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The Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) have been significantly adopted over the last three decades as a mechanism for the delivery and financing of projects. Various infrastructure project types in the energy and the transport sectors have adopted this procurement system for their ‘anticipated’ effectiveness in risk distribution and value for money. Yet, their acclaimed benefits, particularly in ensuring value for money in the waste to energy – or energy-from-wastes (EfW) – sector are under significant scrutiny. Governments and investors are increasingly questioning their fiscal efficiency and overall benefit to taxpayers. Despite these concerns, studies investigating whether PFI provides value of money of PFI in EfW are lacking. This study addresses this gap by comparing the PFI models used in the UK and Canada in currently operative EfW projects using mixed risk epistemology approach combining methods that provide both a real and objective evaluation of issues and risks and a subjective (or opinion-based) evaluation. The former is achieved through a quantitative probabilistic model for simulating EfW feasibility at the operation phase. The quantitative probabilistic model is capable to model and capture how operational phase costs and profitability are affected by lifecycle risks (such as quality of service driven by contractual requirements that are usually passed on to the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contractor) and a range of technical, payment and incentive dynamic variables and their fluctuations. If the impact of these variables is not considered and modelled accurately, the O&M contractor could incur significant losses undermining the viability of the EfW project. The latter employs a psychometric methodology to delve into the primary concerns of professionals involved in EfW projects regarding associated risks. The results show that common O&M risks identified in EfW PPP projects in UK and Canada prevail around unplanned maintenance, infeed waste reduction, market price, unsustainable debts, and policy changes.

Since public procurement involves such large amounts of money in various procurement operations, it is imperative to ensure value for money (VfM), electronic procurement is a modern tool through which value for money can be attained, this study determine the influence ofelectronic procurement strategy on Value for Money in construction project. Study used a cross section design to collect data from 160 employees from different department who were sampled based on their strata and by using questionnaire. The study found that reliability and speedy of electronic procurement increases the efficiency of construction projects. The study concludes that electronic procurement, is the key tools through in which, if utilized well the construction project in public organization will be efficiency, economy and effectively through trade discount and communication. Also, electronic procurement increase transparency and to a large extent brought about simplicity of the work done despite of the challenge of network problem.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between comfort, cabin space, design, social life, value for money, and customer satisfaction among compact SUV car owners at a Malaysian automaker. The study involved 407 samples of compact SUV car owners who responded to a questionnaire with their opinions. The findings revealed that comfort, cabin space, and value for money were significant factors in determining customer satisfaction among owners of compact SUVs. Despite the subjectivity of design, this factor did not significantly influence the overall customer satisfaction of compact SUV car owners. Similarly, social life factors, such as the social status associated with owning a particular car brand or model, were discovered to have no significant impact on customer satisfaction. The study highlights the need for this automaker to prioritize comfort, cabin space, and value when designing and marketing compact SUVs to increase customer satisfaction. Future research will examine strategies to optimize the comfort, cabin space, and value for money aspects to meet customer expectations and increase their overall satisfaction.

Purpose – This study assesses the impact of marital status towards customer-centric measures in a Canadian ski resort using the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) as the analytical framework. For the purpose of this paper, the three groups that were assessed included singles, partnership without children and partnership with children as marital status indicators. From the theoretical and especially managerial point of view, knowing the importance and the performance of the relevant ski resort-related customer-centric perceptions is of key importance. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was completed to assess customer-centric measures including customer satisfaction, repurchase intent, value for money, willingness to recommend, overall performance in terms of meeting expectations, relationship quality and skiing service quality. An IPMA was conducted with partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to assess the importance-performance perceptions of the three marital status groups. Findings – The results indicated that for five of the seven customer-centric measures, there were significant differences between the marital status groups. Overall, singles appeared to have the lowest values in customer-centric measures, whereas respondents living in partnership with children had the highest. This was also the case with the value for money perceptions, although the cost for the ski resort visit was likely to be the highest for the respondents living in partnership with children. There were also differences between the marital status groups in terms of the importance-performance evaluations. Originality/value – Results of this research have implications for ski resort management as the three marital status groups appear to perceive the customer-centric measures quite differently in the IPMA framework.

Value for Money (VfM) has been used as a critical criterion for evaluating Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), a popular procurement strategy for delivering infrastructure assets. However, there is a tendency for prevailing VfM techniques (e.g., Public Sector Comparator, PSC) to focus on obtaining cost savings rather than value per se. Despite the criticisms of the PSC and its alternatives for assessing VfM, there remains no research comparing decision-making methods for procuring transport infrastructure projects. In this instance, the upshot has been the public sector's inability to safeguard and deliver VfM to their taxpayers. Against this backdrop, we systematically review the VfM assessment literature to understand the effectiveness (e.g., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) of prevailing approaches used to determine the ‘value’ of transport projects. In light of our review, we propose and introduce the concept of the ‘onion’ architecture to improve the decision-making practice of PPPs, which comprises four systematic future research directions and policy implications. To this end, our paper provides a platform for developing new procurement paradigms that can be used to future-proof infrastructure assets.

AbstractThe method by which government and public institutions make acquisitions lays the groundwork for development of rural district councils by enabling critical investments in terms of physical infrastructure and institutional capacity building. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between procurement objectives, procurement process, procurement management, and value for money on Zimbabwe’s Rural District Councils (RDCs). The study was guided by the Practice Based View and the Supply Chain Practice Perspective. A structured, closed-ended, self-administered Google form questionnaire was used to collect responses from 30 out of 60 randomly chosen RDCs in Zimbabwe. 207 useful responses were obtained from 264 supervisory staff and procurement officials. The procurement process, procurement objectives, and procurement management were found to positively influence value for money. The results also indicate that procurement objectives positively influenced the procurement process, while the procurement process was found to have a positive effect on procurement management. This study provides fresh insights and validates existing knowledge on the procurement process, procurement objectives, procurement management, and value for money in the RDCs. As this study demonstrates how procurement practices have a direct impact on value for money, it advances our understanding of public procurement and value for money in developing countries like Zimbabwe. Moreover, the study findings support both the Practice Based View and the Supply Chain Practice Perspective in that the results show that procurement practices when effectively managed and aligned with the objectives of the organization, they contribute to achieving value for money in procurement. outcomes.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify heterogeneity in the value for money of precision medicine (PM) by application types across contexts and conditions and to quantify sources of heterogeneity to areas of particular promises or concerns as the field of PM moves forward.MethodsA systemic search was performed in Embase, Medline, EconLit, and CRD databases for studies published between 2011 and 2021 on cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of PM interventions. Based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of one-time GDP per capita of each study country, the net monetary benefit (NMB) of PM was pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Sources of heterogeneity and study biases were examined using random-effects meta-regressions, jackknife sensitivity analysis, and the biases in economic studies checklist.ResultsAmong the 275 unique CEAs of PM, publicly sponsored studies found neither genetic testing nor gene therapy cost-effective in general, which was contradictory to studies funded by commercial entities and early stage evaluations. Evidence of PM being cost-effective was concentrated in a genetic test for screening, diagnosis, or as companion diagnostics (pooled NMBs, $48,152, $8,869, $5,693, p

Agricultural organisations in Ukrainian market play an important role. In 2022, during the worsening economic crisis and war on the territory of the entire country, the stable functioning of an agricultural sphere is a topical issue. The demonstration of “transactional spending” is somewhat unclear at the current stage. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate the field and generalisation of institutional aspects of the demonstration of transactional spending in agricultural organisations. With the employment of analysis and scientific research systematisation methods, it was noted that transactional spending of an agricultural organisation includes spending on information regarding the market functioning gathering, legal expenses, quality control, and property security. During the research, a demonstration of transactional spending of agricultural organisation subaccounts is unclear and requires the development of a unified approach to the spending regulation. The main ways of transactional spending accounting of agricultural organisations were determined. Practical aspects of transactional spending accounting in agricultural organisations of Ukraine were also denoted. A model of transactional spending accounting was developed, which is based on a creation of a new account 99 “Transactional spendings”. A new transactional spending accounting system was developed, which sorts transactional spending according to the classification in the new account subaccounts. These changes in accounting may be used to create new financial statement systems for agricultural organisations. The proposed transactional spending accounting system includes every possible risk of payment duplication or payment not being included in the statement. It may be employed not only by agricultural organisations but also used for the standards of bookkeeping practice

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to discover clusters or homogenous groups of work-from-home (WFH) Internet subscribers in the Philippines based on the attributes of speed, network quality, customer service, after-sales support, price, contract and value for money. Another objective is to determine if the formed clusters are related to the demographic profile. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 275 internet subscribers from Metro Manila were surveyed. K-means cluster analysis using the Hartigan-Wong algorithm was performed on the data to generate the clusters. Findings – Results generated four significant clusters, which were named service value expecters, average expecters, low expecters and high expecters. Most of the subscribers are under the high expecters, followed by the service value expecters. The age and income of the subscribers are the profile that can affect the formulation of clusters in the Internet service industry. Those people in the younger age groups can be seen as more demanding, while older people tend to be content with the Internet service. Counter-intuitively, people with higher income seem to be more easily satisfied with Internet service features, while those people with lower income seem to be more demanding. Educational attainment and the number of household members do not have a direct effect on the formulation of clusters of Internet subscribers. Originality/value – This is the first study to use cluster analysis in identifying possible segments of WFH Internet subscribers based on Internet service attributes. Its value is the provision of market segments based on which can be the basis for formulating marketing strategies and policies for the telecommunications industry.

Purpose – While empirical studies establish the importance of procurement planning in achieving value for money (VfM) in procurement, there is scant evidence demonstrating a link between procurement planning and procurement regulatory compliance, and thus VfM. As a result, this study examined how procurement regulatory compliance can be applied when procurement practitioners in Tanzania seek to maximize VfM through procurement planning. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional research design was adopted from which data were collected once through a structured questionnaire. The structural equation modeling (SEM) and Hayes' PROCESS macro test for mediation analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Findings – Procurement planning has a significant and positive relationship with procurement regulatory compliance (ß = 0.491, p

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of accountability, transparency, and supervision on the Value for Money concept budget performance at the Gunung Kidul Regency Government. Methodology/Approach: This study uses respondent data derived from the process of distributing questionnaires. Respondents are the Head of Service, Office Treasurer, Head of Finance, and Head of Planning from 24 Regional Apparatus Organizations of Gunung Kidul Regency. The process of data analysis using multiple linear regression with the analytical tool used is SPSS. Findings: The hypothesis proposed in this study is that accountability, transparency, and supervision positively affect the performance of the Value for Money concept budget. The Local governments that apply the principles of accountability, transparency, and good oversight will improve the budget performance process with the Value for Money concept. Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: The Regional Government budget can be realized with the principles of economy, effectiveness, and efficiency. The government of Gunung Kidul Regency is expected to increase accountability, transparency, and control to produce good budget performance. Research Limitation: This study has limitations in the level of generalization of research results. This study only measures the influence of the budget with the concept of Value for Money in Gunung Kidul Regency. Each region has different characteristics and conditions, so this research cannot be generalized. Furthermore, research data collection has closed questions so that researchers do not get direct and detailed arguments from respondents as a whole.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of accountability, transparency, and supervision on value for money-based budget performance in Mojokerto City. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, sampling is carried out using the purposive sampling method. The research sample consists of 51 respondents in regional apparatus organizations in Mojokerto City. The analytical technique used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. Findings: The results show that transparency and supervision have a significant effect on value for money-based budget performance, while accountability has no significant effect on value for money-based budget performance. Paper type: Research paper

This study aims at investigating the cost-effectiveness of developing a new type of house, the floating house, as a solution to land scarcity in metropolitan coastal cities. Under value management framework, the “function analysis system technique” diagram was established to identify the functions of land-based and floating houses. Participants with different backgrounds shared their views through the two designed questionnaires, assisting in determining the cost allocation and functional performance levels of the houses. Fuzzy set theory was utilized to convert the collected professional knowledge and public opinions into numerical measurements. The obtained function values disclosed that, despite weaknesses in the conventional living and structural issues, the floating house still shows competitiveness and opportunities in customer attraction, environmental sustainability, and encouraging local tourism. This paper offers the evidence and reference to both practitioners and governments seeking for a better value of the money they invest in future floating house projects.

Summary: Background: A key barrier to cervical cancer elimination in China is low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake, which is limited by supply constraints, high prices, and restriction to two/three-dose schedule. We explored optimal vaccination strategies for maximizing health and economic benefits accommodated to different supply and dose schedules. Methods: We evaluated different HPV vaccine strategies under 4 scenarios with different assumptions about vaccine availability and dose schedules. Each strategy involved different vaccine types, target ages, and modes of delivery. We used a previously validated transmission model to assess the health impact (cervical cancer cases averted), efficiency (number of doses needed to be given to prevent one case of cervical cancer [NND]), and value for money (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] and return on investment [ROI]) of different strategies in Chinese females over a 100-year time horizon. All costs are expressed in 2021 dollars. We adopted a societal perspective and discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs and benefits by 3% annually for cost-effectiveness analysis and ROI calculation. Findings: In a supply-constrained and on-label use scenario, compared with no vaccination, two-dose routine vaccination of 14-year-olds would be the optimal, cost-saving strategy for a future national program (NNDs: 150–220, net cost saving: $15 164 million–$22 034 million, ROIs: 7–14, depending on vaccine type). If the one-dose schedule recommended by WHO is permitted in China, then reallocating the second dose from the routine cohorts to add a catch-up vaccination at 20-year-olds would be the most efficient strategy (NNDs: 73–107), and would be cost-saving compared with routine one-dose vaccination only (net cost saving: $4127 million–$6035 million, ROIs: 19–37). When supply constraints are lifted, scaling up vaccination in older females to 26 years could further expand the health benefits and still be cost-saving compared to maintaining the optimal vaccination strategy in the supply-constrained context. Interpretation: Our study provides timely evidence for the current and future HPV vaccination strategy planning in China, and may also be of value to other countries with supply and dose restrictions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS).

The focus of this paper is to examine the status of Value Management (VM) studies in specific construction projects by reviewing 104 relevant articles published from 2001 to 2021. The analysis indicates that the project type, project size, and research theme of VM studies conducted on various construction projects are all significantly correlated. Building projects and large-scale projects are identified as the most favoured subjects of VM studies to date. Meanwhile, researchers are keener on investigating the performance, impacts, and strategy of VM in different construction projects. Based on the status observed, some possible directions for future research are addressed. This paper not only provides evidence to demonstrate VM’s broad applicability, but also serves as a favourable reference for researchers to select research issues and topics with greater freedom to develop necessary VM studies in the construction industry.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine hotel guests’ satisfaction relative to room rates paying attention to the heterogeneity in the scale of satisfaction scores. Design/methodology/approach – This paper studies guests’ post-purchase hotel evaluation using survey data from a sample of 14,879 tourists visiting a Northern Spanish region. This study estimates a Heteroskedastic Ordered Probit model in which both “cognitive” and “emotional” components of satisfaction are modelled. The model allows us to control for heterogeneity in the scale of the latent satisfaction scores. Findings – This paper finds that satisfaction relative to rates (value for money) decreases with expenditure per person and day. Interestingly, this negative relationship mainly holds for those who do not prioritize prices at the time of choosing the hotel. Positive first impressions are positively associated with higher satisfaction. In addition, this study finds that the emotional component of satisfaction increases with hotel quality and hiring a full board, being also greater among women and elderly people. Originality/value – Instead of using an overall measure of satisfaction, this paper uses one that gathers how the tourist assesses satisfaction in relation to cost (value for money).

The Government of Ghana spends approximately seventy percent of its annual budget on the procurement of goods, services, and public works. The Public Procurement Acts (Act 663, and Act, 914) were established to regulate public procurement activities and ensure transparency, accountability, and Value for Money (VFM) in the procurement processes. Contrariwise, the extent of misappropriations of public funds in Ghana by public officials has reached an all-time high. To address this concern, our paper is aimed to develop a model to explain the extent to which Internal Audit Effectiveness (IAE) drives VFM, and Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP). This paper is a cross-sectional survey-based study involving public agencies in Ghana. The population of the study comprised 72 District Assemblies across the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions. Stratified sampling technique has been used to randomly select 200 participants comprising internal auditors, procurement officers, accountants, and finance officers for the study. Smart-PLS software and the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach have been used to analyze the survey data, and test the hypotheses of the study. The study has revealed that internal audit competency, internal audit independence, external auditors’ role, and top management support are the main determinants of IAE. Again, our mediation analysis has revealed that IAE drives both VFM and SPP. The results have further shown that an increase in VFM positively affects SPP. These results have implications for the reinforcement of internal audit agency regulations of 2003 (Act 658) and public procurement act 2003 (Act 663) and the amended Act 2016 (Act 914). Again, the results have extended exciting knowledge on the IAE by linking it up with SPP and VFM in a developing country context where such studies still remain fuzzy.

This research is intended as an effort to analyze the budget performance of Regional Apparatus Organizations in South Sumatra Province with a value for money concept approach. This study consisted of the dependent variable, namely the performance of the regional apparatus organization budget, while the independent variable consisted of transparency, accountability, and supervision. The data used in this research is the result of distributing questionnaires to selected respondents in 21 Regional Apparatus Organizations. The sample selection technique used purposive sampling, while the data analysis technique used multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis and discussion of hypothesis testing show that partially transparency, accountability, and supervision have a positive and significant effect on-budget performance, including simultaneously also showing a positive and significant effect on-budget performance, but it is necessary to increase budget performance, this shows that the R2 value is 0.446. or 44.6%.

The research purpose is to analyze effect of external pressures, environmental uncertainty, budget quality, locus of control and value for money on budget goals clarity, then to test value for money and locus of control to moderate the relationship between external pressure, environmental uncertainty, quality budget against clarity on budget goals clarity. The research was conducted in Kepulauan Riau Province, used 85 data questionnaires getting from despondences. the first Data processing used classical assumption test, validity and reliability test, and then testing hypothesis test of used t-test and f-test. Empirically, the first to investigate the statistical results of research hypothesis shown that external pressure is a significant positive effect on budget goals clarity; second, environmental uncertainty is a positive significant effect on budget goals clarity; fourth, the budget quality is a significant positive effect budget goals clarity; third, value for money is a positive significant effect on budget goals clarity; fourth, Then the results of the moderation test show that the value for many can weaken the relationship between external pressure and environmental uncertainty on budget goals clarity, but value for many can be to improve relationship between budget quality on budget goals clarity. The final Empirical test to shown that locus of control is not moderating variable between external pressure, environmental uncertainty on budget goals clarity.

Post Tender Negotiation (PTN) procedure is part of the tendering process in procurement of goods and services. The procedure could be triggered if the initial tendering activity does not result in the selection of a supplier. This could be due to a lack of clear Value for Money (VfM) bidder. The PTN procedure is sparingly applied in the UK public sector procurement and the reasons adduced for this are based on ethical considerations. The UK Office of Government Procurement (OGP), formerly known as the Office for Government Commerce (OGC) and the European Union (EU) are the chief proponents of restricting the use of PTN to exceptional cases. The premise of their argument is that the buyer could unethically tilt her/his actions in the process of applying the PTN procedure to favor certain suppliers. It is the argument of this paper that buyers from the public sector in UK are being deprived of the procedure’s benefit and therefore, the restrictions should be relaxed. Evidence from this study suggests that the procedure could offer the opportunity for further clarifications of supplier’s bid. The study also identifies that, for PTN to be successful, factors ensuring success in negotiations including cooperation should be present.

The authors clarify the effect of the price image that retailers refer to as “good cospa” (cospa is the abbreviation of “cost performance” which means “value for money”) on consumer reviews and purchases. Through empirical analysis, consumer-generated content is created experimentally to capture the difference in Word-of-Mouth (WOM) behavior under different expressions regarding price images as retailers. In addition, they also capture the differences in the buying behavior at the target stores before and after the WOM behavior. As a result, participants who contact post information related to “good cospa” are more likely to: (1) respond more frequently than post information related to “cheap,” (2) have more contact with the topic of “price” through “quality,” (3) have more contact with the topic of “fun” through “quality,” and (4) the purchase amount and unit purchase price at the target stores increased. The results show the effectiveness of the keyword “good cospa” in stimulating WOM and purchasing related to retail stores.

Abstract Background Global health priority setting increasingly focuses on understanding the functioning of health systems and on how they can be strengthened. Beyond vertical programs, health systems research should examine system-wide delivery platforms (e.g. health facilities) and operational elements (e.g. supply chains) as primary units of study and evaluation. Methods We use dynamical system methods to develop a simple analytical model for the supply chain of a low-income country’s health system. In doing so, we emphasize the dynamic links that integrate the supply chain within other elements of the health system; and we examine how the evolution over time of such connections would affect drug delivery, following the implementation of selected interventions (e.g. enhancing road networks, expanding workforce). We also test feedback loops and forecasts to study the potential impact of setting up a digital system for tracking drug delivery to prevent drug stockout and expiration. Results Numerical simulations that capture a range of supply chain scenarios demonstrate the impact of different health system strengthening interventions on drug stock levels within health facilities. Our mathematical modeling also points to how implementing a digital drug tracking system could help anticipate and prevent drug stockout and expiration. Conclusion Our mathematical model of drug supply chain delivery represents an important component toward the development of comprehensive quantitative frameworks that aim at describing health systems as complex dynamical systems. Such models can help predict how investments in system-wide interventions, like strengthening drug supply chains in low-income settings, may improve population health outcomes.

The purpose of this research was to determine partially and simultaneously the influence of accountability, public participation and supervision of budget performance with the concept of value for money in the Bengkalis District Financial and Asset Management Agency. This research uses descriptive quantitative analysis method. The sampling technique uses boring sampling method. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear of regression. The results showed that partial accountability, participation and supervision had a positive and significant effect on budget performance with the concept of value for money in the Bengkalis District Financial and Asset Management Agency. While simultaneously accountability, participation and supervision have a positive and significant effect on budget performance with the concept of value for money in the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency in Bengkalis Regency with a 93.5% influence.

The public has put increased pressure on organizations providing public services to demonstrate the most productive use of resources, with due regard for value received. Education is no exception. This study focus on the presentation and evaluation of public organizations (public grammar schools in our case) in education on the basis of their economy, efficiency and effectiveness as one of the indicators of performance assessment. The methodology of Value For Money presented in this study can provide useful information about the situation of education for public forces and for public grammar schools themselves. Also, this methodology may help to gain a deeper insight into strengths of individual schools, as well as in which they can improve. A limitation of the concept of VFM is that performance evaluation is possible only between homogeneous services. The originality and value of the study are reflected in its focus on such topics as monitoring and measuring of performance for public service organizations (i.e., education services). It also provides a tool for districts and individual schools to gain information using indicators employed here for identifying and solving the performance problems that occur in education system of Slovakia.

Abstract Background Many treatments developed for rare diseases will have an Orphan Medicinal Product (OMP) designation, indicating that they are likely to deliver benefit in an area of high unmet need. Their approval may be based on a small or uncontrolled trial, as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of sufficient size are often difficult to conduct, or repeat, as a result of the rarity of the condition, sparsity of patients, or for ethical reasons. Furthermore, many products are given a conditional marketing authorisation, requiring additional evidence to be collected after product launch. This is even more challenging with the advent of advanced therapeutic medicinal products, which use novel scientific approaches like gene or somatic cell therapy. Issue Given the high unmet need associated with these products, there is pressure for Health Technology Assessment (HTA)/reimbursement bodies to enable rapid access to effective treatments. However, there is often only limited evidence available for assessment. Methods TRUST4RD proposes an approach to identify uncertainties of most concern for decision-makers by developing an iterative and informed dialogue amongst stakeholders (including manufacturers, clinicians, patients, regulatory- and HTA agencies and payers), so that potential approaches to resolution can be discussed. As evidence is generated, uncertainties are reviewed and prioritised, and evidence-generation plans revised or clarified accordingly. The aim is to develop – both pre- and post HTA submission – a better understanding of evidence requirements versus evidence-generation trade-offs as an evidence base grows and the potential value of a product becomes clearer. Conclusion TRUST4RD presents guidance on defining uncertainties and evidence gaps in the assessment of value and value for money of specialised treatments for rare diseases. It also provides guidance on the potential of Real World Evidence (RWE) to help address such uncertainties, including the typology of evidence uncertainties, the importance of different uncertainties and the data sources available to address them before and after HTA submission. In making use of the guidance, authorisation and reimbursement discussions on such treatments can be embedded in an evidence-rich context, thereby ensuring value to all parties, particularly to patients.

This study aims to understand the effect of expectancy for character growth (learning, novelty, escapism, enjoyment, social value, audio-visual value, and value for money) on online games towards online gamer loyalty. This quantitative research uses a purposive sampling method with a sample of 375 respondents. The data were processed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results showed that learning, escapism, audio-visual value, and value for money have a positive effect on expectancy for character growth. However, novelty, enjoyment, and social value do not have an effect on expectancy for character growth. Furthermore, expectancy for character growth has a positive effect on online gamer loyalty. Therefore, game developers need to know the fantasy of gamers, improve the quality of graphics, and provide discounts to increase gamers’ loyalty

The purpose is to understand and identify concept of performance appraisal using value for money perspective method. This method is carried out with an approach with an interpretive paradigm. The results UPTD Tugu Pahlawan, Balai Pemuda and THR running effectively, efficiently and economically. 3 keys that are applied by UPTD in maintaining the level of Value for Money in their activities, namely collaboration, evaluation and innovation. Good collaboration internal and external organizations will be able to increase effectiveness. Evaluation performance make employees improve and make new innovations to increase revenue and save expenses. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami dan mengidentifikasi konsep penilaian kinerja instansi yang menggunakan metode perspektif value for money. Metode ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan paradigma interpretatif. Hasil menunjukkan organisasi berjalan secara efektif, efisien dan ekonomis. Terdapat 3 kunci yang diterapkan UPTD dalam menjaga tingkat Value for Money kegiatan mereka yaitu kerjasama, evaluasi dan inovasi. Kerjasama yang baik di internal eksternal organisasi akan meningkatkan efektivitas. Evaluasi kinerja membuat pegawai berbenah dan melakukan inovasi baru untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan menghemat pengeluaran. Dengan melakukan hal tersebut akan diraih good corporate governance.

The Harvard Water Program is more than sixty years old. It was directed by an academic Steering Committee consisting of the professors of Government and Political Science, Planning, Economics, and Water Engineering. In 2022 we would add to the notional Steering Committee the professors of Ecology, Sociology and Water Law, calling it the augmented Harvard eutopian approach to the design and operation of Water Resource Systems. We use the Greek word ‘eu-topos’ to mean ‘a good place’, figuratively speaking, and ‘dys-topos’ its antonym, ‘not a good place’. By opposing eutopia and dystopia (latin forms) (Utopian literature begins with Thomas More’s (1478–1535) fictional socio-political satire “Utopia”, written in Latin and published in 1516: “Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia”. “A little, true book, not less beneficial than enjoyable, about how things should be in a state and about the new island Utopia” [Wikipedia translation]. He coined the word ‘utopia’ from the Greek ou-topos meaning ‘no place’ or ‘nowhere’. It was a pun-the almost identical Greek word eu-topos means ‘a good place’), we pass judgement on three Irish case studies, in whole and in part. The first case study deals with the dystopian measurement of the land phase of the hydrological cycle. The system components are distributed among many government departments that see little need to cooperate, leading to proposition 1: A call for a new Water Law. The second case study deals with a project to restore a 200 km2 polder landscape to its condition in 1957. The project came to the University with an hypothetical cause of the increased flooding and a tentative solution: dredge the Cashen estuary of its sand, speeding the flow of sluiced water to the sea, and the status quo ante would be restored. The first scientific innovation was the proof that restoration by dredging is impossible. Pumping is the only solution, but it raises disruptive questions that are not covered by Statute. The second important innovation was the discovery in the dynamic water balance, of large leakage into the polders, either around or between sluiced culverts, when the flap valves are nominally closed, impacting both their maintenance and minimization of pumping. Discussions on our findings ended in dystopian silence. Hence proposition 2: Moving towards eutopia may only be possible with a change in the Law. The third case study concerns the protection of Cork City from flooding: riverine, tidal and groundwater. The government’s “emerging solution” consists of major physical intervention in the city centre, driven hard against local opposition, as the only possible solution. Two hydro-electric reservoirs upstream were largely ignored as part of a solution because the relevant Statute did not mandate their use for flood control. The Supreme Court has recently overturned this interpretation of the governing Statute. A new theory of flood control with a cascade of reservoirs, dams and weirs is the scientific innovation here. Once more these findings have been greeted by government with dystopian silence. Hence proposition 3: Re-open the design process to find several much better solutions, approximating a eutopian water world.

In the quest to promote constant value for money, value management (VM) has been proposed and adopted within the construction industry of countries across the world. To improve the VM process for a more effective outcome, pervasive digital technologies can be employed throughout a project and in the VM process. However, developing countries like South Africa are still lagging in using these emerging technologies. Therefore, this study assessed the digital technologies that can improve the VM process and the barriers hindering their usage within the construction industry. The study adopted a postpositivism philosophical stance with a questionnaire used to gather quantitative data from construction professionals that have participated in VM exercises within the South African construction industry. The data gathered were analysed using mean item score, standard deviation, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test, multiple linear regression and exploratory factor analysis. The study found with high predictive accuracy that digital technologies such as computer-based software, BIM, mobile devices, electronic meeting tools, cloud computing, augmented and virtual realities will significantly impact the overall success of VM practices. Furthermore, the barriers to the effective deployment of these technologies in the VM process can be categorised into (1) cost and awareness, (2) complexities of the VM and digital tools, (3) the construction industry’s digital culture, and (4) the availability of technology and expertise. This study provides a theoretical backdrop for future studies exploring the use of digital technologies for VM practices—an aspect that has not gained significant attention in VM discourse in the construction industry.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of accountability, transparancy, and supervision on the budget erformance concept in value for money on regional work unit (SKPD) City of Bandung. The sample used in this tudy was 57 SKPD in City of Bandung. Field research are used to collect the data by using questionnaires as nstruments. Partial Least Square (PLS) approach employed SmartPLS software as data analysis method. Statistical test was utilizied as testing the hyphothesis. The results of the study with inner models showed that accountability, transparency, and supervision significant effect partially on the budget performance concept in value for money on regional work unit (SKPD) City of Bandung. Keywords. accountability; transparency; supervision; value for money. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh akuntabilitas, transparansi dan pengawasan terhadap kinerja anggaran berkonsep value for money pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kota Bandung. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 57 SKPD di Kota Bandung. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen. Metode analisis data menggunakan pendekatan Partial Least Square (PLS) dengan bantuan software SmartPLS. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji t-statistic. Hasil penelitian dengan evaluasi inner model menunjukkan secara parsial akuntabilitas, transparansi, dan pengawasan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja anggaran berkonsep value for money pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kota Bandung. Kata Kunci. akuntabilitas; pengawasan; transparansi; value for money.

Abstract Background Delivering Reproductive Health Results(DRHR) programme used social franchising (SF) and social marketing (SM) approaches to increase the supply of high quality family planning services in underserved areas of Pakistan. We assessed the costs, cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of DRHR to understand the value for money of these approaches. Methods Financial and economic programme costs were calculated. Costs to individual users were captured in a pre-post survey. The cost per couple years of protection (CYP) and cost per new user were estimated as indicators of cost efficiency. For the cost-effectiveness analysis we estimated the cost per clinical outcome averted and the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. Results Approximately £20 million were spent through the DRHR programme between July 2012 and September 2015 on commodities and services representing nearly four million CYPs. Based on programme data, the cumulative cost-efficiency of the entire DRHR programme was £4.8 per CYP. DRHR activities would avert one DALY at the cost of £20. Financial access indicators generally improved in programme areas, but the magnitude of progress varies across indicators. Conclusions The SF and SM approaches adopted in DRHR appear to be cost effective relative to comparable reproductive health programmes. This paper adds to the limited evidence on the cost-effectiveness of different models of reproductive health care provision in low- and middle-income settings. Further studies are needed to nuance the understanding of the determinants of impact and value for money of SF and SM.

Provision of electrical infrastructure in emerging economies, like Indonesia, is very challenging post the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Constrained lending via international finance markets has led to a reduction in the number of investors and shorter lending periods for public private partnerships (PPPs) projects. While domestic Indonesian investors and banks have begun to be involved in such projects, the scale of budgetary requirements for the delivery of power plant projects generally exceeds the financial capacity of both the public sector and local financial markets. This paper presents the findings of a Delphi style survey and proposes implementation strategies that may overcome current investment constraints and still attain Value for Money (VfM) from the delivery of Indonesian PPP power projects post the 2008 GFC. Initially, qualitative data was acquired from two industry seminars to establish the context of Indonesian PPP power projects. This was followed by two rounds of the Delphi technique to develop consensus among a panel of industry experts about realizing VfM from Indonesian PPPs. The results show that (i) export credit agencies from regional Asian countries have increased their roles to support PPP power projects (ii) structural deficiencies of local power industry manufacturing has created barriers for greater roles of local finances in the projects (iii) enhanced contractual risk allocation between the public and private sector can potentially improve project outcomes; these involve greater transparency and accountability of project guarantee processes. This study adapted key implementation features for attaining VfM into short, medium, and long term development strategies that are suitable for Indonesia. It has been concluded that a sustainable energy system can be realized when there is alignment of interests between the government, project sponsors, fuel suppliers, and lenders.

The article deals with the theoretical back-ground and concepts providing the basis for the use of forms of financing and acquisition of public goods and services through partnerships between the public and the private sectors (public-private partnership – PPP). The aim of this article is to introduce a new original methodology using a selection of qualitative and quantitative methods for evaluating investments and to form a complex output that will clearly and distinctly testify about the appropriateness of using the PPP method. For this purpose, processes which are normally used for business valuation – generators of values, property valuation, yield valuation, valuation based on market analysis, are combined and incorporated/recast in the current assessment methodology, which is based on the Public Sector Comparator and determinants of value for money (VFM), are being used. Although this new methodology was developed in response to the problematic situation regarding PPP projects’ evaluation particularly in the Czech Republic, it can also be applied in other countries.

It is estimated that Africa needs $93 billion annually until 2020 in order to bridge its infrastructure deficit. It is through significant investment in infrastructure development that economic growth and poverty alleviation can be enhanced. However central to all construction projects is an effective and sustainable procurement system. There is a notable shift by some African governments to turn to the private sector to design, build, finance and operate infrastructure facilities previously provided by the public sector in the form of Public Private Partnerships (PPP’s). As an innovative financing model, PPPs present an opportunity to governments to improve service delivery. Accordingly, this paper focuses on assessing international best practices as to how some developing nations tap into the resources of the private sector in implementing their infrastructure projects. The study is a result of critical review, synthesis and contextualization of relevant academic literature, conference and journal publications. A thorough document review method was employed to assess how some developing countries have institutionalized PPP as part of their development strategy. The paper will be of significant value to senior government officials as understanding the concept and dynamics of PPP will result in accelerated and effective service delivery.

This article disentangles the complex relationship between depoliticisation and anti-politics in public-private partnership (PPP) policies and practices. By identifying three social mechanisms that underlie dynamics of depoliticisation in PPPs, namely consultocracy, yield bias, and complex contracting, it contrib-utes to the growing interdisciplinary literature on depoliticisation. The article argues that as depoliticisation continues to evolve, it further increases the unbalance between depoliticisation and politicisation, which has negative implications for democratic governance. The depoliticised logic behind PPPs feeds broad sen-timents of political distrust and disappointment, because political decision makers tend to use PPPs as mir-acle solutions for the delivery of public infrastructure without bearing the long-term budgetary conse-quences of their own decisions. This constitutes an expectations gap: the difference between what is prom-ised or expected by politicians on the one hand, and what they can actually deliver on the other. It is here that the short-term rationales and incentives of political decision makers collide with the wider public inter-est in the longer term.

One of the most important reasons for selecting public private partnerships (PPP) as a procurement method for infrastructure projects, is the ability to deliver the best value for money (VFM) under certain conditions. Several studies have identified and analysed the factors that contribute the value for money creation, and others have identified the most viable project success evaluation criteria. This paper aims to empirically examine the relationship between the PPP project ex-post performance and the value for money creation factors. 92 PPP experts from the UK and the UAE participated in this research via an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of VFM factors, PPP performance indicators and several demographic questions. It was found, through the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression analyses, that there was a significant and positive relationship between improved facilities factor to the users and time, quality, economic benefits and scope variation performance of PPP projects. The results of the analysis also showed clear output specification and early service delivery factors contribute only to the performance in terms of service and cost. Interestingly, the results of the analysis showed that optimisation of assets efficiency factor contributed negatively to the scope of variation of projects. The research also, through the regression analysis, showed that sector, experience and job position have no mediating role between PPP ex-post performance and VFM factors. This study confirmed the need for strict criteria in order to describe the achievement of success in PPP projects. These criteria ensure that the actual practice can be measured against the criteria which are set at the start of the project. This paper expanded empirically on the current literature on the relationship between the VFM and PPP project performance (specifically the ex-post performance).

This paper aims to explore the primary factors that affect the perception of domestic tourists towards the service quality of budget hotels in Egypt. The factors were divided into three main constructs: physical quality, service quality and value for money. The primary findings reveal that the budget hotel location, cleanliness, maintenance, comfort level, hotel staff service, value for money room rates and food and beverage values are among the significant factors that influence domestic tourist satisfaction within predefined constructs. Primary Elements associated with the budget hotel stay were also ranked according to guest satisfaction.

This paper analyzes the renegotiation problem in the context of public-private partnership projects. Utilizing a game-theoretic approach, an equilibrium is found in which the government finds that accepting renegotiation can be efficient. A first indicator is proposed based the public sector comparator (PSC) that can be estimated by policymakers as an additional tool when deciding about renegotiation. A second more theoretical indicator is derived to analyze the economic and financial variables affecting renegotiation. This indicator is applied to four case studies in different countries (England, Taiwan, Portugal and China) and the results suggest that the model performs well.

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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have proliferated and adapted to public development in recent decades; within it, the value for money (VfM) assessment defines the feasibility of the project procurement model as one of the essential components of PPP. However, evaluating the VfM in PPPs remains problematic. Given concerns about PPP profitability, a more integrated VfM evaluation is urgently needed to manage multiple indicators along the project lifecycle. Building information management (BIM), popular in architecture, engineering, and construction, provides resources that could support the VfM to a great extent. This paper uses a review approach to identify the current issues that are affecting VfM assessments and suggests that BIM, functioning throughout the PPP lifecycle, could support decision-making in VfM processes in order to satisfy service targets.

Alliancing is a relatively new construction project delivery method receiving increasing interest globally while also eliciting many questions about its effectiveness. That is why its operating logic should be clarified beyond the currently existing general views. Correspondingly, this paper aims to define the means and mechanisms which influence the capacity of alliancing to produce value for money. The work establishes the interlaced impact chains between formal basic solutions of alliancing and the key result areas defining the value-for-money ratio. This is made by focussing on a single alliance project and its procedural solutions and experiences. The case project of the study was an urban road tunnel under a city structure and the impact chains were explored by interviewing all eight members of the alliance leadership team covering all contracting parties. The two-stage personal interviews were conducted in accordance with the systematic modelling procedure resulting in eight cognitive maps which were then combined into a group map. The resulting model included around one hundred interlinked concepts initially, but was streamlined for the paper. Accordingly, alliancing offers a concrete framework which gives better than normal chances of success in the case of complex, challenging projects fraught with much uncertainty. Many diverse basic alliance solutions/features contribute to success, while each feature also seems to strengthen the impact of the others. This suggests that, at its best, pure project alliance is not only a coherent but also a holistic solution to challenging projects.

The aim of the article is to present the productivity of the public-private partnership (PPP) project, in thermo-modernization of public facilities, run by the local authority. The term value for money belongs to the evaluation methods concerning the productivity PPP projects. Its performance predetermines the superiority of the partnership formula more than the traditional public procurements. Research methods used in the article are based on literature study, legal acts and the case study of the thermo-modernization project in Radzionkow.

Assessing the value for money of a product is of paramount importance to get useful strategic information relative to market and technological trends and major determinants of technological innovation, and to conduct benchmarking studies and make comparison among competitive products. This paper note presents a methodological “value for money” framework to assess the market competitiveness of a passenger car. This framework uses both published data and industry expert judgements. In this framework, the value for money of a car is assumed to be dependent on the economic cost (i.e., price and fuel consumption) that the consumer has to bear when using it, and on the car technical value (PTV) which is built as a function of certain measurable features of the product. The framework is adopted to analyse a sample of 216 cars that were sold in the Italian domestic market between the 70s and the early 90s. The relationship between the car technical value, price, and fuel consumption is investigated using a translog regression equation.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of in-flight service quality on value for money for business passengers in airlines. In this study, in-flight service quality included four dimensions—seat comfort, staff service, food and beverages, and in-flight entertainment—while value for money was used as a dichotomous variable. In the study, 1096 business passenger reviews were employed through secondary data. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationships between the variables and finally the success of classification was tested by the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve. As a result, the findings indicate that the proposed logit model sufficiently explains the relationship between in-flight service quality and value for money in business passengers. Moreover, the study provides a deep understanding of how passengers perceive in-flight service quality in business class. The study also reveals that seat comfort has the highest impact on value for money.

This article examines the perceived value of continuing education coursesand discusses how value is related to satisfaction, value for money judgementsand willingness to pay for education. Data was collected through anonline survey at four universities in two nations. A four-factor value structurewas identified with the following dimensions: institutional image, careervalue, learning value, and social value. Differences between Austrian and NewZealand based respondents in the relative importance of the four dimensionswere observed and the possible origins of these differences are explored. Wepropose a theoretically informed model that is consistent with our observations.

With complex representative tourist areas, Romania has had a significant tourism potential (Fagaras Country, Barsa Country, Hateg Country, Dorna Country, Prahova Valley, Buzau Valley, Olt Valley, Teleajen, Valley, Jiu Valley ,Vrancea Country, boilers Danube, Transylvanian plateau, Mountains National Park, National Park Semenic National Park Retezat, Nera Gorge, Székely, edge Sibiu, Rucar Bran road, Danube Delta, Romanian Black Stone Land respectively) which, in my view, was not sufficient value.Highlighting the tourism potential of our country, creating, in fact, tourist attractiveness depends directly by basic technical and service quality without which no tourist assets, however valuable, can not be realized.Romanian tourism offer was and is, in this view, faced with numerous problems that we believe should be considered in greater development programs, developed throughout the country and regional level.Keywords: tourism potential, tourist offer, types of tourism, service quality, specific statistical indicators, value for money.

The main purpose of this research is to develop and test a model to enhance our understanding of “How consumers evaluate online and offline channels and how the formation of online and offline purchase intensions and perceived value increase”. In the presented model, service quality, merchandise duality and monetary price are considered as the factors that form value for money, and perceived risk. Time / effort cost, enjoyment and value for money are considered as the factors that form channel purchase intension. The study population consists of online and offline customers known bookstores in Tehran. After information collection through Questionnaire and library studies, the Lisrel software was used to analyze data and model. This study is based on Correlation-survey research method (especially structural equation modeling method). The results showed that channel purchase intensions and how consumers evaluate online and offline channels almost form in accordance with the presented model in this study.

Background: This article examined the unserviceable assets disposal practices of five polytechnics (tertiary educational institutions) in Ghana. Objectives: The aim was to determine the extent of statutory compliance, and the degree to which value for money was achieved in actual disposal. Method: A survey was conducted using interviewer-administered questionnaires containing five-point likert scale test items. Descriptive statistics and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyse the data. Results: The study results showed that a limited number of polytechnics had internal policies to operationalise statutory procurement legislation. Top management demonstrated very clear understanding of procurement legislation whilst senior-level managers displayed mixed levels of understanding. The section of the legislation dealing with disposals and the procedures pertaining thereto is perceived to be difficult to implement and does not promote value for money. Top management’s interference in auctions was the toughest challenge in the process, whilst public auction was the predominant method used in assets disposal. Research limitations: The research was carried out in only five polytechnics. This study could be replicated in other tertiary institutions or in other sectors outside higher education.

This research is to measure the service has been conducted by the government of Batu City using two data analysis, are monetary performance ratio and value for money. The performance of Batu government measured using value for money classified into three those are: economy, efficienty, and effectiveness. The performance of Batu government in economy based on how to realize the fund, the performance of Batu government in efficienty based on the reality of credit (the outcome) of fund is higher than the debet (income) and based on the effectiveness because realization of revenue greater than budget revenue. The performance of Batu government measured using monetary performance ratio classified into five: effetiveness, efficiency, independence, activity and Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR). The performance of Batu government is less effective in realizing the income, however the goverment is efficient enough, thought it has been inreasing in 2009. Batu government has been independence, because it could decrease and keep in depending toward external side (exspecially toward central and province government), Batu government measured using activity ratio, most of the fund is given to local apparatus needs, so the expense of public service toward local expense fund is relatively small, and based on DSCR Batu government is good.

Dalam organisasi sector public termasuk pemerintahan, anggaran merupakan salah satu isu yang sangat penting untuk dikaji. Sejak diterapkannya penganggaran berbasis kinerja, semua pemerintah daerah dituntut untuk mampu menghasilkan kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerahnya secara baik. Dalam penelitian ini penulis ingin menguji kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah setelah menggunakan anggaran berbasis kinerja dengan pendekatan value for money. Dengan melakukan uji beda sebelum menggunakan anggaran berbasis kinerja dengan sesudah menggunakan anggaran berbasis kinerja. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pemerintah daerah lebih ekonomis dan efisien dalam pengelolaan keuangannya setelah menggunakan anggaran berbasis kinerja In public sector organizations which include the government, a budget is one of the very important issues to be studied. Since the performance-based budgeting has been implemented, every local government is required to produce its financial performance. This study has an objective that is to test the performance of local government finance after implementing the performance-based budgeting which uses the approach of value for money. By conducting a prior T- test before and after implementing the performance-based budgeting, this study finds that the local governments are more economical and efficient in managing their finances after having the performance-based budgeting.