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The responsibility of public servants in relation to documentation is addressed they are in charge of; likewise, the difference between conservation and restoration, indicating the scope of each one.

In this paper we use a literature review to analyze the authority control and the role of authority data in book and cardcatalogs. Considering the ambiguity in the relation among the entities used as access points in catalogs (persons, corporatebodies, concepts, etc.) and the names by which these entities are known, we discuss authority control and the conceptsrelated to it. Then, we describe book catalogs and card catalogs focusing on their arrangement and access points, and wehighlight the main contributions of Panizzi, Jewett, Cutter, and American Library Association related to authority control. Asconclusions, we point out that current authority records had their functions and elements defined in analogic catalogscontext, especially in card catalogs. The results presented in this paper contribute to understanding of the current authorityrecords and files and of the authority control concept itself, as well as they support the discussion about new descriptiverules, data interchange standards, practices and technologies used in the publication of bibliographic and authority data.

At the end of the 20th century it was common to hear voices announcing the extinction of libraries. Undoubtedly, these omens were related to the imminent disappearance of paper books and, more generally, to the dematerialization of the world and the ways in which information and culture were transmitted and stored. But if we stick to the facts, things have not been like that. Quite the opposite.

This paper gives an overview of Koha Open Source integrated library system, its general characteristics, and the major modules available for handling the housekeeping operations of a library. Also, discusses the surveys popularity of the usage of Koha software in Indian libraries.

This paper tries to contrast digital decay with paper decay, explains how digitisation further accelerates accessing information through the trio factors accessibility, ease of use and perceived utility. Also discusses related issues including proliferation of gray content on the Web.

The Cannabis sativa plant has been used by humans for millennia. Throughout this period the plant was employed in several ways, from its fibrous stem to its resinous blooms. Scientific research has shown positively that cannabinoids (substances present in Cannabis) can help in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, fibromyalgia, Parkinson's, among others. However, there is much difficulty for researchers to study this therapeutic potential in Brazil, given the current state of illegality of the plant. This paper aims to document the development of the Thematic Digital Library of Brazilian Academic-Scientific Publications on the Medicinal Use of Cannabis. The research is justified because, in addition, the topic is of interest to researchers, since adherence to social, educational and health problems, there are academic-scientific publications focused on the subject, and methodologies and tools of Information Science to organization, dissemination and access to such material. In order to fulfill the commented research, the following specific objectives are determined: to identify research that contributed to the consolidation of digital thematic libraries in Brazil from free access software; to present the contribution of scientific communication in academic research, with emphasis on open access publications; to identify open-access academic-scientific researchers and publications on medicinal use of Cannabis in Brazil in order to define the corpus of analysis for the thematic digital library; retrieve the identified articles; define a tutorial for the installation of the software, as well as its configuration and operation. It is believed that the organization of this information can collaborate for the scientific dissemination on the subject, as well as to promote the visibility of the subject between researchers and the dissemination and access to the information to the interested public.

This paper addresses the theme of accessibility and aims to develop prospective scenarios for accessibility on the web based on the bills of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. It presents a survey about the main accessibility laws that are in force in Brazil. For this, it was used the cross-impact matrix method of Gordon. It was necessary to carry out a survey on the current bills that are in process to support the projection of scenarios. In this way, four bills have been identified about accessibility on the web. Based on the Gordon method, it was possible to develop three scenarios: a) pessimistic - no occurrence of expected events generating the archiving or non-approval of the projects being processed; b) realistic - occurrence of the development of Digital Inclusion Centers (CID) through the approval of Law no.28, of 2011; c) optimistic - in addition to the development of the CID, it is possible to implement software programs in public libraries for the use of the visually impaired, as well as to promote accessibility to public web portals in the medium term. Thus, we can see through the proposed scenarios a panorama of what can happen without future in relation to the bills projects.

This present paper aims to map and discuss concepts about folksonomy and tagging in Segmented Social Network Sites (SSNS) book-based. We ́re considering diferent ways of classification and categorization done by Goodreads users. Our investigation starts from theoretical debates about recommendation systems and folksonomy in social networking sites and their diferent uses. In order to develop the application of these concepts we ́ve made an exploratory observation of Goodreads and its potentialities of social tagging. Initial results shows that Goodreads folksonomy can be understood as a process for personal organization of readings and social tagging can work for searchability and visibility of the book reviews.

This paper presents the characteristics and history of the software Greenstone to create and manage digital libraries, initially developed by the University of Waikato, New Zealand in 1997. First, the user community is described at a global level, focusing on the current use that the software has achieved in Argentina: the number of implementations available, their evolution, the type, size and variety of the existing developments, as well as their application to the management of digital repositories of science and technology in the field of scientific, technological and higher education institutions in Argentina. Secondly, the actions carried out after the creation of the National Center for the Promotion of Greenstone in Argentina in 2009 are detailed. Data collected from surveys made it possible to observe that the predominant reasons for choosing this platform were, among others, its ease of installation and configuration, its low level of technological requirements, the general scarcity of human resources dedicated to this activity, and the complexity of the alternative software existing at that time. Throughout these 8 years, both the digital repositories and the systems that support them evolved drastically, modifying the current scenario. In parallel, in 2016 the new major version of Greenstone implemented a complete re-engineering of the software to adapt it to the technologies in use: XML, XSLT, Web-services and Java. As a consequence of this, the local development community poses new challenges for the migration of digital libraries and repositories implemented with previous versions.

This paper aims to address the relationship between professional ethics, deontology and union organization in Brazilian Librarianship, intending to understand how the process of political-institutional interaction of the area is situated in the professional and educational context. The methodology uses data collection, bibliographical and documental research. It presents concepts related to ethics as a science and its importance in the field of professions. It relates ethics and deontology, understanding this as a science of duty, responsible for ascertaining how the norms guiding the professional classes arise and are sustained. It evokes historical elements of the trade union movement in England, its arrival in Brazil and the beginning of unionization of Brazilian librarians. As a result, it highlights the need to broaden the debates about professional ethics and the maturation of class consciousness in Librarianship, which may have repercussions on collective actions of greater visibility with society.

The research analyzes the articles published in national scientific journals of the area of Information Science, classified with Qualis A1, having as parameter the term "scientific and technological information". It presents concepts about scientific and technological information and the processes that involve its uses, as well as scientific communication, information flows and sources of information. The methodology used is a descriptive study with a quantitative-qualitative approach, using bibliometrics techniques for index measurement and Bardin content analysis. Thirty - six papers were analyzed, while the qualitative ones were twenty - one abstracts. The results show that the most published journal about the term researched was "Information and Society", the year with the highest number of publications was 2016. Multiple authorship was a trend observed in the articles and the most used keywords were: free access , Scientific and technological information and digital preservation. As for the content of the abstracts, it was possible to identify them within three categories of analysis, namely: information science and processes involving the use of information; Production, communication and evaluation of scientific and technological activity; And scientific and technological development. It is concluded that there is a tendency of the literature analyzed to return to the study of the information itself, of methodologies applied in studies and also of information products and services. The abstracts addressed topics such as institutional repository, bibliometrics, coauthoring, management of scientific journals and scientific and technological information policies.

This paper discusses certain issues of Public Library Act implemented in Karnataka state, particularly about collection of Library cess, delay in transfer of collected cess amount to the department, non-use of the accrued fund and lack of adequate library services in rural areas. With more than half of population residing in rural areas and having lower than average literacy rates and per capita income, without adequate funds rural libraries have not been able to provide services comparable to those in urban areas. At the present rate, the Department may take a couple of hundred years to establish public libraries in all Gram panchayats in the State. As against the norm of every 3000 people should have a Library, the state has a library for every 15,600 people. The paper analyses the per capita library membership, book borrowing, books in stock and compares the same with that of developed countries. Part-time untrained staff with meager honorarium and poor collection reflects the pathetic condition of rural public libraries in the State. Few private trusts and foundations have been making significant impact on library movement with considerable success in promoting library services in the rural areas. Paper concludes stating that public-private partnership is likely to prove more efficient and a better alternative model to present government-run public libraries.

This paper aims to propose an Informational Monitoring Model that can support the business strategic management, in order to identify threats and opportunities, and strengths and weaknesses, providing the obtainment of important information for the preparation and monitoring of the Business Strategic Planning. Under the methodological aspect, it is a theoretical discussion based on literature that seeks to recover concepts related to Big Data and Intelligent Software Agent, identifying characteristics that if automated, can contribute to the process of search and analysis of relevant data and information for the preparation and monitoring of the Business Strategic Planning. Finally, it demonstrates that in the intersection of these concepts is possible to observe a system of Competitive Intelligence and Organizational that can be expanded and evolved to use the features of Big Data and Intelligent Software Agent, allowing one to build as a result of the discussion, the model proposed.

This paper presents the RDA cataloging code and the BIBFRAME initiative as trends for the future of bibliographic description on the web. Therefore, descriptive bibliographical research was carried out on the general principles of cataloging, highlighting the theoretical major and facts that influenced the evelopment of the principles of cataloging, the RDA code and the BIBFRAME initiative. It describes the RDA code, from its evolution and terminology and outlines relations on the use of RDA with MARC 21 format from comparisons with AACR2R. It then describes the BIBFRAME initiative in its two segments: model and vocabulary. Finally, it considers that the RDA and BIBFRAME trends over time will be taken as the basis for resource description in the web environment.

In this paper we use a literature review to analyze authority control in digital catalogs. In order to do that, we start with a briefintroduction to authority control, we contextualize library automation and the rising of digital catalogs from 1960s, and thenwe highlight some developments in the history of digital catalogs, such as the development of MAchine-Readable Cataloging(MARC) formats for bibliographic and authority data. After that, we present the Functional Requirements for Authority Data(FRAD) and the Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) as a synthesis of the current understandingabout authority control. Finally, we describe the data model used in the current digital catalogs and we point out: thepresence of authority control in the history of Cataloging, the value of FRAD and FRSAD conceptual models, the coverage ofauthority records by the Resource Description and Access (RDA), and the importance of the understanding about authoritycontrol in the current context of Cataloging.

Libraries are vital to the social, cultural, and environmental development of the communities where they are located. This paper aimed: to investigate sustainable actions adopted by a reference library in the country; to compare those sustainable actions with actions already developed in Biblioteca Central Santa Mônica - BCMON (Santa Mônica Central Library); to propose actions and projects for BCMON, which will possibly provide library users and staff with an all-embracing, participatory, accessible, and environmentally- minded work and study center. The methodology had a qualitative approach, of exploratory nature, by means of bibliographic gathering, by field research (semi-structured interview), by the analysis of the data identified in bibliographic research and by a survey conducted from the websites of the main Brazilian federal university libraries, regarding sustainable actions and the emphasis on sustainability. It is possible to verify that social and economic sustainability is subtly applied, through the access to information, through social and digital inclusion and the return of the investments received, to the society in the offer of products and services. However, the care for the environment and the practice of environmental education are still neglected. The final product was constructed by an initial proposal with some indications to promote sustainability in BCMOM, which will be based on the dialogue in search of environmental awareness and the participation of the whole staff and communities in a voluntary, democratic, and autonomous way.

This article is to describe and analyze the policies of information in cyberspace, both global and regionally, in different directions: programs, resolutions, and projects from the information sector. Likewise, an overview of the same is presented in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Through documentary analysis of the literature related to the topic, the article is based on a review of literature raised from scientific materials such as: books, thesis papers, dissertations, texts on internet sites and articles, resolutions, projects and decrees dealing with the same topic. As a result, cyberspace is conceptualized and its elements, dimensions, strategies and variations are characterized, by analyzing the information from cyberspace policy, based on the global stage to relate it, finally, to the region of Latin America and the Caribbean, with the idea of better addressing the problems. The cyberspace information policy experience a minor and slow process in the field of cyber war; resulting from the obstacle of international cooperation defined by the disparate ambitions of the State or region.

"The book: from papyrus to bytes" deals with the definition of book (in paper or electronic), starting from the concepts stablished in 1965 by the french sociologist Rober Escarpit. The next section "The book until yesterday" describes the "old" definition of the (paper) book, from cost and benefits to printing presses and a brief history from Gutenberg to the Americas. Wondering about a "electronic book", we ask ourselves: what is an electronic book? To respond with some consequences of these change. The paper continues with metaphores about the electronic [digital] revolution: coexistence with the traditional paper form; traditional and customized liaison with the printed information and the mandatory mediation. We conclude that the old fashioned relation between book and reader remains unchanged: free and freedom to choose; knowledge search and hoarding.

The author discussed some major issues faced by acquisitions librarians in the age of printing-digital transformation. The paper is published for the special column for the Sixth National Conference on Library Acquisitions, Wuhan, China, May 11-14, 2016, of the China Publishing & Media Journal.

Digital preservation has to be tackled by institutional repositories, which are responsible for the preservation of the scientific output from academic institutions. However, due to the constant evolution of the field, to gain domain knowledge and to distinguish best practices is a complex task for people responsible for digital preservation in those institutions. Digital preservation research, practices and solutions address specific problems, such as formats, curation, reference models, authenticity, policies and preservation plans, tools, etc., while the implementers need an integrated, contextualized and applicable overview. This paper focuses on the implementation of digital preservation in repositories, from the perspective of the team responsible for the project, with regards to the necessary knowledge and best practices. Initially, it defines and contextualizes digital preservation repositories. The following section presents a conceptual model of digital preservation, synthesized from conceptual models that have been developed in influential projects in the field, which allows us to identify the domain knowledge in digital preservation. Finally, aspects represented in the model are discussed in the light of the performance of teams implementing digital preservation repositories. It provides recommendations, guides and examples that may be useful for the implementation of digital preservation. It points to the need to strengthen the relationship between domain knowledge in digital preservation repositories with practices developed in numerous projects developed worldwide.

The paper presents an overview of the Catalan newspapers and magazines during 2014-15. It shows audience and dissemination data of the mean media of daily and non-daily information, and the major developments of the most important informational headers are discussed in the period analyzed. A non-exhaustive list of the new media created during the period is also shown, describing their characteristics.

A few years after the founding of Amazon and Google, when the Internet had not yet reached cell phones and bookstores only sold books on paper, people began to think about the process of publishing concentration and how it affected the book value chain. In December 1998, the Jornada Semanal of Mexico published articles by publishers Jorge Herralde and Daniel Divinksy. As privileged actors, they looked with bewilderment at the practices of the large groups, although they kept the secret hope of a "stimulating coexistence".

This paper discusses on approaching steps that must be taken by the librarians to move forward in parallel with technology changes. It is needed as requirements to deliver the best quality services to clients. The librarians also need to encounter challenges in adapting the application of technologies along with the Customer Relation Management (CRM) needs. Thus, the librarians should understand the importance to structuring the ideas to make the reality come as well as the first step to develop their interest on designing new technologies and new services. Other than that, the involvement of the librarians in intellectual discussions, collaborate with expertise, and bold to fail are the vital aspects that need to be given attention to develop the interest in designing technologies.

Writing an article for online distribution in a way that maximized the chances of citation hits, is different from preparing one for print journals in some small, but important, respects. To be cited, articles have to be visible in an electronic environment. Therefore, publishing a high quality paper in scientific journals will be a halfway of receiving citation in the future. The rest of the way is advertising and disseminating the publications by using the proper “Research Tools”. Familiarity with the tools allows the researcher to increase his/her h-index in the short time. This article provides a list of simple yet effective ways to promote your publications

The shift from Web of Document into Web of Data based on Linked Data principles defined by Tim Berners-Lee posed a big challenge to build and develop applications to work in Web of Data environment. There are several attempts to build service and application models for Linked Data Cloud. In this paper, we propose a new service model for linked data "Linked-OWL" which is based on RESTful services and OWL-S and copes with linked data principles. This new model shifts the service concept from functions into linked data things and opens the road for Linked Oriented Architecture (LOA) and Web of Services as part and on top of Web of Data. This model also provides high level of dynamic service composition capabilities for more accurate dynamic composition and execution of complex business processes in Web of Data environment.

The Open Access movement have developed policies to support the open publication in scientific journals, and complementary actions to create digital repositories. The goal, in the latter case, it is to make possible that authors deposit their content (articles, papers, theses, etc..) to be accessible online by all professional and scientific community. In the case of library science and related sciences (documentation, archiving, communication ...) E-LIS repository is a great example of a useful tool by and for the library community that believes in open access.

Closed vs. open access: scientometric gender analysis of three social science journals. The paper is part of a larger investigation which analyses the potentials of open access publishing in order to increase the publication and therefore career opportunities for female social scientists. It compares three thematically and methodologically similar social sciences journals: the open-access journal "Forum Qualitative Social Research" (FQS) and the two Closed-Access-/ Hybrid journals "Zeitschrift für qualitative Forschung" (ZQF) and "Sozialer Sinn" (SoSi). The data was collected on the percentage of female editorial and advisory board members of these three journals (N = 184 total). An extensive reconstruction and analysis was carried out to mark the gender structure of the authorship of the three journals 2000-2008 published articles (N = 1557 total).

E-LIS is an acronym for Eprints in Library and Information Science. It is an international open archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the library and information science. It is accessible to anyone with Internet access at http://eprints.rclis.org

This paper presents the open source content management system (CMS) Drupal and examples that illustrates how Drupal may be used to build a Library 2.0 Website. Have you been in Helsinki? Then you surely noticed all those wonderful Web 2.0 tools that help librarians to communicate with their users and create community around their library. But all those tools – weblogs, wikis, forums, tagging, social networks – are located at different places and each requires a specific login and password. Would it be possible to have the same functionalities at one place? Some Open source content management systems could help in some way, and among them, Drupal.

The information explosion was taking the book to the end because it need to use the wood for the production of the paper.

Providing easy access to updated, accurate and semantically meaningful information about organizations working in the agriculture sector is of primary importance in agricultural information management. Many databases of these organizations already exist but none are comprehensive and all differ in coverage (often overlapping), semantic organization, being up-to-date, quantity and quality of the information they provide. In addition, only very few information systems share and exchange data among themselves. This paper describes a distributed architecture which minimizes duplication in information storage and flow and improves quality of the information provided. In this architecture the data describing an organization are stored in a file as an XML description based on a specific metadata set, and access to these distributed files is facilitated by a central registry file. The proposed metadata set is also discussed, with special focus on those aspects that help to make the architecture coherent.

The paper discusses the ambitious project of Department of Public Libraries of the Government of Karnataka to digitize one lakh Kannada books in one year as part of Million Books of Carnige Mellon University. It examines preparations of the department in terms of availability of comprehensive collection and catalogue of one lakh Kannada titles. It is suggested that if up-to-date metadata is available the same may be made available to everyone through its own OPAC or/ and through Worldcat of OCLC. It also cautions that if copyright issues are not solved and royalty is not paid, most popular and high quality books are likely to remain outside the project resulting in only copyright-free books and low quality books getting digitized. In a system like public library it is very much required to digitize rare books and other archival materials, but no one can expect readers to use e-versions of contemporary books when print counter parts are not used. The project should also consider depositing good representative collection of Knanada books in open sources like Wikepedia or open archives once digitized.

CLACSO (Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales) is a 30-year old academic network gathering more than 168 social science research and teaching institutions in 21 countries of Latin America and the Spanish Caribbean. Each of these institutions publishes journals, books, working documents and conference papers, which are not readily available because of high postage costs, reduced number of volumes printed and lack of interlibrary loan. In 1998 CLACSO decided to start promotion and training activities to encourage members’ editors to provide Web access to the electronic version of the print publications and at the same time CLACSO started a virtual library to provide integrated access to the distributed collections of e-documents available on member Websites.

Tim Coates reported that public libraries would be unsought/ useless by year 2020 since despite increase in annual expenditure of these libraries, user-visits and borrowing have declined. Television and Internet are identified as the reasons for such a change. But the public libraries are also used more for the purpose of listening to music CD’s, chatting with friends on the net, etc. Findings of the report lead to a lot of discussions and debate. An examination of Karnataka’s public libraries plight in this background revealed that inadequate collection, membership and facilities with only 15% of the literate population taking the public library membership and majority of them visiting library to read only news papers reflects the under-usage and failure of public libraries to reach public at large. In this state of affair, it is meaningless for public libraries to talk about computerization, digitization, etc. Inappropriate collection even in digital form will be unacceptable to users. The bulk purchase policy of public libraries, entangled in confusions and allegations, is the main culprit. Majority of publishers are competing to publish books keeping bulk purchase by government in view. Book selection should be decentralized so that good books are selected even without submitting prescribed applications and required books can also be purchased from the local retailers. The use statistics of a small British library in Bangalore, in spite of paid membership, should be an eye opener if we compare with that of public libraries. A scientific analysis of the collection, services, membership, use of public libraries in Karnataka is required.

This is an opinion originally published as an email message on the Spanish speaking and Iberic American reaching mailing list “BIBLIO-INFO-SOCIEDAD” (Libraries, Information and Society) in its message number 94, commenting about the contraceptive method of the next day pill on the international press and their implications for LIS. Generally when I express my opinions on email messages I make first my comments of the news and the end I include full text the actual commented news including the webpage link where I took it, but the message it is not an article or research paper properly, and besides like this is how it was actually re-published in Cuba and Mexico, so it keeps the same form but just bear in mind this caveat. In Mexico the federal government has just issued a new standard where authorizes the public use of the new contraceptive method of the emmergency pill or pill of the next day (see the news below), in the cases of women victims of violations, rape, or in case they put their life in risk due to a malformed but non-violent driven pregnancy. Immediately the Catholic Church hyerarchies reacted against such a federal government regulation calling it genocidal. Thus, what Library and Information Science has to do in all of this? To begin with, Library and Information Science is a science, whereas all religions are not sciences. This is a polemical issue, like political and religious issues, because it challenges librarians to bend down their ideological conceptions (religious, political or any) in order to honour a correct, objective, and concrete application of science; the science of libraries, Library and Information Science or whichever name be called. It challenges, above all the librarians of selection and acquisition departments and to the top management where those ones belong. In the case of libraries from medical schools it is probable that the situation be sorted out (provided it is a secular and non-religious one), but not in the case to give access to all the general public where the vast majorities do no thave access to university libraries, or even in the case where their libraries are exclusive for university community, even if these were funded by the public purse. It is under these conditions that the public libraries have in their hands a great challenge: to inform society of all the new scientific discoveries, such as this medical one for a better control of the sexual health and enjoyment of life, but guided with the highest ethical responsibility and with secular, skeptical, critical and scientific thinking.

Prediction of extinction of printed books and traditional libraries has been a fancy preoccupation of futurologists of paperless society. This paper examines whether books and libraries are going to be the matter of past. Standard reference tools in electronic form are better replacements for the printed ones with several advantages like being economical, widely accessible, dynamic, searchable, ease of publishing and distribution. On the contrary, e-books, particularly those for continuous reading, face many disadvantages like lack of personalization, uniform format, necessity of a e-book reader, and physical strain. In addition e-books inherit all the hazards posed by electronic media. Advantages of printed books for serious and fast reading, better assimilation, thought provocation, thinking and also for intrinsic self growth make them more sought after by users. A national readership survey showed that reading habit has not declined over time, instead, book publishing, sales and borrowing from libraries have increased, despite the much hyped prediction of paperless society.

Information support is the most important constituent that contributes to quality in agricultural education, research, extension and development. To support agricultural sector of the region, Kerala Agricultural University under the initiative of Dr. A.M. Michael the Vice Chancellor has developed during 1995-98 an information system named KAULIS which can pool and share traditional and digitised information resources available at various agricultural centres spread over the State as well as permit access to the resources from anywhere. The article presents the system which has built up information base in traditional and digital form on; genetic engineering, animal cell culture and virology, plant tissue culture, photosynthesis, and plant molecular biology, oncogenes, reproduction physiology, cell transformation, nucleic acid and protein sequences, immunology, enzyme engineering, immobilised biocatalysts, microbial fermentation and bioprocess engineering etc. The paper discusses in detail most important specialized section of the system meant for providing services to farmers.

The paper opines that village libraries have very important role to play in agricultural development, health and hygene education, population control as well as in regard to villagers formal and no formal education, information, development, culture and leisure. There is no other substitute to the village library which can undertake the vast and varied functions related to creating and sustaining literacy, supporting formal education, providing facilities for continuing education and the like. The paper demands that government should develop the public library system in a way in which it can provide the supporting and auxiliary services to all the above systems of education. Unless this is done the country’s educational objectives will merely remain in the idea plane and the educational system will go on serving only a privileged minority; an upper class. The paper stresses that an adequate system of public libraries is an absolute necessity in any country like India which is wedded to socialism and parliamentary democracy and which is aiming at marvelous development in the socio economic, educational and cultural fields. So government should reorganize the public library system in a way in which it can play its major role in the field of education.

Collection, conservation, organization and providing services with the content of the ancient records, which is the memory of the society; our heritage is the major objective of the archives department of government. In the ancient world there was no difference between archives and library collections. The paper discusses the history of archives in the Earlier Travancore Kingdom from 1887. It provides information on different types of records of knowledge that existed in the region through many centuries, like palm leaf, copper plates, stone tablets, paper, etc. It is pointed out that the of Kerala holds valuable collection on ancient science and technology, and covers subjects like Ayurveda, Siddha, architecture, astronomy, tantra, astrology, Vedanta, Mimamsa, and Nyaya etc. Ninety five percent of the documents in the collection are never published and of these most of them have no duplicate copies anywhere. Hence the paper recommends that technologies used in Library and Information Science field may be applied in archives collections also to copy, conserve, index, catalogue and disseminate the knowledge content of the records in archives.

The paper points out that if education is to reach the people beyond a privileged minority; education is to be taken in a broader sense. More importance needs to be given to adult education, continuing education and distance education, than formal education which is accessible only to a privileged minority. Facility for continued self education after formal education is also important. Public library system is the only mechanism to give supporting and auxiliary services to all the above. Public libraries have to provide to the people information services that will help them to prosper in their respective professions. Public library has a great role in preparing people for social adjustment It provides opportunities to the people to understand social diseases and control them. Such an important system needs a legal base. So government should give priority to public library legislation.

The second part of the series examines in general the functioning of thousands of village libraries that exited of Kerala and the aims and objectives of the organization named Kerala Granthasala Sangham (KGS) which coordinated the library movement in Kerala. The working of the largest public libraries in Kerala controlling the major document resources of the State including Trivandrum Public Library, Quilon Public Library etc which could not form part of the system coordinated by KGS are examined. Critically evaluates library bills prepared in Kerala, the attempts to enact them and the attitude of the KGS which hindered their enactment in order to retain the existing system and its control. The Library and Information Science experts limiting their activities inside academic library systems and not involving in public library development is also criticized. The concept of modern library system and principles of library legislation accepted all over the world are discussed in detail against the existing system and the system for which KGS wanted give legal base. The paper opines that KGS was successful as a coordinator of cultural movement or a mechanism for training people in democratic form of government. But it failed as a system for providing information services to the community. One reason for this failure identified by the study is non application of library and information science principles and proved methods in legislation and system development.

The paper evaluates the functioning of Indian National Library (INL) and suggests that it should divide its responsibilities with other major libraries specializing in different subjects. State Central Libraries should be developed as the regional centers of INL and they should specialize in the publications of the languages of the State which they should watch and collect for national library system. The duplication of work between these institutions should be avoided. The totality of the functions of this group of libraries working together, like the interconnected parts of a machine, should attain the goals of INL. Such a national library system of India should have control over all the documents produced in India and the publications on India produced elsewhere. The INL should coordinate the activities of the specialized libraries and State Central libraries and through the Public library system extend its services up to the village level.

A paper attempting to present what National Library of India and suggest what it should be.National Library of India should fulfill the basic function of the acquisition and preservation of documents published in India. National Library should also have bibliographic control over the documents published in India as well as documents on India published elsewhere. The services of national library also should be organized in such a manner that it becomes useful and easily approachable to all the citizens of the country. But none of the discussions initiated by government or the recommendations of the expert committees on the library have given due consideration to this basic objectives. The study observes that national library of India remains as a big library with huge buildings, unorganized and irrelevant collections developed without any planning and a large stock of staff with services limited to the to people belonging to the city of Calcutta. It has totally failed in achieving the basic objectives. The study points out the urgent need to reorganize the system to achieve the objectives of a national library.

This is the second of a series of articles on Public Libraries in search of set objectives. This article stresses the responsibility of Government to enact a public library system and legislation to ensure to the people the arability and accessibility of the information in an equal and unbiased way which has to play very important role in the political, social, educational and economic progress of a country. The paper points out that unless public libraries especially village libraries can satisfy all the information requirements of the community it serves, there is no meaning in their existence.

The paper on providing educational facilities to the under privileged; points out that the formal education systems and information support facilities are accessible only to a minority of our population coming to less than ten percent. Education can be extended to the people beyond this privileged minority only by establishing a good public library network. Making all views, opinions, news and information accessible to the common people to make them participate in government will also be possible only if there is an efficient public library system extending up to the villages. Public library has to offer to the people of its locality materials and services that will help them for their formal and non formal education as well as support them to prosper in their respective professions, by providing facilities for continuing education for professional maturity. The study opines that to establish and maintain such a need based public library system; enacting library legislation is also very important.

This second of a series of articles on Public Libraries in search of set objectives draws attention of the government to the urgent need for enacting a Library Legislation in Kerala. Kerala has more number of libraries than that of any other State of India. But among them those who can fulfill the objective of a community Information Centre is less than a dozen. The village libraries have got degraded into places where reading facility is provided for local newspapers, popular magazines as well as a few novels and stories are distributed for leisure time reading. Beyond the annual sports and arts festivals they organize they have no role in the development of the people. The paper argues that preparing standards and enacting Library legislation only can change the situation.

Based on the discussion in the earlier articles in this series, the earlier Library Bills of Kerala, suggestions on legislation given by experts like S.R. Ranganathan and from the experience of the working of other existing State library legislations; the present article provides necessary recommendations on the Library Legislation to be enacted in Kerala. It provides guidelines for developing a need based public library system in Kerala. The question of representation in the governing of library system to make it a truly democratic system is discussed in detail. The paper reminds that while enacting legislation we should have a clear objective. Should we give legal base to a traditional system which was popular or to a functional system which can extend all types of information services to the community is the basic question to be considered. The system envisaged by the suggested legislation is a democratic system with involvement of library and information science experts also. It will have a pattern which can be easily accommodated as a unit in the national library system.

The paper discusses the aims and objectives of public libraries from the view point of Indian villager. It observes that public libraries in India are still going on without set objectives. The author lists the major objectives for which public libraries especially those in the villages should function. They should help the life long self education of the people, furnish up to date facts and information, distribute in an unbiased and balanced way all shades of recorded views and thoughts, provide to one and all a harmless and elevating use of leisure and should work for the continued social well being as the agency in charge of information for the people.