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This collection contains three papers providing an introduction to the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Core Programs, four contributed papers, and two Plenary Session papers: (1) "The Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging Formats) Program" (Winston D. Roberts); (2) "Le Programme d'acces universel aux publications de l'IFLA (IFLA's Universal Access Program)" (Marie-France Plassard); (3) "IFLA Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications (UDT) Core Programme: IFLA Open Forum 1989" (Leigh Swain); (4) "Searching the Image Data Bank of the Bibliotheque Publique d'Information at the George Pompidou Center via the NUMERIS Network: Economic Aspects" (French and English versions; Luce-Marie Albiges); (5) "Library Funding and Economics: A Framework for Research" (Yale Braunstein); (6) "La Planificacion como incentivo de financiacion de bibliotecas publicas (Planning as an Incentive in Financing Public Libraries)" (Natividad Correas and Magdalena Vincent); (7) "Can we run libraries without books and journals?" (John Davies); (8) "Quelques problemes dans l'implantation de systemes d'information avances dans des pays en voie de developpement (Some Problems Involved in the Installation of Advanced Information Systems in Developing Countries)" (James Robredo, Tania Maria Botelho, and Murilo B. da Cunha); (9) "Priced Business Information Services from the Public Sector: Will They Succeed?" (Sheila A. E. Webber); (10) "Presidential Address: Paris 1989" (German and English versions; Hans-Peter Geh); and (11)"Libraries, Information, Economics" (Jacques Michel). (SD)

Papers on geography and map libraries and a paper on European access to biomedical databases, which were presented at the 1983 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference, include: (1) "History and Current Status of the Globe Museum of the Austrian National Library" by Franz Wawrik (Austria); (2) "Earth Science Products for Tomorrow's Libraries," in which Gary W. North (United States) outlines the history of mapmaking and developments in satellite imagery, digital cartography, earth science computerized image processing, and microfilm, videodisk, and optical disk storage of earth science images and information; (3) "Influence des Nouveaux Types de Documents Cartographiques sur la Politique d'Acquisition d'une Cartotheque Nationale (Acquisition Policy for a National Map Library)," in which Edwige Archier (France--paper in French) describes the acquisition of maps, aerial photographs, and satellite images at the National Library and other French information centers and the need for a national policy to coordinate map acquisition activities; (4) "British Map Collections: Cooperative Planning and Projects," in which Helen Wallis (United Kingdom) describes the activities of the British Committee for Map Information and Catalogue Systems, progress toward developing a United Kingdom (UK) Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) format for maps, the MAPLIB information retrieval system, and other cooperative projects; and (5) "Le Reseau EURONET et l'Acces aux Bases de Donnees Biomedicales (The EURONET Network and Access to Biomedical Databases)," in which H. F. Alfred Cordoliani (France--paper in French) describes the EURONET-DIANE packet switching network and the biomedical databases available via EURONET, PRESTEL (British videotex), TRANSPAC (French videotex) and BILDSCHIRMTEXT (German videotex). (ESR)

Papers on art libraries and information services for the arts, which were presented at the 1983 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference, include: (1) "'I See All': Information Technology and the Universal Availability of Images" by Philip Pacey (United Kingdom); (2) "Online Databases in the Fine Arts" by Michael Rinehart (United States); (3) "State of Automation in Swiss Art Libraries: The General Situation" by Karl Jost (Switzerland); (4) "Computerisation in Swiss Art Libraries: State of the Art" by Jean-Pierre Dubouloz (Switzerland) (English translation by Morag Morton); (5) "Computer Applications to Slide Collections" by A. Zelda Richardson (United States); (6) "ARLIS/ANZ (Art Libraries Society/Australia New Zealand) and Art Libraries in the Antipodes" by Valerie Richards (New Zealand); (7) "The Art and Architecture Thesaurus Project" by Pat Molholt (United States); (8) "Information Technology & Visual Images: Some Trends & Developments" by Patrick Purcell and Henry Okun (United States); (9) "The Development, Management, and Preservation of Art and Architectural Microform Collections" by Paula Chiarmonte (United States); (10) "Online Databases for Architects and Designers" by Valerie J. Bradfield (United Kingdom); (11) "CeCILE: A Bibliographic Database for Design at the Pompidou Centre" by C. Mihailovic (France) (English translation by Ian Sheridan); (12) "Systeme Descriptif des Representations (A System for Describing Representational Art)" by Francois Garnier (France--paper in French); (13) "Universal Accessibility of Art Images and Information Technology" by Sven Sandstrom (Sweden); (14) "Art Libraries in the Federal Republic of Germany" by Thomas Lersch (West Germany); and (15) "Videodiscs and Art Documentation" by Janice Sorkow (United States). (ESR)

Papers on library statistics, which were presented at the 1983 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference, include: (1) "Network Statistics and Library Management," in which Glyn T. Evans (United States) suggests that network statistics can be used to improve internal library decisionmaking, enhance group resource sharing decisions, and provide a common base for national and international information policy decisions; (2) "The Impact of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization) Statistics on Nigerian Library Services," by J. A. Dosunmu (Nigeria); (3) "A U.S. (United States) Perspective on Library Statistics--Domestic and International," in which Robert Wedgeworth (United States) outlines activities intended to coordinate the collection and dissemination of American library statistics and the experience of the American Library Association (ALA) in collecting international library statistics; (4) "The Development of Library Statistics in the Caribbean," a description by Carol Collins (Guyana) of data collection activities and the need for further library statistics, particularly performance measurement data; and (5) "Evolution des Couts des Periodiques dans les Bibliotheques Universitaires Francais durant la Periode 1972-1982 (The Evolution of the Costs of Journals in French University Libraries from 1972 to 1982)," in which Gerard Thirion (France) reports a 5% and a 2% annual increase in foreign and French journal subscription costs respectively, based on a study conducted at the University of Nancy (paper in French). (ESR)

Papers on children's services, which were presented at the 1983 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference, include: (1) "Education and Training of Children's Librarians: An Investigation" by Eva Glistrup (Denmark), which presents preliminary results from a 1982 survey of institutions in 30 countries (30% response rate) showing a general lack of adequate educational programs for children's librarianship; (2) "Annual Report of the Activities of the Section of Children's Libraries" by Genevieve Patte (France), which focuses on children's reading and library projects sponsored by IFLA in developing nations; (3) "Meet the Future with Video," in which A. M. Kylberg (Sweden) describes the widespread use of video recordings in Sweden and trial projects providing educational video programs for children and adults in public libraries; (4) "Informatique et Education avec le Langage LOGO (Information Technology and Education with the Computer Language LOGO)," in which Fatimata Sylla (Senegal) describes a pilot project conducted by the Senegalese Institute of Research in Mathematics and Applied Information Science to assess the psychological, pedagogical, sociological, and epistemological impact of LOGO and microcomputer usage on primary school children aged 8 to 11 years (paper in French); and (5) "Video and Youth Services in the Public Library," in which Emma Cohn (United States) discusses reasons for and methods of providing video services in public libraries and in educational systems, and describes specific examples from the United States and France. (ESR)

Six papers on information technology, the development of information systems for Third World countries, handling of sound recordings, and library automation were presented at the 1984 IFLA conference. They include: (1) "Handling, Storage and Preservation of Sound Recordings under Tropical and Subtropical Climatic Conditions" (Dietrich Scholler, Austria); (2) "UNIMARC Version of MINISIS ('little' Integrated Set of Information Systems)" (Henriette D. Avram, United States) which describes two phases of the enhancement of the International Development Research Center's MINISIS system by extending it to create and accept records in the IFLA developed UNIMARC format; (3) "The Possibility of a Conflict Between Functional Librarianship and the Needs or Necessity of Advanced Information Technology" (Peter W. Chateh, France); (4) "United We Stand; Divided We Fall: The Benefits to Libraries of International Standardization in Videotex" (Geoff Andrew, United Kingdom); (5) "Minisis/UNIMARC Interface--Its Impact on Libraries" (Charles A. Godfrey, Michael Sherwood, and Garth Graham, Canada); and (6) "L'Informatisation de la Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris: Methode de Conduite du Projet; Participation et Formation du Personnel" (The Automation of the National Library in Paris: Project Management; Personnel Participation and Training) (Christian Lerin and Annick Bernard, France). (THC)

Two of the papers on national bibliography compiled here are printed in the original language as well as English translation: (1) "Le Congres de Paris sur les bibliographies nationales et ses recommendations: dix ans apres, objectifs partiellement atteints" = "The Paris Congress on National Bibliographies and Its Recommendations: Ten Years Later, Objectives Partially Achieved" (Marcelle Beaudiquez); (2) "The Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) Contribution to the Development of National Bibliographies" (Barbara Jover); (3) "Progress, Problems and Prospects in Current National Bibliographies: Implementations of the ICNB [International Congress on National Bibliographies] Recommendations" (Barbara L. Bell); (4) "Die Anwendung von Klassifikationssystemen in Nationalbibliographien" = "The Usage of Classification Systems in National Bibliographies" (Barbara Kelm and Walther Traiser); (5) "The Future of the National Bibliography" (P. R. Lewis); and (6) "Development of the Tanzania National Bibliography since the 1977 Congress on National Bibliographies" (Theophilus E. Mlaki). (MES)

Papers on library buildings and equipment which were presented at the 1986 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "Changes in Library Buildings" (H. Faulkner-Brown, United Kingdom), which defines a desirable library building as being flexible, compact, accessible, extendable, varied, organized, comfortable, constant in environment, secure, and economic, and considers the effects of social and technological change on library buildings; (2) "Construction d'un Centre de Documentation Scientifique et Technique" (The Construction of a Center for Scientific and Technical Documentation) (J. P. Sakoun, France), which discusses the need for such a center in France, the decision of the French government in 1984-85 to establish a center using the Centre Nationale de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS) as a base, the architectural competition to design a building in Nancy for the new center, and the winning design; and (3) "Modern Technology and Traditional Methods of Library Activity," by V. M. Krasil'shchikova of the USSR, which discusses the unity of traditional "book" technology and modern technology in libraries in the Soviet Union. Architectural drawings for the CNRS center are included. (KM)

Twelve conference papers on cultural aspects of second language instruction include: "Towards True Multiculturalism: Ideas for Teachers" (Brian McVeigh); Comparing Cultures Through Critical Thinking: Development and Interpretations of Meaningful Observations" (Laurel D. Kamada); "Authority and Individualism in Japan and the USA" (Alisa Woodring); "Study Trip to France" (Alain Lauffenburger) (in French); "Everything You Need To Know Begins at Kindergarten" (Laura McGregor); "Native Americans and Europeans, Ainu and Waijin: Culturally Relevant EFL Content-Based Social Studies Comparative History Curriculum Design at a Japanese Junior College" (Robert E. Gettings); "Folklore in the ESL Classroom" (Virginia A. Jenkins); "Redefining Our Educational Parameters" (Eton F. Churchill, Jr.); "Commonly Asked Global Issues Questions" (Jessica Newby Kawata, David Peaty, Donna McInnis, Junko Mukainakano); "Geography in the Global Issues Classroom" (Kawata); "Gender Issues in Language Education" (Thomas Hardy, Amy Yamashiro, Cheiron McMahill). Individual papers contain references. (MSE)

The role of learning strategies in independent learning, particularly second language learning, is discussed. It is argued that "learning to learn" is a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for independent learning. It is also not innate, but must be taught. The learner must learn to define his objectives, accomplish them, evaluate progress, and manage learning processes. The objectives may be linguistic knowledge, sociocultural information, or development of specific abilities. "Learning to learn" can occur in a variety of ways: before beginning, after having begun, or parallel with the learning of the language itself; collectively or individually; extensively or intensively. Training in "learning to learn" involves becoming familiar with already internalized understanding, developing metacognitive awareness, and expanding on prior learning. Ten instructional activities designed to develop these skills and cognition in learners are described briefly. (Contains 6 references.) (MSE)

Papers on language research in this volume include the following: "Temporalite en francais de France. Differences dans la conceptualisation du temps et son expression dans un texte narratif oral" ("Differences in the Conceptualization of Time and Its Expression in Oral Narratives") (Natalia Dankova); "La traduction des textes womanist: le cas de 'La couleur poupre' d' Alice Walker" ("The Translation of Womanist Texts: The Case of 'The Color Purple' by Alice Walker") (Chantal Gagnon); "Traduction de la literature francais en Chine: survol historique et reflexions theoriques" ("The Translation of French Literature into Chinese: A Historical Survey and Reflections on the Theories") (Dazhi Wang); "La transmission orale de consignes. La nature de la tache a executer comme facteur d'influence de l'organisation discursive" ("The Oral Transmission of Punctuation. The Nature of the Tasks of Executing Them as a Factor of Influence from Discoursive Organization") (Annie Bergeron); "Parler du tiers absent: simple information ou commerage?" ("To Speak of the Third Person Who Is Absent: Simple Information or Gossip?") (Veronique Perron); "Syllabification unique et chute des consonnes finales en francais de Montreal" ("The Unique Syllabification and Dropping of Final Consonants in Montreal French") (Alain Theriault); "Le systeme vocalique du francais quebecois: imaginaire linguistique des locuteurs" ("The Vowel System of Quebec French: Locators that Are Linguistically Imaginative") (Anne-Marie Beaudoin-Begin); "Apport des outils informatiques a la cineradiologie" ("Contributions of Information Technology to the Radio Cinema") (Johanna-Pascale Roy); "A la recherche des enonces definitoires dans les textes specializes" ("Research on Definitive Enunciations in Specialized Texts") (Marie-Pierre Hetu); "L'esperanto: Du mythe a la realite" ("Esperanto: From Myth to Reality") (Natalia Dankova); "L'evolution de la societe vue a travers les mots et les sens nouveaux du Petit Larousse illustre: 1996-2000" ("The Evolution of the Society in Terms of Words with New Meanings in the Dictionary The Illustrated Petit Larousse: 1996-2000") (Caroline Campeau); and "Les verbes de perception en francais: une analyse des entrees de dictionnaires" ("The Verbs of Perception in French: An Analysis of Dictionary entrees") (Sophie Piron). Each paper contains references. (AA)

Public policy in France concerning the articulation of preschool education and primary education, particularly in the area of writing readiness and writing instruction, is discussed. A 1989 law expected to define, for the first time, the expected competencies at each educational level, was met with disappointment by early elementary school educators because it did not answer adequately their concerns about the role of early elementary education (ecole maternelle), its curriculum, or the criteria to be used in evaluating students leaving that level. In addition, it was not felt to resolve questions about the preparation of teachers. It is proposed that resolution of these problems begin with the assessment of student competencies. Six problematic areas in the assessment of writing competencies are discussed: the culture of writing; conceptualization of written language; the structuring of mental lexicon; reading behavior; production of texts; and metalinguistic aspects. Some of the problems are illustrated with examples of specific classroom assessment techniques. It is suggested that the issues are broader than simple specification of functional language use, and relate to the child's whole conceptualization of language. Further research is suggested. An appendix lists areas on which such research might focus. (MSE)

The conference papers from a colloquium on issues in bilingualism and biculturalism include: "Le bilinguisme et biculturalisme: essai de definition" ("Bilingualism and Biculturalism: Attempt at Definition") (Francois Grosjean); "La variation individuelle dans l'acquisition d'une langue seconde" ("Individual Variation in Second Language Acquisition") (Harriet Jisa); "Un bilinguisme particulier: francais/langue des signes" ("A Specific Bilingualism: French/Sign Language") (Claire Dunant-Sauvin, Jean-Francois Chavaillaz); "Identites linguistiques et contacts des cultures: quelques remarques a propos des statuts symboliques" ("Linguistic Identities and Culture Contact: Some Remarks Concerning Symbolic Rules") (Jean Widmer); "Pratiques bilingues d'adolescents issus de l'immigration en France et en Angleterre" ("Bilingual Practices of Adolescents Born to Immigrants in France and England") (Nassira Merabti, Daniele Moore); "Reflexions cliniques autour des difficultes de realisation articulatoire de trois enfant bilingues" ("Clinical Reflections on Articulatory Problems of Three Bilingual Children") (Jacqueline Girard-Fresard); "Comment un pays monolingue voit-il le bilinguisme?" ("How Does a Bilingual Country See Bilingualism?") Angela Veraguth-Joaquim); "Reconnaitre les atouts linguistiques des enfants bilingues pre-lecteurs" ("Recognizing the Linguistic Capabilities of Pre-Reading Bilingual Children") (Christiane Perregaux); "Surdite: deficience sensorielle innee et mutite linguistique acquise--(re)apprentissages langagiers et construction d'un sujet sourd parlant" ("Deafness: Innate Sensory Deficiency and Acquired Linguistic Mutism--Language (Re)learning and Construction of a Speaking Deaf Subject") (Agnes Millet); "'Mon fils a un probleme a la tete'/'Ma fille a une sale tete, un sale charactere' Qu'est-ce que cela a a voir avec l'ethnopsychiatrie?" ("'My Son Has a Problem in His Head'/'My Daughter Has a Bad Mind, a Bad Character' What Does This Have To Do with Ethnopsychiatry?") (Marie-Pierre Maystre); "Multiculturalisme et langage. Quelques aspects de la prise en charge d'une famille migrante presentant un mutisme electif" ("Multiculturalism and Language. Several Aspects of the Treatment of a Migrant Family Presenting with Elective Mutism") (Francine Rosenbaum, Raymond B. Traube); "Construction du soi et langue maternelle" ("Construction of the Self and Native Language") (Marie-Odile Goubier-Boula); and "Logotherapie de groupe et utilisation du genogramme dans un groupe d'enfants migrants: elements de reflexion a propos d'une pratique" (Group Speech Therapy and Use of the Genogram in a Group of Migrant Children: Reflections on Practice") (Valerie Jequier Thiebaud, Francine Rosenbaum). Individual papers contain references. (MSE)

Based on the hypothesis that cognition and sleep are linked, this study compared the sleep patterns of nine children (ages 6-16) with autism with those of children with mental retardation and no disabilities. The children with autism were observed for two consecutive nights at a laboratory where their sleep patterns were recorded. Results found differences between the sleep patterns of the children with autism and other children. Children with autism exhibited reduced frequency of rapid eye movements, which is an index of organizational capacity. The sleep patterns support the idea that autistic children exhibit major deficits in organizing information. The findings are felt to explain the effectiveness of the TEACCH method proposed by Scopler and others, which presents information to autistic children in a highly organized and structured way. The paper concludes that the psychological differences found between children with autism and with intellectual disabilities suggest that these children should not be mixed together for their education. (CR)

One of a series of Unesco technical information reports, this paper describes the process of setting up an international information network that would disseminate information to developing nations about educational policy and planning. Written in English and French, the paper surveys the general context in which a network has to operate, presents properties important if the network is to have impact and be successful, discusses the problems in setting up such a network, and summarizes recommendations. The paper argues that there is a need to develop a network that would disseminate information about "work in progress." Up to the present time network development has essentially been development of end-result systems such as the publications and findings of projects and programs. To be of maximum usefulness to its members, a network should have certain properties. It should connect individuals rather than institutions; it should send out information not to the whole world but to a select group of interested active persons; and it should be informal and decentralized. A print-based mail-distributed network, e.g. a newsletter, was recommended. The availability of the network services has to be made known, but the initiative has basically to come from those who will receive the expert advice if the service is to be effective. The reception of visitors by the secretariat and the strategic visits by it to the individual members should be an integral part of the network. (Author/RM)

Twenty-one papers from the Division of Special Libraries are included in this collection: "Information Systems Planning as a Tool of Developing Library Work: The Case of Statistics Library" (Heli Myllys); "The Libraries of the French Central Government Departments and the Administrative Library of the City of Paris" (French and English versions; Pierre Casselle); "Legal Databases in France: The Current Market)" (French and English versions; Anny Maximin); "Access to Administrative Information" (French and English versions; Paul de Bourguesdon); "In the Community of the Social Sciences, Who Benefits from the New Information Technologies? (Dans la communaute des sciences socials, qui beneficie des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Informations)" (Jean Meyriat); "Crumbling Walls: The Impact of the Electronic Age on Libraries and Their Clienteles" (Joseph A. Rosenthal); "Increase of User Satisfaction Through Use of Electronic Media in a University Library" (Piedad Dector); "Chinese MARC Database on CD-ROM" (Nancy Ou-lan Chou, et al.); "Archiving and Distributing Aerial Photography and Space Images" (French and English versions; Daniel Plu and Guy Ducher); "The Financing of Spanish Map Libraries)" (English and Spanish versions; Montserrat Galera i Monegal); "PC CARTONET: A Microcomputer Version of the CARTONET Map Library Automation System" (Barbara Morris, et al.); "The Economics of Topographic Mapping of the United States" (Gary Worth); "Alternatives to Public Funding of University Science and Technology Libraries: The North American Experience" (Nancy D. Anderson);"Document Supply by Science and Technology Libraries--Is There a Role for International Organizations?" (Elin Tornudd); "New Approaches to the Management of Medical Libraries in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic" (Jan Peska); "ADONIS: Between Myth and Reality. Trial Document Supply Using CD-ROM Technology" (Ulrich Korwitz); "The Economic Impact of the Document Delivery on Scientific Journals" (Marc Walckiers); "French Art Libraries and the New Technologies of Pictures" (French and English versions; Michel Melot); "Photographic Collections in Japan: Accessibility and New Technology" (French and English versions; Hiroyuki Hatano); "Librarianship, Law, and Communication: The Issue" (French and English versions, Jean Martin); and "Supranational and Constitutional Courts in Europe: Functions and Sources: Germany, Austria, and Switzerland" (Joachim Schwitzke). (SD)

There are 10 papers in this collection from the Division of Education and Research: (1) "The Importance of Basic Training in Marketing for Librarians and Information Professionals" (French and English versions; Rejean Savard); (2) "Information Management Education: Some Interdisciplinary Approaches" (Marianne Broadbent); (3) "Educational Implications of Information Development" (Jesus Lau); (4) "The International Role of the Library of Congress: A Brief History" (John Cole); (5) "The Use of Anglo-French Comparisons by the Promoters of the 1850 Public Libraries Act" (Paul Sturges); (6) "Research on Reading and Books: A Jungle of Confusing Terms" (German and English versions; Konrad Teckentrup); (7) "Sociology of Reading and Use of the Library" (French and English versions; Martine Poulain); (8) "International Seminar on Continuing Professional Education: A Report (German and English versions; Horst Hogh); (9) "Mastering Access: The Birmingham MSc Information Management" (Trevor Haywood and Sandi Kirkham); and (10) "Library and Information Research in Yugoslavia" (Dora Secic and Dubravka Stancin-Rosic). (SD)

There are 15 papers in this collection from the Division of Management and Technology: (1) "Les Activites de formation dans les centres regionaux du Programme PAC" (Training Activities in the Regional Centers of the Preservation and Conservation Program) (Jean-Marie Arnoult); (2) "Professional Education for Preservation: An Overview" (John Feather); (3) "Needs for Standards in Office Automation" (Axel Wiesner); (4) "Message Handling Systems Electronic Data Interchange: An Introduction to Converging for Electronic Messaging" (Leigh Swain); (4) "The Future Capital Funding of Library Buildings" (David C. Weber); (5) "A Flexible Learning Environment: Library Resource Centres for the Twenty-First Century" (Lois Woods); (6) "Statistics and Evaluation in French University Libraries" (French and English versions; Pierre Carbone); (7) "Library Statistics--For What Purpose?" (Morten Laursen Vig); (8) "Update on Videotechnology in Libraries" (French and English versions; Isabelle Giannattasio); (9) "Management and Organisation of Video in Libraries" (Patsy Cullen); (10) "Copyright in Audiovisual Materials" (P. T. McNally); (11) "The Status and Social Prestige of Library and Information Profession: An International Survey" (Ibolya Billedi); (12) "Image of the Librarian/Information Professional: A Special Libraries Association Presidential Task Force" (Frank Spaulding); (13) "Values, Priorities, and Research Allocations in Libraries and Information Centers" (M. E. L. Jacob); (14) "Statistics, Management, and Automation" (Barton M. Clark); and (15) "Librarianship in Support of Scholarship" (Raymond A. Palmer). (SD)

There are 16 papers in this collection from the Division of Bibliographic Control: (1) "Report from the Section on Cataloging" (Tom Delsey); (2) "Section on Bibliography Report" (B. C. Bloomfield); (3) "Report from the Section on Classification and Indexing" (Robert P. Holley); (4) "The Cost of Cataloging" (French and English versions; Genevieve Boisard); (5) "Cost Savings and Service Strategies in the British National Bibliographic Service" (Peter R. Lewis); (6) "Management and Use of Name Authority Files (Personal Names, Corporate Bodies, and Uniform Titles): Evaluation and Prospects" (French and English versions; Marcelle Beaudiquez and Francoise Bourdon); (7) "Authority Control and Muslim Personal Names" (Roderic Vassie); (8) "Experience of the Work on Authority Files in Socialist Countries Libraries (Survey)" (N. P. Igumnova); (9) "Designing Online Catalog Subject Access to Meet User Needs" (Marcia J. Bates); (10) "Subject Access and the Marketplace for Bibliographic Information in France" (French and English versions; Suzanne Jouguelet); (11) "Building on PRECIS: Strategies for Online Subject Access in the British Library" (Joyce Elaine Butcher); (12) "Translating Dewey in Italian" (Daniele Danesi); (13) "An Overview of the International Use of the Dewey Decimal Classification" (Russell Sweeney); (14) "The Use of the DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification) in the Arab World" (Mohammed M. Aman and Shawky Salem); (15) "International Aspects of DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification) 20" (Julianne Beall); and (16) "Dewey Decimal Classification, Edition 20: A Critical Review" (Paule Rolland-Thomas). (SD)

There are 20 papers in this collection from the Division of Collections and Services: "IFLA Division of Collections and Services" (Hope E. A. Clement); "Divisional Open Forum Reports" ("Section of Acquisition and Exchange" by Ulrich Montag; "Section of Government Information and Official Publications" by Bernadine Abbott Hoduski; "Section on Serial Publications" by Mary Sauer Price; "Section on Interlending and Document Delivery" by Rudolph Frankenberger; and "Section on Rare and Precious Books and Documents" by Richard Landon); "Collaborative Interdependence: The Human Dimensions of the Conspectus" (Paul H. Mosher); "Acquisitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Example of the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris" (French and English versions; Paulette Lordereau); "The International Problem of Differential Pricing for Research Literature" (German and English versions; Rolf Griebel); "Depository System of Storage of Library Collections in the USSR" (Z. P. Sorokina and N. Z. Starodubova); "The Danish Repository Library for Public Libraries" (C. H. Henriksen); "The Problem of the Need" (Maurice B. Line); "Bibliographic Control and Interlending Aspects" (G. Gattermann); "Some Realistic Proposals to Overcome the Financial Barriers to International Document Delivery" (Graham P. Cornish); "Charging for Interlibrary Loans: A Proposal of No Interest?" (Etienne Hustache); "Adopting UNIMARC as a National Format: The Portuguese Experience" (Fernanda Maria Campos); "ISDS (International Serials Data System) Exchange Format" (French and English versions; Slawek Rozenfeld); "Serial Records, International Exchange, and the Common Communication Format" (Peter Simmons); "Forschung in einer Zeit der Sparpolitik und des Bibliotekswandels (Research in a Time of Fiscally Conservative Politics and Transformations of the Library)" (Bernhard Fabian); and "Rare Book Collections under Constraint, a Librarian's Point of View" (Mirjam M. Foot). (SD)

Fifteen papers from the Division of Libraries Serving the General Public are included in this collection: "When the Children's Library Meets the Museum" (French and English versions; Annie Pissard); "Value of Library Service for Children Literature in France" (Aline Eisenegger); "The Latin American Literature in France" (Aline Eisenegger); "The Latin America Network of Documentation Centres for Children's Literature as an Information Tool" (Clara Budnik); "On Some Theoretical Foundations of the School Library/Media Center and Their Implications for Education" (French and English versions; Paulette Bernhard); "Pedagogy of Reading in a Rural Area" (French and English versions; A. Valin); "Academic Achievement and the School Library: An International Study" (Setsuko Koga, et al.);"Library and School for Young Children and Handicapped Children: An Original Cooperation" (French and English versions; Myriam Lott Deschamps); "Television and Visiophonie: Therapy and Mass Media" (French and English versions; Jean-Pierre Seguin); "Inmates-Adopt-a-Scholar: A Case Study in New York State Prison Library Programming to Develop Critical Thinking Skills" (Myra Albert); "IFLA's Section for Libraries Serving Disadvantaged Persons: A Presentation" (Gunilla Malgren-Neale); "Access to Information for Visually Impaired Students in the University Environment: The Situation in Germany" (Rainer F. V. Witte); "How Blind People Access Data Stored on CD-ROM in University Libraries" (Anita Richaume); "Tobia Center: Braille Research and Printing Center: A Summary of 12 Years' Experiment" (Monique Truquet); and "Public Libraries Against Illiteracy" (Ernest A. DiMattia, Jr.). (SD)

The 33 papers, all in French, from the 1996 conference on research in linguistics address a wide range of topics in linguistics, including: linguists as an endangered species; categorizing verb specifiers in Yoruba; socio-terminology as a framework for understanding the language of orthodontia; French-to-Arabic borrowings in the 19th and 20th centuries; language attitudes and politics of bilingual Cameroon; spontaneous nasalization; atmospheric verb constructions and the choice of subject; the grammar of the Smurfs; linguistics in literary translation; verbal phonology of Inor; stylistic distortion in translation; Quebec French in the language chronicles of Abbott Narcisse Desgagne; use of trademarks in common language; Quebec regionalisms and the Canadian Bilingual Dictionary; the grammatical and the logical in the study of syntax; no one, nothing, and variation; the distinction between syllabus and curriculum; representation and derivation in morphology; vocabulary out of the closet; lack of definition in expressions of quantity; adaptation and importation of English segments into Quebec French; grammar and interference in germanophone Lorraine; objective and subjective in declension; prosodic markers in Spanish; relative object constructions in child language; the 1908 story "Rectification du vocabulaire" by Henri Roullaud; phonology and lexicology of French loans to Kinyarwanda; a new model of semantics, the "Wheel of Meaning"; automatic recognition of hyponyms; accent in Quebec French; the discourse marker "disons" in Quebec oral French; measuring second language reading comprehension; and the nature of the French participle. (MSE)

This bibliography contains a list of various publications (books, journals, dictionaries, newspapers, magazines) as well as videos, CD-ROMs, Web sites, and the addresses of several French chambers of commerce that would be useful for any English speakers needing to live, do business, or otherwise spend time in France. References are in French or English, and sometimes both. (KFT)

Recent studies on written communication have emphasized the importance of discourse organization and rhetoric for the learning of reading and writing in a foreign language. This paper describes an attempt at a contrastive study of specialized discourse in French and in English. A corpus of medical articles all on the same subject has been analysed at various levels of discourse organization. Visual aspects of the printed page and sequences of discursive and communicative acts are contrasted and it is argued that the differences noted stem largely from a slightly different philosophy of science in the two cultures: whereas the French authors take scientific data as the core of discourse, the English tend to organize it in view of a demonstration. Some consequences for the learning of reading and writing in ESP are suggested. (Author)

This paper, one of a series of Unesco technical information reports, looks at the educational decision makers in developing nations and examines their access to and use of information and research results. Written in English and in French, the paper consists of five parts. Part one discusses problems encountered by educational policy-makers and planners in obtaining and utilizing information relevant to educational development and change. The paper proposes and describes four models that will help educational planners select and analyze information from different sectors of the economy. The second part of the paper looks at mechanisms at the national, regional, and international levels that could facilitate the dialogue between producers of educational development information and decision makers. Some findings indicate that libraries, meetings and conventions, and other formal channels for dissemination of information are not as effective as nonspecialized publications such as newspapers and weekly news magazines. Part three discusses the role of the international community concerning information networking. The final section of the paper examines the possible role of Unesco in identifying and filling existing gaps in the diffusion and utilization of information in educational policy, planning, and management. (Author/RM)

Four position papers are presented that were given during a study-week dealing with questions related to language as communication, the notion of argumentation in second language teaching methodology, and ways of introducing argumentation phenomena into the language class. The papers, representing four different positions, are the following: (1) "Strategies communicatives et expression orale fonctionnelle (Communicative Strategies and Functional Oral Expression)," by Richard Duda and Marie-Jose Gremmo; (2) "Argumentation dans le discours de l'apprenant (Argumentation in Learners' Speech)," by Evelyne Berard-Lavenne and Claudine Girod; (3) "Notes sur le discours argumentatif (Notes on Argumentative Discourse)," by Michel Charolles; and (4) "La mise en scene des concepts-cles dans un discours argumente: sequences periodiques et pochoirs actantiels (The Staging of Key Concepts in Argumentative Discourse: Periodic Sequences and Acting-Relational Models)," by Jean-Luc Descamps. Examples of situational communication activities are attached to each presentation. (AMH)

This paper notes the progress made in many countries towards the use of two or three languages in children's education. It is recommended that bilingual education focus on more than linguistic activities and include the study of the history and culture of all languages involved. This combination of bilingual and bicultural education aids in developing and maintaining the children's self-esteem and their pride in their native and target cultures. A worldwide movement in favor of bilingual and bicultural education is discussed as a result of many countries adopting several cultures. This trend is understandable when noting the necessary overlap of language, culture, and ethnicity. Problems faced in a number of countries dealing with bilingual or multilingual education and programs initiated to address these problems are reviewed. (JK)

This study investigated the degree to which Portuguese students (n=100) educated in France switched or mixed languages in a written essay. Subjects were told to express themselves liberally in either or both languages. A linguistic history was also taken for each student. The measures were administered in a French-language school, and instructions were given in French. Both qualitative and quantitative code-switching analyses were performed on the texts. Most students, 71.4%, used exclusively French, and 6.1% used exclusively Portuguese. About 9% used mostly French and about 10% used mostly Portuguese. Just over 3% alternated languages without apparent dominance of either. Alternation of languages was categorized as either lexical or syntactic. Language mixing was much more frequent in Portuguese than in French. Six types of mixing were distinguished, and the relative occurrences of the types in the two languages were assessed. Implications for instruction in a second language are examined. (MSE)

Papers on language difficulties encountered by migrant workers' children include: "Anomie in Bicultural Education" (Hugo Baetens Beardsmore); "An Investigation into Bilingual Education for Children from Favoured Socio-Economic Backgrounds" (Hugo Baetens Beardsmore); "Orientations of Foreign Children Relating to Placement in Special Classes" (in French) (Jean Clevy); "Contribution to Reflection on the 'Training' of Teachers with Foreign Children" (in French) (Jean Clevy); "Bilingual Education for the Children of Migrant Workers: The Adaptation of General Models to a New Specific Challenge" (Joshua A. Fishman); "Prospects for Family Training" (in French) (Jean-Pierre Lagarde); "Contribution to the Understanding of Scholastic Problems of Migrant Workers' Children" (in French) (Xavier Piolle); "An Experiment in Multicultural Education in a Portuguese Migrant Situation" (in French) (Iraci Poleti); "Critical Description of an Experiment on the Teaching of the Native Language to Migrant Children" (in French) (Bernard Py); "Placement of Migrant Children in the Genevan Community and Schools" (in French) (Micheline Rey-Von Allmen); "Migrant Languages: Linguistic Change in Progress" (Mario Saltarelli, Susan Gonzo); "Implications of Recent Sociolinguistic Research for the Problems of Migrant Worker Children" (Roger W. Shuy); "Helping Migrant Children to Communicate: Some Implications of the Council of Europe Work in Language Systems Construction" (J. L. M. Trim); and "Linguistic Problems of Immigration and Proposal for Language Instruction Appropriate to the Level of Children" (in Italian) (Teresa Di Fonzo, Patrick Van Molle). (MSE)

This proceedings of the annual conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME) includes the following research papers: "A Model of Understanding Two-Digit Numeration and Computation" (H. Murray & A. Olivier); "The Computer Produces a Special Graphic Situation of Learning the Change of Coordinate System" (S. Nadot); "Epistemological Analysis of Early Multiplication" (N. Nantais & N. Herscovics); "Are the Van Hiele Levels Applicable to Transformation Geometry?" (L. Nasser); "Intuitive and Formal Learning of Ratio Concepts" (P. Nesher & M. Sukenik); "Early Conceptions of Subtraction" (D. Neuman); "Computational, Estimation Performance and Strategies Used by Select Fifth and Eighth Grade Japanese Students" (N. Nohda, J. Ishida, K. Shimizu, S. Yoshikawa, R.E. Reys, & B.J. Reys); "Associations Among High School Students' Interactions with Logo and Mathematical Thinking" (J. Olive); "Graphic Constructions with Computer to Learn 3D Reference Systems" (I. Osta); "Applied Problem Solving in Intuitive Geometry" (J.P. Pace); "L'incidence de l'Environment sur la Perception et la Representation d'Objets Geometriques" (R. Pallascio, L. Talbot, R. Allaire, & P. Mongeau); "Angles et Pixels - Quelle Synergie a 9 Ans?" (C. Parmentier); "Interaction by Open Discussion and 'Scientific Debate' in a Class of 12-Years Old Pupils" (T. Patronis); "Formal and Informal Sources of Mental Models for Negative Numbers" (I. Peled, S. Mukhopadhyay, & L.B. Resnick); "Inverse Procedures: The Influence of a Didactic Proposal on Pupils' Strategies" (A. Pesci);"Through the Recursive Eye: Mathematical Understanding as a Dynamic Phenomenon" (S. Pirie & T. Kieren); "Cognitive Aspects of the Learning of Mathematics in a Multicultural School" (N. Presmeg & A. Frank); "Qualitative and Quantitative Predictions as Determinants of System Control" (M. Reiss); "Transfer between Function Representations: A Computational Model" (B. Schwarz & T. Dreyfus); "Transition from Operational to Structural Conception: The Notion of Function Revisited" (A. Sfard); "Supercalculators and Research on Learning" (R. Shumway); "How and When Attitudes Towards Mathematics and Infinity Become Constituted into Obstacles in Students?" (A. Sierpinska & M. Viwegier); "Learning Y-Intercept: Assembling the Pieces of an 'Atomic' Concept" (J. Smith, A. Arcavi, & A.H. Schoenfeld);"Computers, Video, Both or Neither: Which is Better for Teaching Geometry?" (N. Snir, Z. Mevarech, & N. Movshovitz-Hadar); "Vocational Mathematics Teachers' Cognition of Mathematical and Vocational Knowledge" (R. Strasser & R. Bromme); "Training Elementary Teachers in Problem Solving Strategies: Impact on Their Students' Performance" (J.K. Stonewater); "Developing Algebraic Understanding: The Potential of a Computer Based Environment" (R. Sutherland); "Verbal Evidence for Versatile Understanding of Variables in a Computer Environment" (M. Thomas & D. Tall); "Conceptual Adjustments in Progressing From Real to Complex Numbers" (D. Tirosh & N. Almog); "Does the Semantic Structure of Word Problems Affect Second Graders' Eye-Movements?" (L. Vershaffel, E. de Corte, & A. Pauwels); "The Lesson - A Preconceptional Stage" (S. Vinner); "An Analysis of the Emotional Acts of Young Children While Learning Mathematics" (E. Yackel, P. Cobb, & T. Wood); "The Use of Graphs as Visual Interactive Feedback While Carrying Out Algebraic Transformations" (M. Yerushalmy); "Images of Geometrical Transformations: From Euclid to the Turtle and Back" (R. Zazkis & U. Leron); and "A Knowledge-Base of Student Reasoning about Characteristics of Functions" (N. Zehavi & B. Schwarz). Includes a listing of author addresses. (MKR)

This proceedings of the annual conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME) includes the following research papers: "Logo et Symetrie Centrale" (E. Gallou-Dumiel); "About Continuous Operator Subconstruct in Rational Numbers" (J. Gimenez); "Constructivist Epistemology and Discovery Learning in Mathematics" (G.A. Goldin); "Comparative Analysis of Two Arithmetic Situations" (M.G. Grossi); "Understanding and Discussing Linear Functions in Situations: A Developmental Study" (J.L. Gurtner); "Low Mathematics Achievers' Test Anxiety" (R. Hadass); "Proofs That Prove and Proofs That Explain" (G. Hanna); "Fishbein's Theory: A Further Consideration" (G. Harel, M. Behr, T. Post, & R. Lesh); "They're Useful: Children's View of Concrete Materials" (K. Hart & A. Sinkinson); "Children's Individuality in Solving Fraction Problems" (K. Hasemann); "Aspects of Declarative Knowledge on Control Structures" (K. Haussmann & M. Reiss); "A Conceptual Analysis of the Notion of Length and Its Measure" (B. Heraud); "The Kindergartners' Understanding of Cardinal Number: An International Study" (N. Herscovics & J.C. Bergeron); "Learning about Isosceles Triangles" (J. Hillel); "Construction of Functions, Contradiction and Proof" (F. Hitt); "A Logo-Based Microworld for Ratio and Proportion" (C. Hoyles, R. Noss, & R. Sutherland); "The Facilitating Role of Table Forms in Solving Algebra Speed Problems: Real or Imaginary?" (R. Hoz & G. Harel); "The Learning of Plane Isometries from the Viewpoint of the Van Hiele Model" (A. Jaime & A. Gutierrez);"Representation and Contextualization" (C. Janvier); "To Inculcate versus to Elicit Knowledge" (B. Jaworski); "Van Hiele Levels and the Solo Taxonomy" (M. Jurdak); "A Perspective on Algebraic Thinking" (C. Kieran); "A Structural Conceptual Model for Investigating Some Cognitive Aspects of Problem-Solving" (N. Krumholtz); "The Effect of Setting and Numerical Content on the Difficulty of Ratio Tasks" (D. Kuchemann); "Satisfaction and Regret about the Choice of Math" (H. Kuyper & W. Otten); "Intrinsic versus Euclidean Geometry: Is the Distinction Important to Children Learning with the Turtle?" (C. Kynigos); "Mathophobia: A Classroom Intervention at the College Level" (R. Lacasse & L. Gattuso); "Le Micro-Ordinateur, outil de Revelation et d'Analyse de Procedures dans de Courtes Demonstrations de Geometrie" (A. Larher & R. Gras); "Gender Differences in Mathematics Learning Revisited" (G.C. Leder); "La Resolution de Problemes dans l'Enseignement des Mathematiques: Compte Rendu d'une Experience aupres d'Enseignants du Primaire" (G. Lemoyne & F. Conne); "Strategies Used by 'Adders' in Proportional Reasoning" (F.L. Lin); "Canonical Representations of Fractions as Cognitive Obstacles in Elementary Teachers" (L. Linchevsky & S. Vinner); "Using Concept Maps to Explore Students' Understanding in Geometry" (H. Mansfield & J. Happs); "Mental Images: Some Problems Related to the Development of Solids" (M.A. Mariotti); "The Role of the Figure in Students' Concepts of Geometric Proof" (W.G. Martin & G. Harel); "The Inner Teacher, The Didactic Tension, and Shifts of Attention" (J.H. Mason & P.J. Davis); "Lecture et Construction de Diagrammes en Batons dans le Premier Cycle de l'Enseignement Secondaire Francais" (S. Maury, M. Janvier, & J. Baille); "Cooperative Group Learning of Geometric Proof Construction: A Classroom Assessment" (L. MacRae & B. Harrison); "Comparing Experts' and Novices' Affective Reactions to Mathematical Problem Solving: An Exploratory Study" (D. McLeod, W. Metzger, & C. Craviotto); and "The Development of Children's Concepts of Angle" (M.C. Mitchelmore). (MKR)