacities and capabilities for balanced, integrated and generally sustainable development is the tourism industry. Policymakers and planners try to take advantage of opportunities by providing and valuing tourist attractions at the regional level (Rosentraub & Joo, 2009). One of the strategies in the framework of regional development is complementarity, which is defined in the sense of geographical concentration of businesses related to an industry and having special internal relationships (Cruz & Teixeira, 2010). Strengthening a complementarity regional view of tourism can improve regional competitiveness and the synergistic and efficient use of resources. However, research in the literature generally considers different ways of affecting a phenomenon separately. However, the interdependence between different approaches to success in different contexts is largely ignored (Al-Sheyadi et al, 2019; Claver et al, 2007). Therefore, according to the issues raised, this study tries to identify the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and examine its role in regional development. Data and Method The present research is a mixed research and in terms of purpose, the present research is an applied research and in terms of nature and method in the qualitative part is exploratory and in the quantitative part is descriptive-survey. The research process is such that first by using meta-combination and interviewing experts, the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements were identified and then in a quantitative part using structural equations to validate the model and examine the relationship. Among the concepts with emphasis on Ardabil province is discussed. The tools used to collect data are interviews, archival documents and questionnaires. The statistical population of this research includes internal and external articles related to the subject of research (in the meta-combination section) and academic experts, managers of government organizations and tourism businesses in Ardabil province (in the interview section and quantitative section). The sample size includes 59 internal and external studies, 18 experts are available for targeted interviews and 110 experts are available for quantitative section using sampling method. Finally, for data analysis in the qualitative part, meta-combination with qualitative content analysis technique, content analysis (interview part) and in a small part of structural equations with SMART-PLS software for data analysis have been used. Results and Discussion The results indicate the existence of two pervasive themes. The first comprehensive theme is complementarity tourism development, which has 6 themes of tourism policy complementarity (including themes of sub-organizer of adaptation, interaction network and structural integration), cooperative complementarity of tourism (with sub-organizers of relations promotion, partnership cooperation and stakeholder conflict management). ), Tourism technical complementarity (with the themes of resource flexibility, process monitoring and product effectiveness), dynamic tourism complementarity (with the themes of knowledge network, innovation, development of complementarity capabilities, education and learning and technological complementarity), complement Cultural orientation of tourism (with the themes of promoting social resources and social capital) and complementarity of tourism sites. The second comprehensive theme is regional development achievements, which has 6 basic themes including balance in regional development, regional competitiveness, diversification of economic activities, regional branding, quality improvement and life satisfaction and regional sustainability. Based on the findings of structural equations, complementarity tourism development with a path coefficient of 0.406 and a t-value of 4.893 has a positive and significant effect on regional development achievements in Ardabil province. Conclusion The development of new opportunities in the tourism industry is an integrated process of physical space and human society, the new forms of which are the result of changes in values ​​and attitudes of human life, advanced technology, information growth and political forces. Tourism research on the region as a Important driving force is focused on connecting different parts of the industry and the possibility of creating destination networks. The concept of complementarity development is in line with the regional view of development, which tries to use all the elements and factors that exist at the regional level and can affect the development of the region, and contribute to the integrated and balanced development of the region. Complementarity tourism development seeks to use the region's tourism potential to reduce inequality and promote the economic and non-economic benefits of tourism at the regional level. Complementarity approach in development and tourism is one of the new approaches of regionalism that very limited studies have been done in this field. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements. Through a combination of previous studies in the field of complementarity and regional development and analysis of experts' views, it was found that the dimensions of tourism complementarity development include policy complementarity, collaborative complementarity, technical complementarity, cultural complementarity, dynamic complementarity and tourism sites complementarity. On the other hand, the results of meta-composition and content analysis showed that the achievements of development in a region by reducing inequality and creating balance, diversifying economic activities, competitiveness of regions, improving the living conditions of the region and ... Is specified. Development can be done effectively in the region and create tangible effects for the region and its inhabitants that bring long-term and sustainable achievements in the region. After identifying the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements, in the next stage, the resulting model in Ardabil province was examined. According to the findings, complementarity tourism development in Ardabil province has a positive and significant effect on regional development achievements. In such a way that the development of tourism complementarity can create sustainable effects in the region and the residents of the region can benefit from these effects. Complementarity tourism development causes the region as an integrated complex with cohesive and interconnected components in which tourism components, in addition to their activities, also interact with other tourism sectors and create synergistic effects.

The aim of this article is to study the role of environmental management in the development of tourism marketing as a means of promotion and development of tourist destinations. Initially, there is an attempt to theoretically approach the concept of tourism marketing and then the risks are presented and the problems involved in the implementation of tourism marketing and tourism marketing organization. The article continues with the study of the behavior of the environment in tourism marketing focusing on tourist attraction incentives, the concept of tourism, the concept of the destination image and the expectations of tourists. The article concludes that the various marketing stimuli and not only affect the above-mentioned purchasing process of the individual while they are introduced into the consumer’s black box where they are processed. The result of this process is the choices the buyer will make about the good (product or service), the brand, the supplier, the time and the amount of the purchase.

Tourism today is one of the most important and effective economic issues and of the important factors of Outstanding communication, social and cultural in the worldwide is considered. In fact, the expansion of the economic, health, security and communication infrastructure in the twenty-first century has made tourism an inevitable reality in human life (Saghaei and Alizadeh, 2013: 2). Hence, tourism is one of the key industries in any society that can attract planners attention, Because it affects many sectors of society, including the economic, cultural and environmental sectors. On the other, The large volume of travel in recent years has made tourism one of the largest industries in the world (Kazemi et al, 2012: 48), So that the income of tourism and tourist With transportation of passengers in about 17 percent of total world exports make up. Given the growing importance of tourism in today's world and the competitiveness of the tourism market around the world, Tourist destinations are increasingly competing with each other to attract tourists. The expansion of the tourism industry in every part of the world requires special conditions and conditions such as climate, ancient artifacts, natural attractions, traditions, infrastructure, facilities and equipment (Pourahmad et al, 2013: 2). So each of the tourist destinations should try to increase their share of the industry and its revenues. On the other hand, On the other hand, Should be noted in today's competitive world, The first trip to a tourist destination It does not mean the success of tourism destination, It is also a repetition of the trip to the tourist destinations and the introduction and promotion of it for potential tourists, which can serve the purpose of tourism in the long run. Hence, loyalty to the destination of tourism and its influential factors play a significant role in their long-term success. Therefore, efforts should be Loyalty to the destination of tourism and the factors that create this loyalty are identified and strengthened. Given the importance of brand loyalty to tourism destinations, The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to the tourism destination of Tabriz. Emission reduction of carbon dioxide and its impact on global warming process is one of the most important results in the use of renewable energy sources. In urban areas, solar systems stationed on building roofs are the most appropriate utilization method of stable source of solar energy. Urban compactness is a major urban form parameter that affects the accessibility of solar renewable energy in the built environment, so it is essential that the effects of urban compactness on buildings utilization of solar energy, be surveyed. The aim of this study is the evaluation of solar energy potential in urban areas and determination of the relation between urban compactness indicators and solar energy potential in the local scale. In this study, the annual solar radiation modeling for each of the building surfaces of the study area, over one year period, was performed using the Solar Analyst model. On the other hand, the relation between various compactness indicators including site coverage, plot ratio, volume-area ratio, Entropy, population density and building density with Annual solar radiation received by the study area was explored and using least squares regression model, the relationship between the solar radiation and urban compactness indicators was determined. Also potential of using two types of active solar systems including Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (PV) and Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) was evaluated. According to the results, the annual solar irradiation increase from 507 (in compression areas) to 741 (in scattered areas) Kilowatt hours per square meter. Volume-area ratio shows the highest determination coefficient, R2 equal to 0/805 with annual solar radiation. Also in the study area, the building roofs potential for the development of PV systems much more than STC systems, influenced by the degree of urban compactness.

The contemporary air transport market has been considered and analyzed, key aspects of the emergence of budget airlines (low-cost) in the air transport market have been highlighted. The main factors of influence on their functioning and international distribution have been allocated. On exploring the air transport market, it can be argued that low-cost airlines are gaining speed and spreading all around the world. This system was developed specifically for budget tourists and is particularly popular among students. Budget airlines are a profitable alternative to expensive airfares. As a rule, low-cost airlines refuse most traditional services to reduce the cost of transporting passengers, and hence the prices of flights. In the current phase of operation of the budget airlines, it is particularly necessary to study the reasons for such charity and the efficiency factor in providing cheap airfares. In spite of the tempting offer, there are some nuances that are subject of research.

Over the centuries, cities have been traditional places of gathering of large number of people. City tourism itself appears as a by-product of narrowly motivated forms of traveling, such as cultural and religious, spa and seaside tourism. City breaks, which have become a contemporary trend and phenomenon in the global tourism industry, have got an increasing number of tourists who want to spend their short vacations, holidays or weekends in cities. The aim of this paper is to highlight the basic theoretical characteristics of the tourism in capital cities. The fact that there is not enough literature that deals with this issue proves that the tourism in cities is observed too partially through thematic forms of tourism such as cultural, business, sports, еvent or city break tourism.

Technological development at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries determined the possibilities of communication. Internet access has resulted in the rapid development of social media, bringing together users from around the world. Social media affect all aspects of human life, including leisure and tourism. The article focuses on the element of this influence, namely the selection of tourist destinations made by Generation Y. It presents the influence of social media on consumer choices in tourism and the specificity of tourist products. The main purpose of the study was to indicate the most commonly used social media in the process of selecting a tourist destination and implementing the journey by Generation Y. The analysis of research results shows the important place of social media in the life of Generation Y. They mostly trust materials shared in social media, although they are aware of it coloring reality, and sharing impressions from tourist destinations is per se the purpose of the trip. Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram are the most used social media for Generation Y. It was also important to define the purpose of activity in social media (SM). Studies have shown the emergence of goals not yet declared among young SM users. One of the main goals of a trip is to report and share travel content in social media. The survey method and the analysis of the literature and available reports were used. A diagnostic survey was conducted among Polish SM users, who are considered representatives of Generation Y. The survey was conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviews) method. The subject requires further empirical research.

El objetivo del artículo es demostrar que la gobernanza del clúster turístico de Mazatlán se produce en dos contextos y con lógicas distintas. En el primero intervienen actores regionales, y se reproduce un modelo de turismo tradicional; en el segundo participan actores intraurbanos, para lograr la recuperación del centro histórico y su incorporación exitosa a una oferta turística nueva, que se pretende sea para consumir la ciudad. Ambos sistemas se estudian a partir del análisis de redes, en el que se destacan las relaciones entre actores, la periodicidad y los contenidos; empero, no se determinaron los vínculos de entrada y salida entre los nodos. Un hallazgo central es que en un clúster es factible la existencia de más de un sistema de gobernanza. Se concluye que en Mazatlán, como destino turístico, la calidad de la dinámica relacional, como sistema de gobernanza, condiciona el desempeño del clúster en general y del centro histórico en particular.