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Using R to conduct univariate meta-analyses is becoming common for publication. However, R can also conduct multivariate meta-analysis (MMA). However, newcomers to both R and MMA may find using R to conduct MMA daunting. Given that, R may not be easy for those unfamiliar with coding. Likewise, MMA is a topic of advanced statistics. Thus, it may be very challenging for most newcomers to conduct MMA using R. If this holds, this can be viewed as a practice gap. In other words, the practice gap is that researchers are not capable of using R to conduct MMA in practice. This is problematic. This paper alleviates this practice gap by illustrating how to use R (the metaSEM package) to conduct MMA on educational psychology data. Here, the metaSEM package is used to obtain the required MMA text outputs. However, the metaSEM package is not capable of producing the other required graphical outputs. As a result, the metafor package is also used as a complimentary to generate the required graphical outputs. Ultimately, we hope that our audience will be able to apply what they learn from this method paper to conduct MMA using R in their teaching, research, and publication.

The nurturing of learners' ways of knowing is vital for supporting their intellectual growth and their participation in democratic knowledge societies. This paper traces the development of two interrelated theoretical frameworks that describe the nature of learners' epistemic thinking and performance and how education can support epistemic growth: the AIR and Apt-AIR frameworks. After briefly reviewing these frameworks, we discuss seven reflections on educational theory development that stem from our experiences working on the frameworks. First, we describe how our frameworks were motivated by the goal of addressing meaningful educational challenges. Subsequently, we explain why and how we infused philosophical insights into our frameworks, and we also discuss the steps we took to increase the coherence of the frameworks with ideas from other educational psychology theories. Next, we reflect on the important role of the design of instruction and learning environments in testing and elaborating the frameworks. Equally important, we describe how our frameworks have been supported by empirical evidence and have provided an organizing structure for understanding epistemic performance exhibited in studies across diverse contexts. Finally, we discuss how the development of the frameworks has been spurred by dialogue within the research community and by the need to address emerging and pressing real-world challenges. To conclude, we highlight several important directions for future research. A common thread running through our work is the commitment to creating robust and dynamic theoretical frameworks that support the growth of learners' epistemic performance in diverse educational contexts.

Dimensional comparison theory (DCT; Möller & Marsh 2013:Psychological Review, 120(3), 544-560), first formulated 10 years ago, describes individuals' internal comparison processes applied between different areas of their lives. Dimensional comparisons explain the seemingly counterintuitive phenomenon that students' verbal and mathematical self-concepts are almost uncorrelated, even though mathematical and verbal performances correlate highly positively: When students compare their performance in verbal and mathematical domains, dimensional comparisons lead to a contrast effect: students overestimate their ability in the intra-individually better domain and underestimate their ability in their intra-individually weaker domain, leading to near-zero correlations between the respective self-concepts. This paper describes diverse extensions of the classic DCT into a variety of predictors (especially various school subjects, beyond math and native language) and criteria (especially task value components, in addition to subject-specific self-concepts) and extensions of the applicability of the DCT as an educational psychological theory to contexts such as clinical and health psychology. Recent findings on the psychological processes that trigger, accompany, and follow dimensional comparisons are summarized, before an overview of different methods to capture dimensional comparisons is given, and further research directions are discussed.

Several philosophers and psychologists of education have taken the position that wellbeing should be at theheart of our educational system, if not its primary goal. The aim of this paper is to outline, question, andchallenge this position. It starts by discussing the main approaches that consider student wellbeing as theprimary goal of the educational system -- the propositions of positive psychology and those of certain educationalphilosophers and psychologists. It follows with an examination of some major social critiques of the idea ofwellbeing as a goal of schooling. Drawing mainly on Foucault, the paper questions the extent to which theaim of wellbeing contributes to normalization and hinders the possibility of self-government. The paperconcludes that wellbeing should not be conceived as a goal, but rather as an ongoing preoccupation of care forthe self.

The emphasis of this paper is on the importance of teaching teacher preparation courses, specifically educational psychology, through a study abroad trip to Finland. This experience allowed American preservice teachers to see theories applied in an international setting while also allowing preservice teachers to compare the United States education system to the Finnish educational system. The current study includes sixteen female, preservice teachers' perceptions of the trip. Development of the activities abroad occurred with a Finnish university and included multiple school visits, panel discussions, and guest lectures. These experiences allowed for full immersion in the Finnish education system. The data include observations, student papers, and student survey responses, which present changes in students' views of education, views of the Finnish education system, and the application of theories in a real-world setting. This experience not only provided preservice teachers with an opportunity to see one of the best educational systems in the world but also pushed the preservice teachers to rethink how teaching and learning can look in a classroom.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are crucial for advancing research, yet they are time-consuming and resource-demanding. Although machine learning and natural language processing algorithms may reduce this time and these resources, their performance has not been tested in education and educational psychology, and there is a lack of clear information on when researchers should stop the reviewing process. In this study, we conducted a retrospective screening simulation using 27 systematic reviews in education and educational psychology. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and estimated time savings of several learning algorithms and heuristic stopping criteria. The results showed, on average, a 58% (SD = 19%) reduction in the screening workload of irrelevant records when using learning algorithms for abstract screening and an estimated time savings of 1.66 days (SD = 1.80). The learning algorithm random forests with sentence bidirectional encoder representations from transformers outperformed other algorithms. This finding emphasizes the importance of incorporating semantic and contextual information during feature extraction and modeling in the screening process. Furthermore, we found that 95% of all relevant abstracts within a given dataset can be retrieved using heuristic stopping rules. Specifically, an approach that stops the screening process after classifying 20% of records and consecutively classifying 5% of irrelevant papers yielded the most significant gains in terms of specificity (M = 42%, SD = 28%). However, the performance of the heuristic stopping criteria depended on the learning algorithm used and the length and proportion of relevant papers in an abstract collection. Our study provides empirical evidence on the performance of machine learning screening algorithms for abstract screening in systematic reviews in education and educational psychology.

Path analysis is used to provide estimates of the magnitude and significance of hypothesized causal connections among sets of variables displayed using path diagrams. It is an extension of multiple regression analysis and holds strength as a methodology as it allows researchers to assess both direct and indirect effects of multiple independent variables on one or more dependent variables. In this paper, path analysis is used to examine the predictive relations of preservice teachers' perception of key problem-based learning (PBL) processes and their learning strategies before and after their PBL experience. The sample involved in this study comprised of 1041 preservice teachers in the core Educational Psychology course using the PBL approach at a Teacher Education Institute in Singapore. The participants consisted of 333 males, 662 females, and 46 preservice teachers who did not indicate their gender. The mean age was 25.6 (SD = 5.41). The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) by Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, and McKeachie (1993) was used to measure preservice teachers' learning strategies. It consisted of five subscales, namely rehearsal, elaboration, organization, critical thinking and metacognitive self-regulation. The Problem-based Learning Process Inventory (PBLPI) by Chua et al. (2016) was used to measure the key PBL processes, namely problem-posing, scaffolding, and connecting. Findings from the study suggested that in the PBL environment, (a) preservice teachers' pre-PBL metacognitive self-regulation played a pivotal role in determining preservice teachers' perceived importance of the key processes in enhancing their PBL experience; (b) the key PBL scaffolding and connecting processes were salient predictors of preservice teachers' subsequent post-PBL learning strategies; and (c) the key PBL processes played a mediating role in relating preservice teachers' pre-PBL learning strategies to their corresponding post-PBL factors. Implications for using path analysis for problem-based learning research will be discussed.

In this theoretical paper, I review the history of research in educational psychology that inspired Shulman's notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and I critically examine interpretations of PCK reflected in prominent theoretical frameworks for mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT). I propose a theory of PCK--grounded in radical constructivism and Piaget's genetic epistemology--that addresses limitations of these prominent frameworks. I conclude with a description of what makes PCK in the proposed theory "pedagogical" and describe a research agenda that reconnects MKT scholarship to its Deweyan philosophical foundations.

Educational psychologists face challenging decisions around ethical dilemmas to uphold the rights of all children. Due to finite government resources for supporting all learners, one of the roles of educational psychologists is to apply for this funding on behalf of schools and children. Tensions can emerge when unintended ethical dilemmas arise through decisions that compromise their professional judgement. This paper presents the findings from an exploratory study around educational psychologists' understandings and concerns around ethical dilemmas they faced within New Zealand over the past 5 years. The study set out to explore how educational psychologists manage the ethical conflicts and inner contradictions within their work. The findings suggest that such pressures could influence evidence-based practice in subtle ways when in the course of decision making, practitioners experienced some form of ethical drift. There is seldom one correct solution across similar situations. Although these practitioners experienced discomfort in their actions they rationalised their decisions based on external forces such as organisational demands or funding formulas. This illustrates the relational, contextual, organisational and personal influences on how and when 'ethical drift' occurs.

This paper locates the educational psychologist's (EP) involvement in addressing social justice in practice. It uses some philosophical ideas from Jacques Rancière, particularly the idea of the distribution of the sensible and dissensus, to help us question how systems that are aimed at contributing to a socially just society can limit social justice itself. Whilst the argument of this paper is applicable to educational psychologists internationally, this paper is situated within a Scottish context. It uses a vignette to draw out a philosophical reading of the EP's involvement in the narrative. This paper gives some examples of how structures that are aimed at supporting social justice often position the EPs within these systems so that thinking, being and doing are shaped according to the structures that they inhabit. The establishment of such structures and discourses have limited the meaning and implementation of social justice. This means that the identity of both those requiring the involvement of the EP, as well as the EP and other professionals is determined in terms of their 'proper place' and their activity is determined in terms of its 'proper function'. The paper argues that EPs can interrupt the procedural flow and provide a dissenting voice which can ultimately lead to social justice in ways that the normal flow of procedure does not.

The author comments on Noel Entwistle's paper "Contributions of Educational Psychology to Understanding Student Learning: What Has Been Discovered -- What More Could Be Done?" He begins the article by expressing his delight because he feels Entwistle's work has been a beacon in the understanding of student learning and his contributions have helped the author's own teaching in universities incalculably. He observes that the paper for this Open Dialogue in "The Psychology of Education Review," seems to fall into two parts. The first offers a commentary on methods of inquiry used by psychologists and researchers, and the second gives a 'view from the bridge', succinctly summarising the research in the field of student learning over the years. The author confines his remarks to the first part of the paper on Entwistle's observations about different kinds of theory and the forms of inquiry conducted by psychologists in this area and elsewhere. [For "Contributions of Educational Psychology to Understanding Student Learning: What Has Been Discovered -- What More Could Be Done?" see EJ1247419.]

Aim: In this paper I start with the premise that democratic education (as a service to the future) is under threat. For educational psychologists to consider where they might stand in relation to their professional future, therefore, I set out to provide indications of psychological factors implicated in answering the question 'Can education in a troubled world help us become human and more inclusive?' Context: In the current socio-economic and political climate and the increasing commercialisation of schools, educationalists can find it hard to sustain a positive role and purpose. As teachers' identities and sense of efficacy are eroded, the recruitment of teachers is becoming increasingly problematic and attrition rates are rising. Simultaneously the rate of exclusion of young people from mainstream education is not decreasing and several subgroups are over-represented amongst those excluded. I argue that this has major implications for educational psychologists. Method: To provide a basis for a reformulation of psychologists' work I examine the philosophical and psychological basis of the professional identity of teachers and the effects of misunderstanding and mistreating teachers' beliefs in themselves. This requires consideration of inter- and intra-personal dialogues and, particularly for psychologists in their work with teachers, the nature of relationships with others. Findings: I argue that only by reaffirming teachers' sense of creativity, autonomy and agency can education cease to be a mechanistic exercise in social engineering with no fixed goals and rediscover the simpler and more profound purpose of helping people to be human. I conclude that there are ways that educational psychologists might seek to change in order to challenge the dehumanisation of education.

Aims: This position paper illustrates how Educational Psychological Services (EPSs) have been instrumental through ever more systemic and universal ways of working to identify links between the needs within Scottish schools and targeted and universal nurturing approaches. Method: This paper will initially demonstrate the appropriateness of a nurturing approach within a Scottish context, as a response to issues related both to mental health and to poverty. It will then continue by exploring how at both local and national levels, nurture-based practices have been embedded into policies and practice due to the influence of EPSs. It will demonstrate this through reference to the national context and the local authority (LA) level, using North Ayrshire Council (NAC) as an exemplar of how this can be achieved. Findings: This paper will state that, while national and local policy have influenced the focus of EPSs' priorities, so too has EPSs' knowledge of psychology influenced national and local policy regarding nurturing approaches. Limitations: This position paper is drawn from the Scottish education system and may not be fully representative of other contexts. Conclusion: There is an ongoing cycle of mutual influence, enabling the continual development of good practice within schools. This can offer a template of systemic working for the future development of the profession of the educational or 'school psychologist' on a wider scale.

In the article "It's Just an Observation," Robinson and Wainer (Educational Psychology Review 35, Robinson, D., & Wainer, H. (2023). It's just an observation. Educational Psychology Review, 35(83), Published online: 14 August, 2023) lamented that educational psychology is moving toward the dark side of the quality continuum, with fewer intervention studies and randomized controlled trials and a tendency to make causal inferences based on more armchair research using observational data. This paper discussed the challenges of making causal inferences, even with intervention studies and randomized controlled trials. We argued the usefulness of causal assumptions and modeling based on observational data regarding causal discovery while acknowledging their limitations. More importantly, the research rigor can be achieved in experimental or intervention studies as well as in studies using observational data. Showing favoritism could also taint our field by limiting our perspectives, stifling creativity, and diminishing scholarly variety. We should not allow the undue overinterpretation of correlational evidence to undermine the entire field of observational studies.

This paper examines the importance of educational psychology influence on UK Government education policy and school practice between the 1930s and the present time. It focuses on: the lead up to the 1944 Education Act; the 1967 Plowden Report on primary education; the 1973 Bullock Report on literacy; the 1978 Warnock Report on special education; the 1989 Elton Report on behaviour in schools; Every Child Matters, 2003; and on the 2007 Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL). The paper considers the extent that research by educational psychologists may have influenced both the decisions of Governments but also school practice. It concludes that, despite the small size of the profession, EPs' influence has been considerable.

This paper explores whether children and young people (CYP) with additional learning needs (ALN) are at a systemic disadvantage regarding Welsh language opportunities. Justification pertaining to why this should be on the radar of educational psychologists (EPs) in Wales is provided. Congruent with critical realism, quantitative and qualitative research is reviewed, examining micro, eco and macrosystems. A systemic lens illuminates the context and process factors that CYP with ALN and their families may encounter regarding Welsh language opportunities. This paper is informed by the bioecological Person Process Context Time (PPCT) model, and the Constructionist Model of Informed and Reasoned Action (COMOIRA). Limitations demarcating interpretation of identified issues are highlighted, without negating their significance. Implications for EPs are offered, contemplating their role in facilitating inclusion through supporting the development of greater cohesion between Welsh Government (WG) legislation (macrosystem), and the systemic realities of CYP with ALN in Wales.

Educational psychology usually focuses on explaining phenomena. As a result, researchers seldom explore how well their models predict the outcomes they care about using best-practice approaches to predictive statistics. In this paper, we focus less on explanation and more on prediction, showing how both are important for advancing the field. We apply predictive models to the role of teachers on student engagement, i.e. the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours, that translate motivation into progress. We integrate the suggestions from four prominent motivational theories (self-determination theory, achievement goal theory, growth mindset theory, and transformational leadership theory), and aim to identify those most critical behaviours for predicting changes in students' engagement in physical education. Students (N = 1324 all from year 7, 52% girls) from 17 low socio-economic status schools rated their teacher's demonstration of 71 behaviours in the middle of the school year. We also assessed students' engagement at the beginning and end of the year. We trained elastic-net regression models on 70% of the data and then assessed their predictive validity on the held-out data (30%). The models showed that teacher behaviours predicted 4.39% of the variance in students' change in engagement. Some behaviours that were most consistently associated with a positive change in engagement were being good role models ([beta] = 0.046), taking interest in students' lives outside of class ([beta] = 0.033), and allowing students to make choices ([beta] = 0.029). The influential behaviours did not neatly fit within any single motivational theory. These findings support arguments for integrating different theoretical approaches, and suggest practitioners may want to consider multiple theories when designing interventions. More generally, we argue that researchers in educational psychology should more frequently test how well their models not just explain, but "predict" the outcomes they care about.

Critical thinking is widely recognized as a necessary skill for growth and intellectual development due to a variety of factors, including globalization, the revolution of information technology, modernity, and connectivity. EFL teachers can lay the groundwork for their students to attain critical thinking through various methods, models, and strategies. The present investigation suggests that the teacher could promote EFL learners' critical thinking through guided discovery model of instruction. Henceforth, the current paper endeavors to enlighten the adequacy of applying guided discovery for developing learners' critical thinking skills. It is an experimental research that investigates: how may guided discovery contribute to the development of EFL learners' critical thinking? It attempts to examine the utility of discovery learning in teaching students how to process and think critically about the education they receive where information has become readily available and accessible. To this aim, 40 EFL Master students who took educational psychology courses were nominated from the university center of Naama, Algeria. The researcher selected Peter Honey Critical Thinking test and focus group discussions to attain data on students' critical thinking skills. The test results demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the control group. The students become more autonomous, reflect on their learning experiences, and identify the most useful strategies. Furthermore, the analysis of focus group interviews revealed that the experimental group participants hold positive attitudes toward discovery learning. They perceive it as a precious method that can enhance their awareness about the value of thinking critically.

In this paper, we discuss the historical relationship between empathy and reasoning from a historical and philosophical (continental and Western philosophy) point of view. We explain how empathy has lost its original aesthetic connotations through its journey from one language and culture to another. Nowadays, we often find a quite reduced understanding of empathy in psychology or education. Following this historical overview and opening up the notion of empathy to its aesthetic origins, we then apply a phenomenological lens and argue that reasoning and perspective-taking are interrelated with empathy, if we understand the importance of human embodiment: We argue that any reasonable argument relies on the fact that we indwell the world through a similar body. It is within this nexus of similarity and difference of embodiment and perceptions that our experiences can interlace. With this argument, we are hoping to address the distrust towards empathy as well as break open simplified conceptualizations of empathy in education towards a more complex understanding of this phenomenon.

Emotions and motivation are important for learning and achievement in mathematics. In this paper, we present an overview of research on students' emotions and motivation in mathematics. First, we briefly review how early research has developed into the current state-of-the-art and outline the following key characteristics of emotions and motivation: objects, valence, temporal stability (vs. variability), and situational specificity (vs. generality). Second, we summarize major theories in the field (the control-value theory of achievement emotions, expectancy-value theory of achievement-related motivation, self-determination theory of human motivation, and social-cognitive theory of self-efficacy). Third, we present an overview of instructional characteristics that have been shown to foster emotions and motivation. Fourth, we provide an overview of the contributions to the special issue on "Emotions and Motivation in Mathematics Education and Educational Psychology." Finally, we suggest directions for future research in the field with respect to advancing theory, improving measurement, and considering diversity and inclusion.

Although the educational and psychological hazards of boredom are well documented, an increasing number of researchers have argued that boredom may be a helpful, rather than harmful, emotion for the growing individual. In this paper, we engage with this re-conception of boredom and explore its implications for contemporary education: Can boredom enhance student learning, or support certain forms of it? Can it be put to use in the classroom? What are the risks involved? In addressing these questions, we show that boredom can fulfil several important psychological functions under certain special conditions. At the same time, we argue that careful attention to the moral psychology of boredom reveals that it has significant disadvantages for helping students to develop a meaningful and fulfilling relationship to subject matter in the classroom. Against the backdrop of this analysis, we discuss the concept and experience of aspiration as a potential way of tempering and eventually obviating the psychological pitfalls of boredom. In the final section, we draw out several principles of an aspirational approach to grappling with boredom in education.

The Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) literature has seen rapid growth in recent years. Expanding on its use with families, educational psychologists (EPs) are one of many professions that have trained in VIG. A relationship-based intervention which focuses on strengths and communication, VIG in schools seems appropriate, although the research-base is developing. This scoping review explores how VIG has been applied in education settings. By employing a systematic search of key databases and grey literature, 14 papers met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed that VIG has been applied in education settings with various clients and with a focus on staff development, pupils' skills, and relationships. VIG can be used alongside another intervention or assessment, although the VIG related outcomes can be challenging to measure. EPs are well placed to support schools to invest in evidence-based interventions; therefore, implications for practice and recommendations for further research are suggested.

This paper examines the theoretical foundations of educational psychology from a meta-theoretical critical realist perspective focusing on ethics and values. This examination is considered in light of the increasingly complex educational contexts that require the support of educational psychologists (EPs). It reviews ethics frameworks that have informed ethical practice to date, and reframes this practice within critical realism. This paper presents Fulford's Values Based Practice to strengthen theory and practice to support EPs to resolve ethical issues that can arise. Values Based Practice is presented as a laminated system within critical realism to inform this practice. As a framework, it allows for interdisciplinary practice and the integration of ethical practice, values and the centrality of the child or young person in shared decision making facilitated by an EP in collaboration with other professionals. An overview that demonstrates the applicability of this framework to the applied work of EPs is also presented.

Behaviour supports in schools and educational psychology practices have been largely influenced by the view of human behaviour as individual action. Individual action-focused practices are associated with identifying, labelling and separating individual young people. This paper argues for a relational process-oriented understanding of human behaviour that can lead to more dynamic practices that are responsive to complexity and diversity. This paper explores how a relational lens in practice could shift the conversation from severe behaviour challenges to behaviour as a relational process and generate more collaborative, inclusive and culturally responsive school practices. A growing interest in relationally oriented practices is evident in the increasing use of culturally responsive, restorative, narrative, and solution-focused practices in schools. What seems to be missing is a conceptual shift that would allow relational orientation in current practices to be better recognised and strategically developed.

Coaches are influential in creating positive and achievement-oriented sport environments and the development of a sound philosophy is the key to successful coaching (Martens, 2004). Yet, few coaches spend significant time early in their careers developing and modifying their philosophical beliefs (Wilcox & Trudel, 1998). While coaching educators have consistently recognized the importance of a well-honed coaching philosophy, little research has examined the beliefs of pre-service coaches. Therefore, this study examined written coaching philosophy statements of 35 pre-service coaches (PSCs) prior to enrollment in an intensive 15-week coaching education course. An inductive content analysis revealed several emergent dimensions and priorities: Coaching Behavior, Defining Success, Development, Expectations, Fun, Life Lessons Learned Through Sport, and Relationships. It was clear that these young coaches have strong expectations of the sport experience. What was less clear was their role in creating positive sport experiences, which highlights the importance of coaching education in transforming philosophy into action.

Aim: There is a growing evidence-base for the effectiveness of Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) in enhancing communication within relationships. However, its longer-term outcomes are unclear. This paper explores practitioners' views and experiences in relation to VIG's longer-term outcomes. Method: Findings from studies that evaluate VIG's effectiveness were discussed in a focus group of 11 VIG practitioners in the context of their views and experiences. Key concepts were identified through thematic analysis and used to devise a questionnaire, which was completed by 26 VIG-trained Educational Psychologists (EPs); responses were categorised using content analysis. Findings: Practitioners propose several factors that might contribute to maintenance or decay of outcomes. Findings suggest there is variation in practice relating to longer-term outcomes. Opportunities for development are discussed in relation to research, training and practice. Limitations: The main phase of this research focused on VIG practice in educational psychology, potentially limiting transferability to other contexts. Conclusions: A model is proposed for the delivery of VIG, based on EP practitioners' suggestions for enhancing maintenance of outcomes beyond the end of the intervention. Implications for training and research are also discussed.

Aims: This paper presents and evaluates the consultation model Tree of Change (ToC) which offers an alternative approach to traditional problem-solving consultation frameworks for practice in educational psychology. ToC aims to resolve many of the issues associated with the traditional deficit models by enhancing the positive developmental pathways of pupils through augmenting their strengths, as opposed to focusing solely on reducing or eliminating the stated issue of concern (Donovan & Nickerson, 2007; Nickerson & Fishman, 2013; Resiliency Initiatives, 2011). Method: This study was set within diverse ethnic and socio-economic communities based in north and east London. The researcher used a qualitative case study design. For the purpose of this study, case studies have been defined as a strategy for carrying out an investigation of a particular occurrence within the context of 'the real world' (Robson, 2011). The present study fits within Robson's notion of a 'set of individual case studies' because it involves the study of a common set of features (e.g. exploring the implementation of ToC) across eleven consultations: nine Educational Psychologist (EP)and two EP- Teacher- Parent-pupil consultations. In total four EPs participated in the study all of whom were female. Eleven case studies were generated as a result of this: EP A submitting one case study, EP B submitting five cases, EP C submitting three cases and EP D providing two cases. The ethnicity of the EPs were black British, white British and Italian. The ethnicity of the consultees is reported in appendix 3. Consultation meetings were facilitated by EPs using the ToC model, please refer to appendix 1. Findings: Evaluation data revealed the ToC approach generated pupils' strengths at different levels of ecology which influenced action plans by affecting the choice of strategy and/or target of interventions for young people. Limitations: Data purported that information about the ToC should be shared in advance of consultation meetings so that consultees can better prepare and familiarise themselves with the process. Using the ToC virtually reportedly reduced relational connections when compared to engaging in this process face-to-face. Conclusions: The ToC is a collaborative consultation framework which creates positive developmental pathways for pupils through augmenting their strengths and reducing the emphasis placed on their deficits. The process promotes shared understanding of pupil's narratives and empowers marginalised voices.

One of the field of psychology's stated goals is to produce scholarship with findings that benefit the world. Over the last 10 years, psychology scholarship and its presumed societal benefits have been called into question due to the field's history of questionable research practices, racism, and epistemic oppression. Calls for methodological, ethical, and practical reforms are essential to building a psychological science that is just, effective, reliable, and beneficial. Recently, these calls have been complemented by a push to reform how theory is developed and used in psychology. There is great need for better understanding and implementation of theory development, both in the field of psychology broadly as well as in its subdisciplines, including educational psychology. At the same time, educational psychologists have much to contribute to the tripartite calls for methodological, ethical, and theory reforms. In this paper, I explore theory development in psychology by discussing the importance of developing both the descriptive and explanatory aspects of theory as well as the need to refine how theory is evaluated and integrated. Then, I review how innovations and practices in educational psychology can inform the broader theory reform movement in psychology writ large. Finally, I identify important future directions for further advancing theory reform in psychology, including addressing ableism in the field, increasing the field's hospitability for theory revision, furthering theory development transparency, and more deeply integrating theory development into preparation programs.

Background: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many teachers found themselves making a rapid and often challenging shift from in-person classroom teaching to teaching in an online environment. As teachers continue to learn about working in this new environment, research in cognitive and learning sciences, specifically findings from cognitive load theory and related areas, can provide meaningful strategies for teaching in this 'new normal'. Objectives: This paper describes 12 tips derived from contemporary research in educational psychology, focusing particularly on empirically supported strategies that teachers may apply in their online classroom to ensure that learning is optimized. Implications for Practice: These strategies are generalizable across age groups and learning areas, and are categorized into one of two themes: approaches to optimize the design of online learning materials, and instructional strategies to support student learning. A discussion follows, outlining how teachers may apply these strategies in different contexts, with a brief overview of emerging efforts that aim to bridge cognitive load theory and self-regulated learning research.

This paper offers a first person account of an indigenous person navigating the education system to become an educational psychologist. The writing is unashamedly personal, includes cultural references, words from the first language of our country, feelings and reflections. The second author has contextualised these observations in the literary style required of a professional journal, making the structural racism and the need for decolonisation in Aotearoa/New Zealand more explicit. Up until 1968 psychologists in this country were a branch of the British Psychological Society. As such this writing is an echo from the reaches of the former empire. As psychologists, these global connections are a source of mutual shame but also one of solidarity with those who challenge colonisation. The re-posting of an account by a UK-based black trainee educational psychologist, led to a discussion about the training programmes in our country. This created the space for the authors to write this paper. Young people tell us that the relationships and the way in which educational professionals engage make a difference to their learning at school. We need a diverse, culturally equipped educational psychology workforce that is knowledgeable and willing to challenge the inequities in our education and health systems. A glossary of Maori words is provided at the end of this paper to assist the reader.

Aim(s): Educational psychology, whilst a helping profession, was heavily influenced by oppressive and racist ideas during its infancy. Over the last several decades, EPs have been invited to hold a mirror up to the profession with regard to racial justice. The aim of this paper is to offer a critical exploration of epistemic issues within educational psychology, to provide an alternative and potentially impactful way of understanding the current moment of racial 'reckoning' that we find ourselves in. Rationale: Educational psychologists use a range of tools and approaches within research and practice. The emergence of intelligence testing marked the spearheading of oppressive social policy worldwide. Viewing these phenomena epistemologically invites us to explore where we have committed epistemic violence, particularly in the case of black children, how blind spots may emerge again and how to build frameworks that will avoid this. The current paper presents black feminist epistemology as a framework that is inclusive, requires an interrogation of power in knowledge systems and requires practitioners to question and challenge taken for granted knowledge. Implications: A key implication of adopting a black feminist epistemology is that educational psychologists explicitly locate the historical racial and political context of educational psychology praxis to better serve children and families. Conclusions: At the centre of this paper, is the fallacy of objectivity. The paper attempts to unpack the 'neutrality myth' and how this has impacted the tools and perspectives within educational psychology. EPs are invited to explore the basic tenets of a black feminist epistemology, which enables us to ask incisive questions about our identity, our relationship to knowledge and therefore our effectiveness as relevant practitioners in an increasingly complex social world.

This paper considers how teachers, psychologists and policymakers can respect the rights of all school students, through methods that are principled, humane, cost-effective and democratic. It examines how special educational needs and disability (SEND) services affect all school students and teachers, and their rights. The paper considers the history of rights, their meaning and purpose, and how and why they are important. Respect for rights can grow in several ways: in understanding the social and medical models of disability; in choices about SEND services; in educational psychology services; in the way 'normal' and 'special needs' students learn to live and work together, or else to live separate lives when it is then harder for disabled people to join in mainstream society as children and adults. The conclusion relates inclusive and special school policies to larger political concerns.

There is little question that the fundamental purpose of education--what the ancient Greeks referred to as the "telos"--is to promote student learning. For decades, both experts and the general public have agreed that any effort to improve the education system must focus squarely on optimizing student learning, motivating students to achieve, and furthering teacher professional development (Boyer, 1995; Darling-Hammond, 2006; Rose & Gallup, 2006). As clear and compelling as such goals may be, the route to attaining them is obscured by a dense fog of widely held misconceptions, conflicting expert opinion, and political agendas. What is disregarded in the frantic quest to attain higher test scores is that an emphasis on motivation, interest, and metacognition--the ability to analyze one's own learning needs and processes--make a collective and profound contribution to academic achievement. As Nel Noddings (2006) explains, "The most fundamental expectation of schooling is that students will learn. If we want them to use their minds well, it is reasonable to help them understand how their minds function, how and why they learn. What motivates us to learn? What habits are helpful? Why do I remember some things and forget so many others?" This paper is an effort to respond to each of these important questions as they apply both to learners and to teachers. It begins by redefining learning and challenging widely held assumptions about the role of motivation and interest in learning. Next, it focuses on incentives used to motivate learning, and finally, it offers research-based recommendations on how to build motivation and interest in learners.