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Foreign language teaching achieves best learning outcomes when individual differences of learners are taken into account. While it is difficult for teachers to support internal differentiation in the classroom, digital tools can adaptively propose individual learning paths through activities so that students can practice with appropriately challenging exercises. But how can sufficiently varied, systematically parametrized exercises be provided to enable a system to match them to individual learner needs? We present an approach for high-variability exercise generation that transforms a single specification into a multitude of exercises varying in complexity. The approach is currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled study in regular German seventh grade English classes, facilitating a systematic empirical exploration of adaptive exercise complexity in relation to learning outcomes. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The present exploratory study investigated the efficacy of secondary face-to-face classroom-based English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction digitally supported by the FeedBook, an interactive computer assisted language learning web-based suite of exercises providing item-level scaffolded feedback. Seventy-seven native (L1) German seventh-grade students used the FeedBook during four two-week training periods (cycles, here we analyse Cycle 2 and 3). Classroom and FeedBook practice occurred in parallel, except for grammar constructions for which only FeedBook practice was provided (controls). At the end of Cycle 3, students engaged in a classroom-based communicative task for which the practised constructions were relevant. Custom-designed pre- and post-tests, administered via the FeedBook, assessed language accuracy in each cycle. Mixed-effect models revealed significant pre-/post-test accuracy gains independent of the learners' proficiency in English, but not in controls. Gains from digitally supported instruction were also positively related to accurate use of EFL grammar constructions in the communicative task. Overall, the results indicate learning benefits for face-to-face classroom-based instruction supported by the FeedBook, evidenced both in grammar tests and in communicative activities. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

Modern language learning applications have become 'smarter' and 'intelligent' by including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies to collect different kinds of data. This data can be used for analysis on a microscopic and/or macroscopic level to provide granulation of knowledge. We analyzed 1,213 French language learner data over a 30-day period, publicly available from Duolingo, to compare the progression of individual learners (microscopic granularity) and large groups of learners (macroscopic granularity). Using network modeling, we compared patterns of individual learners against one another and that of a learning community and determined what groups of learners typically practice across communities. Preliminary results suggest how applications for L2 learning can be designed to create an optimal path for learning. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This study examined the use of a popular Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Google Voice Typing (GVT), to automatically assess English as second language pronunciation. It aimed to answer the following question: What is the relationship between GVT-rated scores and human-rated scores? To answer this question, we compared audio recordings of 56 oral placement tests, rated by both human raters and GVT. Our results indicate that GVT scores strongly correlated with human-rater scores, indicating that this non-customizable ASR technology could be leveraged to increase the test usefulness of language placement tests. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The aim of the study was to investigate whether telecollaboration is a suitable environment for the acquisition of the speech act of apologies. Participants were aerospace engineering students from the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) who performed six open role-plays to elicit apologies. The Control Group (CG, n=17) carried out the task in pairs with their Spanish classmates in a Face-To-Face (FTF) setting, while the Experimental Group (EG, n=7) conducted the task with first language (L1) or highly proficient speakers of English from the University of Bath (UK) through synchronous Zoom sessions. The results of the descriptive analysis revealed a higher tendency of improvement in the EG, which also used a higher number of strategies compared to the CG. Findings from the quantitative analysis carried out through an Eta coefficient revealed a significant correlation (r=0.71) between the number of strategies used and the modality where they were performed. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This study examines the relationship between English language proficiency outcomes and the use of a Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) tool that is designed to strengthen the academic English and oral proficiency skills of young English Learners (ELs). We compare scores on a standardized English language proficiency assessment for 2,034 ELs from kindergarten through Grade 5 in the US who either used the CALL tool during the 2020-2021 academic school year (n=1,478) or did not (n=556). Descriptive analyses show larger scores for students who used the program than those who did not, and this was seen across student demographic subgroups. Statistical analyses reveal that this difference is significant even when accounting for student demographics and enrolled school and that greater program use is related to higher proficiency scores. The largest effects are seen for oral proficiency scores. The study raises implications for use of CALL tools in contexts where English is the language of education. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The aim of this study is to compare how two different Virtual Exchanges (VE) contribute to language learning in a Japanese university context. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) using VE has been a focus in this study. There are huge advantages of using technology in language teaching such as increasing language use opportunities, feedback, and others (Lee, 2016). However, many recent TBLT and VE studies have focused on students' interaction in the classroom (Hagley, 2020). This study investigated whether two different types of VEs have the potential to promote 'real-world communication' in a university context. The findings show that there was no significant difference regarding lexical complexity between both modes. The result suggests that both modes are unlikely to enhance students' vocabularies. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This paper investigates the differences between Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) and the webcam (WBC) in the context of a Spanish distance-learning course. Two specific objectives were set: (1) to determine the existence of a relationship of dependence between the device used and the oral interaction, and (2) to analyse the existence of a dependency relationship between the device utilised and the perception of copresence. To that end, online courses and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Regarding the first objective, there is a higher chance of speaking exchanges between student-tutor and tutor-student when using WBC. As for the second objective, we did not have sufficient feedback to determine whether the perception of copresence varies depending on the two profiles. However, the analysis indicates that non-verbal communication was essential for IVR volunteers to experience copresence. The conclusions suggest that the IVR could be more appropriate than WBC for socio-constructivist and communicative teaching pedagogies [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

This short paper reports on the preliminary findings of a study into the use of Online Translators (OTs) by university language students. Students of Chinese, French, German, Japanese, and Spanish and their teachers responded to comparative surveys on their respective use and evaluation of OTs for L2 writing in formal language learning contexts. Findings indicate that teachers have little awareness of the range of strategies students apply when using OTs as writing tools. Concerns of OT misuse for cheating or as a replacement for language learning seem largely unfounded. Students, however, perceive a lack of guidance for the appropriate use of OTs. Preliminary findings suggest that teachers need to review their assumptions about students' OT practices and that both students and teachers would benefit from technical and pedagogical OT training. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

A popular idea in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is to use multimodal annotated texts, with annotations typically including embedded audio and translations, to support L2 learning through reading. An important question is how to create the audio, which can be done either through human recording or by a Text-To-Speech (TTS) synthesis engine. We may reasonably expect TTS to be quicker and easier, but humans to be of higher quality. Here, we report a study using the open-source LARA platform and ten languages. Samples of LARA audio totaling about three and a half minutes were provided for each language in both human and TTS form; subjects used a web form to compare different versions of the same item and rate the voices as a whole. Although human voice was more often preferred, TTS achieved higher ratings in some languages and was close in others. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

This research study tends to evaluate the efficaciousness and usability of a Vocabulary Learning And Strategy Teaching Web-App (VLASTWA) -- a customised and targeted web-app for (1) teaching the KeyWord Method (KWM) which is a widely investigated vocabulary learning strategy, and (2) facilitating new vocabulary learning via KWM. In this experimental study, with a between/within design, native Persian participants (n=160, age:18-60) learnt to use KWM, applied it in acquiring 22 new words, and tested this newly learnt vocabulary immediate (T1)/delayed (T2) recall. The effectiveness of the use of KWM taught within the web-app and the traditional Pen and Paper (P&P) in the experimental groups were compared with the control app and P&P groups via immediate/delayed recall of learnt vocabulary. The results suggest VLASTWA was efficient for learning new vocabulary while highlighting how meaningful and interactive it can be in accompanying and enriching Foreign Language (FL) vocabulary learning. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

There is no doubt that Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) and mobile mediated communication are linked as technology continues to transform the way we communicate with each other. Campbell (2019) analyzed how mobile communication evolved into portable devices to form a complete system of mobile media, reshaping the fabric of our social lives via 'sociality' and 'spatiality'. In this short paper, we would like to offer a brief overview of the diverse oral presentations which took place in the joint CMC and MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) Special Interest Group (SIG) symposium at the online conference this year. This short paper will introduce various online apps which are available for free in both computer-based and mobile versions and can be adapted to foreign language learning in various ways. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

Due to the scarcity of studies analysing Spanish-speaking students' acquisition of pragmatic competence in English, this paper focuses on the preliminary stage of a longitudinal study on the impact that Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication (SCMC) has on the use of apologies and the acquisition of intercultural communicative competence. In other words, this paper presents the type of explicit instruction that students from Spain need in order to improve their ability to express apologies, and how interaction with English-speaking students through Skype will help them to acquire the strategies that L1 speakers use in everyday conversations. Spanish-speaking students will complete a pre- and post-test questionnaire to measure their level of pragmatic knowledge before and after the interaction with English-speaking students. Additionally, a control group will carry out the task via face-to-face interaction. It is envisaged that after the telecollaborative exchanges, Spanish students in the experimental group will experience greater improvement in the performance of apologies than those in the control group and, subsequently, in their pragmatic competence. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a mobile User-Generated-Content (m-UGC) tool on enhancing primary students' vocabulary learning motivation and learning outcomes. A total of 40 primary students in Hong Kong participated in this study. The results showed using the m-UGC tool could increase primary students' learning motivation and significantly improve their vocabulary learning. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

Calls for replication studies are becoming more frequent, and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has now reached sufficient maturity to offer numerous studies that lend themselves to replication. Realistic and successful replications rely on transparency in terms of data, results, and methodology. Two published studies in the area of vocabulary CALL will be discussed from the perspective of their suitability for replication: Franciosi, Yagi, Tomoshige, and Ye (2016) and Kim and Kim (2012). Alzahrani (2017) is a replication of Franciosi et al. (2016), confirming the findings with a markedly different learner group. The replication used the same methodology, a slightly modified list of target words, and Saudi participants. Kim and Kim (2012) compared vocabulary learning across three different screen sizes. The flashcard software is not specified any further, nor are the target words. While such an underspecified methodology is less likely to lead to a successful replication that can strengthen the validity and reliability of research results in our field, it can still provide a good training opportunity for students to learn about methodology in CALL. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED600837.]

Immersion through Virtual Reality (VR) gives the subjective impression that the learner has a realistic experience (Dede, 2009). The pedagogical potential of VR provides the means of enabling constructivist places of contextualised learning. This paper aims to examine the potential the VR application "Mondly" may have to maximise interactivity and aid learners in proactively experiencing empirical conversations that emulate authentic contexts. The research took place in an undergraduate course Italian I (A1, Common European Framework of Reference for languages), offered by the Cyprus University of Technology. The present study adopts a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the impact of "Mondly" on Italian learning. Digital material is incorporated into the lesson to promote contextualised learning. An experimental group is subjected to learning through "Mondly" whereas a control group is subjected to conventional lectures utilising the same material as the experimental group. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600837.]

This study investigated Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL) through Digital StoryTelling (DST) in a blended learning environment. Twenty-six Turkish university-level students prepared a DST individually and shared it with their peers in an online discussion platform. Each evaluated and graded others' DST performance based on an assessment scale. After this, they performed their stories in the classroom and similarly assessed their peer's performances. Ultimately, they were asked to give their self-reflection on the pros and cons of performing tasks online and in the classroom. Findings showed that TBLL through DST was more favoured than storytelling in the classroom and helped them to improve their speaking skills. The study suggested DST could be a positive approach in language learning and should be explored further in other language skills and multiple contexts. [For the complete volume, "Education 4.0 Revolution: Transformative Approaches to Language Teaching and Learning, Assessment and Campus Design," see ED607129.]

This study measured changes in cultural awareness levels between two groups of US students in their third semester of a Spanish class. One group (experimental group) collaborated via Skype with a group of English language learners from a Colombian university and the other group (control group) did not. The experimental group met seven times during the semester to discuss a variety of cultural topics such as health care and gastronomy. The control group addressed the same topics by examining them among members of the same class. Both groups answered a pre and post self-awareness questionnaire. Mixed factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed significant differences between the two groups. There was no change in scores from pretest to posttest for the control group, but scores in the trained group increased significantly. Students from the treatment group show substantial gains in skills, knowledge, and awareness of themselves in their interactions with others in one semester. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600837.]

Institution-Wide Language Programme (IWLP) modules are a popular option for international students at the University of Reading. Student feedback and module results show that some of these students face particular challenges in relation to their peers. In this paper, we describe how a team teaching Beginners French -- Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) level A1 -- addressed this issue. More specifically, we focus on the development of a new module with integrated support and differentiated assessment as well as student feedback and suggestions for curriculum enhancement. We demonstrate how minor module and assessment modifications enabled the team to support students who might have dropped out or become discouraged and at the same time raise the level of challenge for all students whatever their background. [For the complete volume, "Innovative Language Teaching and Learning at University: A Look at New Trends," see ED594807.]

Monolingual and parallel concordancers have both been found to benefit second-language (L2) grammatical development. However, the relative benefits of these two concordancer types remains unclear. The present study compares learning outcomes and learners' perceptions of a monolingual English (Corpus of Contemporary American English, COCA) and a French-English parallel concordancer (Tradooit), using verb-preposition collocations as a target feature. Students in an advanced English as a second language (ESL) course completed three concordancing activities where they used either Tradooit (for French L1 speakers) or COCA (for other L1s) to formulate rules for challenging verb-preposition collocations (e.g. "arrive in/at"). Pre- and post-tests showed significant learning gains for both groups, which were maintained in delayed post-tests; however, perception questionnaires showed that Tradooit was perceived as easier and more useful for language learning. We suggest that these differences may be due to the type of cognitive work involved in L1-L2 comparison versus L2 pattern-finding, but that these two processes may both lead to noticing and learning. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

The study explored the pedagogical use of Text-To-Speech (TTS) synthesizers by comparing two groups of students learning the pronunciations associated with Regular Past Tense (RPT) marking in English (e.g. talk[t], clean[d], want[id]). While one group received TTS-based instruction, the other was taught RPT with teacher assistance. Our findings indicate that both groups behaved similarly regarding the production of RPT, and that the target allomorphs are acquired in the following order: id>d>t. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

This study examines the effects of the pedagogical use of an interactive mobile digital game, Prêt à Négocier (PàN), on improving learners' pronunciation of French as a Second Language (FSL), using three holistic measures: comprehensibility, fluency, and overall pronunciation. Two groups of FSL learners engaged in different types of game-playing over one month: while the experimental group played PàN, the control group engaged in paper-based gamified information gap activities. Following a pre-test/post-test research design, our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. [For the complete volume, see ED578177.]

In the 21st century it has become clear that more and more language-learning pedagogical materials have begun to shift to a digital mobile-access format and away from being a textbook and classroom based one. High quality language-learning podcasts can provide a cheap, beneficial and portable technology that allows learners the freedom to access useful materials whenever and wherever convenient--especially through smartphones. However, despite the low cost involved in producing and accessing podcasts, educational institutions still seem reluctant to fully utilise them as an integral part of the language-learning process. This presentation will outline the structure of a comprehensive study that analysed the communicative abilities of 102 university freshmen students undertaking a compulsory English oral communication course. The study was divided into a traditional model that was centred-around a paper textbook and digital model where no textbooks were used and the course was structured around a series of high-quality, pedagogically sound English language podcasts. It was found that students progressed in similar ways during the course, regardless of the pedagogical materials used. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED572005.]

One of the objectives of this paper is to investigate the pedagogical impact of both the mobile testing system PeLe (Norway, HiST) and the enquiry-based learning approach on language skills development in the context of mobile-assisted learning. The research aims to work out a methodological framework of PeLe implementation into the language classroom through formative assessment, immediate feedback and interactive post-test activities. The framework was developed and pilot tested in a joint research project (MobiLL) by English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers at Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU, Russia) and University College HiST (Norway) during two semesters of the 2013-2014 academic year. Students enrolled in a preparatory English course at LMSU were randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 2 control groups. Students in the experimental groups took a series of PeLe supported grammar and vocabulary tests as volunteers using handheld devices. The control groups were tested by the traditional testing method--pen and paper. The analysis based on quantitative research data demonstrated that PeLe supported language classes resulted in language skill gains. Qualitative data analysis highlighted the positive effect of mobile formative assessment and of posttest activities on learner motivation and collaboration skills. This study suggests that the use of technology was effective in engaging students in enquiry-based tasks, to produce more output in the target language. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

A key design issue for tutorial CALL is that controlled practice activities need to engage learners in meaningful L2 processing, so that any knowledge developed in such practice may transfer to meaningful L2 use in complex skills. Furthermore, activities for controlled practice ideally engender intrinsic motivation, so that learners are willing to practise and remediate problems outside of the classroom. This paper reports on an experimental and design-focused study that tackled these challenges by means of mini-games embedded in a mystery story read in class. Results show that intensive receptive practice helped learners to develop knowledge that was accurate and quickly retrievable on tests of near transfer, and that practice also transferred to more complex written productive tasks, as well as--to a smaller extent--to spoken productive tasks. We make suggestions for future design on the basis of the spoken productive language test used in this study. [This paper was also presented at the 2014 EUROCALL Conference, Groningen, The Netherlands.] [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

The study draws on the digital technology which allows users to be able to learn both linguistic and non-linguistic skills at the same time. Activity recognition as well as wireless sensor technology, similar to a Nintendo Wii, is embedded or attached to the equipment and ingredients, allowing users to detect and evaluate progress as they carry out their cooking tasks in a real world kitchen. 48 adult participants from 20 countries in total cook, both in a digital kitchen by using real objects and in the classroom by looking at typical pictures/photos in the textbook. These learners from diverse cultural background pose a great potential to the generalizability of the current study. Research questions are: does using real objects to cook in the digital kitchen help students learn vocabulary items better than looking at photos of the objects in the classroom? If so, to what extent? This study attempts to see the effect of physicality in combination with digital technology on foreign vocabulary learning by a experimental design. This project not only helps address well-known problems in relation to classroom teaching and learning, but supports the development of innovative information and communications technology for language learning across the world. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED572005.]

This paper aims to compare the impact on the development of transversal skills, such as self-esteem, of virtual and physical exchanges. This is done by comparing the Europe on the Edge programme to the results of the Erasmus Impact Study. In doing so it fills the need that has been expressed in the telecollaboration field to study the impact of online education programmes "outside of students' and educators' beliefs" (Helm, 2015, p. 212). We shall argue that it is indeed possible to compare physical and virtual exchanges by measuring the impact on so-called transversal skills. [For the complete volume, see ED571330.]

The paper presents a telecollaboration project between 54 pre-service teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) studying at a teacher training college in Israel and a university in Germany. The telecollaboration involved a collaborative Project Based Learning Task (PBLT) in which the students compared and evaluated the ways EFL is taught in their respective contexts. The purpose of this ongoing study is to provide pre-service EFL teachers with an apprenticeship of learning ways that technology can be used to transcend classroom walls for virtual mobility and cooperation. It specifically intends to determine how such an apprenticeship can strengthen student teachers' belief in their ability to implement telecollaboration in their own teaching. Data for the study were gathered through a pre-post quantitative survey. The findings indicate that telecollaboration experience integrated into teacher training can raise students' perceived self-efficacy to implement telecollaborative exchange projects into their future teaching. [For the complete volume, see ED571330.]

This paper reports on two distinct models of telecollaboration--the Soliya Connect Program, a synchronous Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) project, and the Intercultural Franco-Irish Exchange, an asynchronous CMC project--which seek to provide students with a learning space to promote a more politically engaged and reflective pedagogy (Kramsch, 2014). Using Herring's (2007) faceted classification for computer-mediated discourse, it specifies the models' inherent features and draws attention to a number of differentiating characteristics of the two projects. The analysis of qualitative data collected through students' diaries and feedback questionnaires shows that both modes of online dialogue encouraged students to engage with peers and content and enabled them to achieve intended learning outcomes. [For the complete volume, see ED571330.]

This study aims to enhance foreign language learners' language competence by integrating formal and informal learning environments and considers how they can improve their grammatical and lexical skills through the gathering (comprehension) and sharing (writing) of information in the foreign language. Experiments with German learners at a Japanese university preparing to study in Germany were conducted. An application to archive newspaper articles was created, indexing current German coverage. A worksheet was provided, where learners were asked to select, read, and summarize articles via the application. Feedback was given to their summary. Participants were divided into two groups, learners that studied only in an informal setting, and those that were also instructed in a formal setting. Interviews were conducted with the participants in order to evaluate how the activities affected their language skills. Results showed that the practice affected their reading methods and heightened their motivation for further language learning in general. Students participating in activities in and outside the classroom showed improvements in their lexical knowledge, and better understanding of subtle nuances in written texts, which positively affected their writing skills and their speaking ability. [For the complete volume, see ED578177.]

The purpose of this study was to explore how a Digital StoryTelling (DST) assignment affected and changed students' motivations for learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in comparison with a StoryTelling (ST) assignment. A course entitled "Information English" was held for Japanese university students at a faculty of information and communications in the fall term of 2014. The study goal of the course was to acquire skills and knowledge to present ideas and messages effectively with the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and English. Students conducted ST tasks in the class as a midterm assignment, then created digital stories and peer-reviewed them as a final assignment. The impact of the DST assignment on students' motivations was analyzed by means of midterm and post-assessment questionnaires based on Keller's ARCS model (four categories of which are attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction) and compared to data collected for the ST assignment. The findings showed that most students were more motivated for learning with the DST assignment than the ST assignment. [For the complete volume, see ED578177.]

This study assesses the impact of computer-based formative evaluations in an undergraduate English course for second semester kinesiology students at the Universidad Austral de Chile-Valdivia (UACh). The target of the course is to improve the students' online reading comprehension skills in their field. A preliminary study was carried out in order to select the platform to implement the formative evaluations. Two platforms were available: a Dokeos-based system (Dokeos, 2015), and Questionmark Perception (Questionmark-Corporation, 2015). We performed a technical review of both platforms and an empirical test in a pilot group where students' preferences were analyzed. Perception was selected since it proved to be the best choice in terms of functionality and ease of use. The target kinesiology group was divided into two subgroups, G1, and G2, of the same size and similar composition in terms of gender. Each group had the opportunity to use the computer-based formative evaluations for one half of the semester, while the other group took traditional classroom lessons in the corresponding period of time. Most students using the computer-based approach had better performance than their counterparts in the actual exam, which was taken in a paper and pencil format. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Data-Driven Learning (DDL) teaching materials based on learner corpus data. The data analysed is made up of texts written by a group of Italian university students and collected as part of the Italian component of the "Longitudinal Database of Learner English" (LONGDALE) project: LONGDALE-IT. All the students participating in the project wrote two texts as a response to the same prompt, one in the first and the other in the second year at university. The data collected in the first year was used to create some DDL materials, which were administered to the students in the second year with the aim of helping them improve on various aspects of their writing, including their use of "it"-extraposition. In this paper, the first-year learner data will be compared to the second-year learner data, and subsequently to a sub-section of the "Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays" (LOCNESS). Quantitative and qualitative findings concerning the use of it-extraposition in the learner texts will be discussed, with a view to determining the impact of DDL teaching materials on the learning process. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

What are the perceived effects of Telecollaboration (TC), compared to other types of communication-scenarios with peers (i.e. local peers in small groups and Erasmus students abroad)? This is the question this exploratory study tackles within a blended language learning course. The analysis of students' perceptions paints a rather contrastive picture of telecollaboration. While it stays in the shadow of interaction with Erasmus students, it is complementary to local small-group work and does sustain learning. [For the complete volume, see ED571330.]

This paper investigates uses of corpora in language learning ("data-driven learning") through analysis of a 600K-word corpus of empirical research papers in the field. The corpus can tell us much--the authors and the countries the studies are conducted in, the types of publication, and so on. The corpus investigation itself starts with frequency lists of words and clusters to detect initial themes, which are then extended (via distribution plots, collocates, concordances, etc.) to look at specific items: the researchers cited, the theoretical constructs and concepts investigated and how they are treated, and so on. The paper ends by dividing the corpus into early and more recent papers to compare evolution over time. This reveals keywords that were prevalent in earlier days as a snapshot of the past, and keywords today which may give an idea of future directions. [For full proceedings, see ED565044.]

Many students of English language find pronunciation difficult to master. This work in progress paper discusses an incremental and iterative approach towards developing requirements for software applications to assist learners with the perception and production of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes and prosody. It was found that prompts for eliciting target pronunciation should include a visual indication of the meaning of the target word or phrase in addition to the sound, and that the learners should be led through a hierarchy of words. This should start with phonemes of simple (one syllable) words, and adaptively build up to prosody of two syllable words, then increasing the syllables in the target words as the learner improves. A simple representation of prosody was developed and found to be intuitive by students for comparing their pronunciation to that of a native speaker. Students considered that an analysis time of within one second for phonemes and prosody was considered "real time", and requested integration with social media for both enabling competition and celebration of achievement. [For full proceedings, see ED565087.]

With the growing popularity of digital technologies and computer-mediated communication (CMC), various types of interactive communication technology are being increasingly integrated into foreign/second language learning environments. Nevertheless, due to its nature, online communication is susceptible to misunderstandings and miscommunications, which necessitates online learners' awareness of existing netiquette (i.e. network etiquette) rules (Shetzer & Warschauer, 2000). This paper, therefore, reports on a comparative study on the degree to which 75 English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and their 53 native English counterparts were familiar with netiquette rules and perceived them as useful. A netiquette familiarity test consisting of ten questions and a netiquette attitude questionnaire consisting of 30 Likert scale items were developed by the researchers based on Shea (1994), Hambridge (1995), and Gil (2006). It was pilot tested, validated, and administered to the participants. Results indicated that familiarity was low among the EFL learners and that they were not as much convinced of the necessity and usefulness of netiquette rules as the other group. The results suggest that despite the significance of the issue, scant attention is paid to preparing students for a 21st century language learning environment and integrating the ethics of CMC and netiquette into educating digitally literate EFL learners. The findings of this study are relevant to language teacher education, materials development, and interlanguage pragmatics. [For full proceedings, see ED565087.]

This paper discusses the concept of "noticing" (Schmidt, 1990; cf. Smith, 2010) in relation to text-based second language interaction (instant messaging). Data has been collected at an upper secondary school, where students of English as a foreign language interact with the researcher, providing feedback on language and content. In addition to chat logs and screen recordings, data from keystroke logging and eye tracking have also been collected, enabling analysis of both verbalized and non-verbalized signs of noticing (cf. O'Rourke, 2008; Smith, 2010). The focus of this paper is on how signs of noticing can be defined in this context, and preliminary results concerning the relationship between noticing and different types of corrective feedback are presented. [For the complete volume, see ED574893.]

Educators at all levels of education are increasingly required to adopt information technology (IT) and integrate it into their teaching practice. Some researchers have found that this goal is "neither value neutral or universally understood" (Jamieson-Proctor, Burnett, Finger, & Watson, 2006, p. 511). In this paper, I discuss an ongoing study of the perceptions of three groups of language educators relating to the use of IT in their teaching practice and of their own IT literacy collected via responses to a short questionnaire. The three cohorts are distinct: the first is a cross-section of school teachers of diverse languages and experience; the second is a group of school teachers of different languages but who have identified as "leaders" (previously discussed in Absalom, 2011). These two school-based groups are compared with language teachers in higher education. The analysis of questionnaire responses will explore perceptions of information and communication technology (ICT) in relation to factors such as gender, age, teaching context and disciplinary identity. The paper will explore the implications of the study, including those relating to professional learning needs. [For the complete volume, see ED574893.]

As part of an ongoing study on learners' and instructors' attitudes toward the use of computers and mobile devices in second-language (L2) learning situations, our purpose here is to identify how language instructors value the use of computers and mobile devices in their teaching. We compare the responses of a survey administered during the past four years to instructors within two faculties of a private university in Tokyo, Japan, with the responses collected from a similar survey administered in 2014 to instructors solicited through various Computer- Assisted Language Learning (CALL) organizations. The response rate for the in-house survey during the first three years was low; however, in 2015 the response rate was much higher, with responses from both full-time and part-time staff totaling 34. The survey responses from the CALL organizations totaled 121. The respondents' places of employment ranged from Europe to the Asia Pacific Rim. In addition to offering an interpretation of a sampling of the Likert scale items found on the surveys, the authors concentrate on comparing the comments offered by instructors regarding which skills they focus on in the CALL classroom, as well as what applications they encourage their students to use on their mobile devices. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

Two case studies evaluating the effectiveness of a flipped classroom compared to a traditional classroom were performed. The studies were conducted from April 2014 to January 2015 at a private university in Tokyo, targeting 60 first-year and 25 third-year undergraduates, respectively. In the first study, an assessment of pre- and post-treatment Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) scores revealed students exposed to the flipped lessons improved from a mean of 474 (SD 111) to 649 (SD 96), which was greater than that of the control students who improved from 484 (SD 123) to 617 (SD 115). In the second study, students were exposed to flipped lessons for 24 weeks using a variety of materials such as the "Lecture Ready II" digital text with iPad, COOORI e-learning software for learning words and phrases related to the digital text, ATR CALL Brix e-Learning, Newton e-Learning, and TED Talks. An assessment of pre- and post-treatment TOEIC scores and Oral Proficiency Interview by computer-based (OPIc) speaking test results showed students improved from a mean of 577 (SD 132) to 758 (SD 105), an improvement of 24% in just the speaking test. Surveys administered after exposure to the flipped lesson activities indicated students were satisfied with their flipped classroom lessons and motivated by the Blended Learning (BL) environment that incorporated mobile learning. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has gained increasing acceptance since it provides learners with abundant resources. Most researches confirm the beneficial effect of CALL on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' cognitive, metacognitive, and affective developments. However, the diversity of students' intelligence is associated with different language learning needs. The study aimed to compare the effect of CALL on gifted and non-gifted EFL adolescents' English proficiency and their perceptions of CALL. The study included 20 EFL seventh graders with similar English proficiencies. Six were recognized as gifted and fourteen were non-gifted with reference to their IQ score in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Participants received 8-weeks of the VoiceTube online learning programme. A mixed method was employed to analyze the data obtained from General English Proficiency Test (GEPT) scores, learning logs, questionnaires, and interviews. The result revealed the gifted students' English reading and listening proficiency outperformed the non-gifted ones in the post-test. They were motivated and enthusiastic in challenging themselves with "I"+1 online learning material. By contrast, most non-gifted students held passive attitude toward CALL and doubted its effectiveness for their exams. Some felt anxious about the miscellaneous online learning materials. CALL should be an enhancement, not a replacement, in balance with conventional instruction. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]

Language teachers of the future, our current students, live in an increasingly technology-rich world. However, language students do not necessarily see their own digital practices as having relevance for guiding language learning. Research in the fields of CALL and language education more generally indicates that teaching practices change slowly and the integration of technologies into pedagogic practices needs to be developed. This sets challenges for language teacher education: we should be able to educate language teaching professionals who are agile (but responsible) in adapting their pedagogic practices in response to the changes in society. To meet this challenge, we have been developing an approach for university language students to strengthen their expertise in designing theoretically informed CALL pedagogies. However, these attempts have not been fully successful as the development of pedagogic expertise involves a complex rhizome of factors and issues reaching from the participants' early language histories to current practices in the field. In order to shed light on this complexity, three different research approaches are compared for their suitability to explore developing pedagogic expertise, i.e. nexus analysis, conversation analysis and multimodal (inter)action analysis. The analysis focuses on multiple data from the university course, used as a case example. [For full proceedings, see ED564162.]