816 results on '"SOCIOLOGY"'
Search Results
2. What is Hermeneutics? An Exploration into the Nature of Interpretation and Understanding.
- Author
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Deetz, Stanley
- Abstract
The creative and accurate interpretation of phenomena is central to achieving an understanding of the world and our fellow man. However, the process of interpretation is little understood by behavioral scientists and educators. Hermeneutics promises greater insight into the nature of interpretation of phenomena since the foundation of a hermeneutic stance transfers the point of attention in analytic tasks from causal, psychological explanations of behavior to a position which keeps clear an understanding of the existential nature of the self within social environments. Research into interpretive understanding must adopt such a hermeneutic stance in order to expand current conceptions of human psychology. (CH)
- Published
- 1974
3. Self-Pace Mastery Learning as Applied to Introductory Sociology.
- Author
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Lambton Coll. of Applied Arts and Technology, Sarnia (Ontario). Dept. of Social Science., Higgins, F., and Laplante, D.
- Abstract
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to present the structure and functioning of a system of "self-paced mastery learning" as evolved by the department over the period May 1972 to March 1974; (2) to discuss perceived "flaws" in traditional college level "learning systems" and receive input from readers regarding the educational relevance of the approach; and (3) to receive specific suggestions regarding further modifications of the system. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
4. Telemedicine: The Assessment of an Evolving Health Care Technology.
- Author
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Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO. Center for Development Technology. and Reich, Joel J.
- Abstract
Telemedicine, the use of bidirectional telecommunications systems for the delivery of health care at a distance, could create a more equitable distribution of medical care. Many medical tasks can be performed at a distance although some require the presence of a physician's assistant. Cost-benefit analysis of this service is difficult and requires further study. The legal issues involved and the psychological effect of telecommunication must also be considered in planning telemedicine programs. Potential future impacts of telemedicine are identified along with recommendations for future research activity and regulation in this field. (Author/PF)
- Published
- 1974
5. Images of Women: A Bibliography of Feminist Resources for Pennsylvania Schools.
- Author
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Pennsylvania State Dept. of Education, Harrisburg. Bureau of Curriculum Services. and Haller, Elizabeth S.
- Abstract
This bibliography was compiled by the Bureau of Curriculum Services, Pennsylvania Department of Education, to comply with a directive requiring that feminist literature be included in school libraries and that efforts be made to secure instructional materials which favorably portray women in nontraditional roles. Feminist material, including films and tapes, are grouped into categories relating to biographies, careers, fiction, history, literature and the arts, psychology, and sociology. (RWP)
- Published
- 1973
6. What Path for the Native American: Traditional or Contemporary?
- Author
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Fast Horse (Grey Eagle), Robert and Bryan, Clifford
- Abstract
The traditional ways of American Indian life and the more contemporary life styles are described in this paper. The conflicts which currently exist between the Native American subcultures and the mass culture are described in terms of "culture clash". It is noted that the traditional values of Native American societies were deeply rooted in their religious beliefs. The harmonious blending of the individual and the group with the forces of nature in the traditional Indian way is in conflict with the mass culture. Other areas in which this conflict occurs include tribal government, the concept of power, the social environment, and justice. The influences of the American Indian Movement and the Bureau of Indian Affairs on various areas of this conflict are described. (PS)
- Published
- 1974
7. Reflections on the Development of Cooperative Rural Sociology Research in the South. Rural Sociology Series No. 1, April 1974.
- Author
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Auburn Univ., AL. Agricultural Experiment Station., Dunkelberger, John E., and Vanlandingham, Janice B.
- Abstract
A historical overview of events through which regional research has evolved among rural sociologists in the South is presented in this report. The report is divided into 3 sections. The first section, an introduction, contains 2 articles. The first discusses the general climate of rural sociology activity during the first half of the 20th century. The second is an example of a specific early effort at regional research cooperation. Section 2 focuses specifically on the history of cooperative regional research among southern rural sociologists. A view of the future is presented in section 3, which provides some ideas about the potentials and problems of rural sociology in the South both as a discipline and as an effective research structure capable of providing the knowledge required to effectively cope with the problems of rural peoples and institutions. Appendices for the different sections present additional information. (PS)
- Published
- 1974
8. Learning Resources in Organizational Communication.
- Author
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Metropolitan Washington Communication Association, Washington, DC. and Hickson, Mark, III
- Abstract
Organizational communication, because of its interdisciplinary nature and diversity of interest (sociology, psychology, speech communication, and business administration), requries reading in several different disciplines. Among the available resources listed in this document are six specific books which may prove useful for understanding the methods of research and the practice of organizational communication; a book containing specialized terminology and extensive references which focuses on the understanding of organizational theory; and two annotated bibliographies which are available from the Speech Communication Association. (JM)
- Published
- 1974
9. Student Images of Sociology: Variations and Change.
- Author
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Cordova, Terri L.
- Abstract
To explore the impact of an introductory sociology course on concepts held by college students, a study was executed on the images of sociology and sociologists, the variation of this image with other variables, the degree and direction of change of these images on completing an introductory course, and variability among students' changes in direction and degree. Students enrolled in an introductory sociology college course were given questionnaires at the beginning and end of each term. A semantic differential technique was used with a seven-point scale for several polar opposites. In addition, questionnaires at the end of each course included a critique of the course and several background items. The hypotheses that college students would share a consistent image of sociology and that selected personal variables would not affect their images of sociology or sociologists were supported by the data. A third hypothesis, proposing little changes in student images of sociology after the introductory course, was not supported: student images did appear affected by the course. Research methodology, references, and tables of data are included in the report. (Author/KSM)
- Published
- 1974
10. Sex Bias in Educational Testing: A Sociologist's Perspective. Research Memorandum No. 74-13.
- Author
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Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. and Lockheed-Katz, Marlaine
- Abstract
Several criteria for assessing bias in educational tests are presented and discussed. These criteria were developed in accordance with basic notions of fairness, equality, and expanded life options for women. In terms of prescriptions for test developers, the criteria are: (1) tests should be constructed of items which contain either no sex references or equal sex references; (2) status of males and females within the test should be equal; (3) item content should not reinforce traditional sex stereotypes. Tests currently in use may be considered biased if: (4) item content in terms of male or female statuses or stereotypes affects the performance of males or females differentially; (5) the test predicts differentially for males and females; (6) the test is normed separately for males and females unless separate norms are used to insure balance in selection; (7) the test is constructed so that female futures may be separated from male futures. (Author/RC)
- Published
- 1974
11. Unit on Aging.
- Author
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Paranya, Ann C.
- Abstract
This unit on aging was prepared for use in high school sociology, marriage and family classes. The objectives of the course, which can be taught in four classroom sessions, are to help students: (1) become aware of the fact that older people are individuals, differing widely in attitudes and abilities, who do not necessarily conform to the popular stereotype; (2) assess realistically the problems that older people face in the United States; (3) identify local agencies that serve the elderly and learn of the services that they offer; (4) become aware that as life expectancy increases, our society must make adequate provision for an increasing population of older citizens; and (5) develop a relationship with an older person or persons. Teaching strategies include class discussions, viewing of films, rap sessions with senior citizens, and panel discussions. The unit contains an outline of the course objectives, a unit outline describing classroom activities, and the positive results of the course evaluation by pupils, senior citizens, and teachers. A bibliography of books on aging is included. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1974
12. The Social Science Teacher; Vol. 4, No. 1, Summer 1974.
- Author
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Association for the Teaching of the Social Sciences (England). and Townley, Charles
- Abstract
This new British journal is a medium of communication for those involved in teaching social science and social studies at the secondary and elementary levels. The first article in this issue, Ian Shelton's "The Sociology of Everyday Life," describes an experimental short course in secondary sociology. The course is designed to produce an understanding of sociological methods and methodological problems through first hand investigations of the taken-for-granted rules which underpin all everyday life. The second article, "The Place of International Relations in Training Teachers of World Studies," by Peter Bradshaw and Norbert Briemann, purports the usefulness of international relations as an area of study from which teachers can derive an understanding of contemporary world society. The third article, Roland Meighan's "How Do You Start...?" suggests using attitude scales, self-assessment schedules, and questionnaires to test the adequacy of students'"common sense" ideas about social behavior. Examples given assess attitudes toward immigration, communications, national stereotypes, and crime. A special interview with the chief of "A" level sociological exams explores the new syllabus to prepare secondary students for examination as well as the history of the exam, first instituted in 1965. Book review and correspondence sections complete the issue. (Author/JH)
- Published
- 1974
13. Western European Studies in the United States. Final Report.
- Author
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Pittsburgh Univ., PA. Council for European Studies. and Blank, Stephen
- Abstract
The task of this survey was to measure the relative scale of interest in Western European Studies in the United States. Doctoral dissertations and mainstream academic journals in political science, economics, anthropology, geography, sociology, and history were examined for topics dealing with Western Europe. In addition, programs and organizations on both campus and national levels which deal with Western Europe and Western European language training for nonlanguage specialists were analyzed. The assumption that the number of scholars in the United States whose interests and research deal primarily with Western Europe is considerably greater than those whose work focuses on other areas of the world proved to be wrong. Only in history did Western Europe continue to occupy a place of primary importance. This relative lack of interest represents efforts on the part of the educational system to heighten the international character of higher education. Suggestions and recommendations for increasing programs and research on Western Europe are provided. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
14. Students' Reactions to Watergate.
- Author
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Johnson, James C. M.
- Abstract
The primary argument of this paper is that student political attitudes are a function of historical and politcal inputs acting on their attitudinal structure. Around 1970 the proportion of students supporting leftist causes reached a peak and began declining. Attitude surveys among students at the University of Oregon in 1970 and at Arizona State University in 1973 indicated this change in student attitudes while representing the inherent differences between the two schools. If the structure of student attitudes remains constant, the political effects of Watergate will increase student support for leftist causes. A new factor, and one that may change the attitudinal structure somewhat, is the declining level of disagreement between parents and students. Since disagreement with parents is closely related with support for demonstrations, declining disagreement with parents suggests that an increase in support among students for leftist causes may not be associated with the traditional forms of student activism. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
15. Third Stage Report on the Learning Package Project in International Studies Supported by Grant (GY-9343) of the National Science Foundation.
- Author
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Syracuse Univ., NY. International Relations Program. and Coplin, William D.
- Abstract
The Learning Package Project in International Studies is reported for the activities between August 1973 and October 1974. The first section of the report gives a history of the original packages supported by the project and the contributions made toward developing a group of scholars-instructors necessary to sustain the development, evaluation, and dissemination of learning packages. Next the need for a major effort for the remainder of the project to build a stronger institutional base than now exists is described. Plans to develop packages for sociology, economics, psychology, and geography in addition to political science by establishing a Policy Advisory Board are discussed. (WH)
- Published
- 1974
16. Social Reinforcement: A Review of the Literature.
- Author
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Air Force Human Resources Lab., Brooks AFB, TX. and Raben, Charles S.
- Abstract
Major studies and theoretical positions within the incentive motivation field are reviewed in order to present an integrated picture of past and present research. Special emphasis is placed on delineating social reinforcement variables in an attempt to explicate their relative importance within the context of social reinforcement theory; however, little emphasis is placed on strategies which have investigated different combinations of these variables. The review concludes with a summary of social reinforcement concepts and research. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
17. An Annotated Bibliography on Social Reinforcement: Evaluative Abstracts of Research and Theory. Interim Report, June 1972-October 1973.
- Author
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Air Force Human Resources Lab., Brooks AFB, TX. and Klimoski, Richard J.
- Abstract
An annotated bibliography of studies dealing with social reinforcement in diverse psychological and educational contexts is given. The research reviewed covers the period from 1964 to 1972, and individual studies are classified according to classes of variables which have been found to moderate the effectiveness of social reinforcement. All told, 234 studies, representing a wealth of theoretical and empirical evidence, are summarized. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
18. Women and the Status Attainment Process: A Working Paper.
- Author
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Falk, William W. and Cosby, Arthur G.
- Abstract
Sociologists have long been interested in the area of status attainment but have begun only recently to specifically focus upon the status attainment of women. New approaches are needed for further research. A review of major occupational choice theories shows that they are constructed for primarily male populations and thus are inadequate in their handling of factors which may influence the occupational choices of women. There are more developmental stages for women, with a relatively greater complexity of factors operating within any given stage. Some of the more critical contingencies which affect the occupational choice and status attainment of women are marital plans, fertility plans, residential plans, mother's and father's education and occupation, family finances, presence of discriminatory laws or hiring guidelines, internal motivation, husband's occupational expectation, desire for a working career as opposed to being a housewife, perception of the kinds of jobs that are appropriate for women, the influence of parents and peers, and presence of male siblings. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
19. Sources of Inequities in Rural America: Implications for Research.
- Author
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Fujimoto, Isao and Zone, Martin
- Abstract
The paper identifies the basic factors affecting rural development and the social consequences of rural policies and structural changes in agriculture; it also suggests research areas relating some of these factors to what is happening in America's rural communities. Data sources such as congressional hearings, rural sociologists' critiques, reports by public interest research groups, the National Academy of Science's review of land grant research, and journalists' comments were reviewed. Observations from workers, small and organic farmers, consumer groups, cooperatives, minority group rural enterprises, and scientists who have challenged the production orientation of land grant colleges and participated in a conference on redirecting the research priorities of thes colleges are discussed. Tenured and nontenured faculty in all departments of a college of agriculture were interviewed on the process of selecting research topics, reasons for the research, and implications for tackling the questions posed by representatives of publics currently not being served by land grant colleges. Some research topics suggested were: concentration of ownership and its relationship to poverty; corporate interlocks and their implications in rural development; farm policy and the general public welfare; unfair competition due to the Federal tax structure; vertical integration and its effect on the small farmer, market structure and pricing, and the consumer; and social implications and impact of land grant college research. (NQ)
- Published
- 1974
20. Careers in Social Studies. Profiles of Promise 28.
- Author
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Social Science Education Consortium, Inc., Boulder, CO., ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education, Boulder, CO., and Hawke, Sharryl
- Abstract
The Skyline Center in Dallas, Texas, a high school which provides career development in professional fields, offers students a solid knowledge background in addition to some firsthand work experience. The school is organized on a cluster basis, with three hours per day spent on one of the 28 career clusters and the remainder in regular class schedule. The Advanced Social Studies Career Program serves as an example of an academic cluster for students interested in a social science career in areas such as psychology, political science, or social science education. Approximately 100 grade 10-12 students participate in the two-year program. The first year introduces students to a broad base of psychological and sociological concepts. Specialization begins in the second year when a specific career area is chosen and a self-directed curriculum is designed. Most students elect to do field work and spend one to four days a week at their position. Work placements have included the police and planning departments, creative learning centers, mental health clinics, social welfare agencies, schools and law-related agencies. Evaluation includes letter grades as well as a subjective judgement by the learning directors. Staff and students testify to the value of this type of learning experience. (Author/KSM)
- Published
- 1974
21. An Overview of Sociologists' Contribution to Social Action Systems.
- Author
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Bertrand, Alvin L.
- Abstract
The contribution of sociologists to social action programs has been notable for being unnotable, with a few important exceptions. Yet the future and survival of sociology lies in moving sociology more obviously from the classroom to the world outside. Sociologists suffer from a restricted vision of what their discipline can do, which causes them to be preoccupied with theorizing and allows them to think of problems as potential journal articles. One reason for the failure of sociologists to have an impact on social action is that applied research, the generation of new information helpful in problem solving, as opposed to theoretical research, the testing of new theories, is lacking. Theory is useless without concrete knowledge of a community with which to work. Another reason is that sociologists are not really professionally competent; they are unable to identify concrete manifestations in patterned social interaction. The fault is in the training which relies, for instance, on abstract definitions and descriptive accounts rather than use of the community as a laboratory. The emerging sub-discipline, the sociology of development, is one step, however, toward bringing about more effective sociologists for the good of the entire discipline. (Author/JH)
- Published
- 1974
22. Teaching Population Through Science Fiction.
- Author
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Van Valey, Thomas L.
- Abstract
Demand for courses in population problems has increased along with growing public awareness and concern for population-related matters. This paper describes an undergraduate classroom experience which provides an alternative approach to teaching population problems by replacing usual educational materials with selections from science fiction literature. A justification for the use of science fiction is that it coincides with one of the primary goals of sociology, the prediction and understanding of human behavior in its social context. A one-quarter, sophomore-level, introductory course is discussed in terms of student motivation, teacher objectives, and course structure. Course sections on growth, vital processes, and population policy rely on science fiction and traditional readings, class presentations, and class discussion to indicate some of the wide-ranging relations that exist between population phenomena and the gamut of social-structural phenomena. Evaluation of the approach is positive as based on increased student interest and participation, even though the coverage of subject matter is somewhat reduced. A briefly annotated bibliography of science fiction and suggested testing options are appended. (Author/KSM)
- Published
- 1974
23. What and How for Foreign Language Students: What Are the Career Opportunities and How to Prepare for Them.
- Author
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Jackson, Mary H.
- Abstract
This publication is a guide to career opportunities in foreign languages and to educational programs which prepare for them. Programs at Northwest Missouri State University are listed which combine study in foreign languages with other disciplines, including: business, economics, office administration, sociology, political science, history, and Latin American studies. Information is provided on the field of translating and interpreting as well as other career possibilities related to foreign languages. Special attention is given to employment opportunities at the United Nations. These include: public information officers, translators, interpreters, librarians, clerks and secretaries, and guides. Finally, addresses are listed for further information on career opportunities in foreign languages. (AM)
- Published
- 1974
24. Social Studies 7-8, Environmental Education Guide.
- Author
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Project I-C-E, Green Bay, WI.
- Abstract
This social studies guide, for use in grades 7 and 8, is one of a series of guides, K-12, that were developed by teachers to help introduce environmental education into the total curriculum. The guides are supplementary in design, containing a series of episodes (minilessons) that broaden the student's views of environmental problems through social studies activities. The episodes are built around 12 major environmental concepts that form a framework for each grade or subject area, as well as for the entire K-12 program. Although the same concepts are used throughout the K-12 program, emphasis is placed on different aspects of each concept at different grade levels or in different subject areas. This guide focuses on aspects such as sociology, economics, psychology, and political science. The 12 concepts are covered in one of the episodes contained in the guide. Further, each episode offers subject area integration, subject area activities, interdisciplinary activities, cognitive and affective behavioral objectives, and suggested references and resource materials useful to teachers and students. (Author/TK)
- Published
- 1974
25. Problems of Definition in Locating Rural-Urban Population in Sparse Land Areas or Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding Arising from Census Data.
- Author
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Kraenzel, Carl F.
- Abstract
Rural demographic characteristics, regional distribution, and their respective trends should constitute significant policy information for the nation, but the U.S. Population Census offers little aid to the researcher studying population on a minor civil division (MCD) basis. When some census data are based on a 15 percent sample, some on a 5 percent sample, the task of intelligent research and planning becomes "hazardous". For example, comparison of 1960 with 1970 census data on the Rio Grande Basin proved impossible, due to changes in size and scope of MCD's and changes in MCD population age groupings. Urban bias in the use of "metropolitan" and "non-metropolitan", terms to which the words urban and rural are often applied, creates misunderstanding as exemplified in a report titled "Back to the Boonies--Small Towns Thrive as Urban Migration Reverses". This title does not reflect the fact that people moving out of urban areas are not necessarily moving into rural areas (a phenomenon which is neither rural farm or even rural nonfarm). The Census Bureau, then, should firm up MCD boundaries, because man-made barriers (reservoirs, interstate highways, old and new resource sites, etc.) require new delineation for MCD's so that demographic data can be made available for planning and research. (JC)
- Published
- 1974
26. Future Think Program, San Jose City College, Spring Semester, 1974: Final Report of Evaluation.
- Author
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DCM Associates, San Francisco, CA.
- Abstract
San Jose City College's Future Think Program consists of the following courses: Language, Culture, and Change; Third World Since 1945; Marriage and Family; Ecology and Man; Science Fiction; Introduction to Literature: Science Fiction; Introduction to Sociology; and Sociology/Fiction of the Future. An evaluation by an independent consulting firm was based on student responses to a comprehensive course and program evaluation instrument and on classroom observations. The 367 students completing the survey gave a favorable assessment of the program, courses, and instructors. They believed futuristics to be an important curriculum topic, felt their study had favorably affected their own thinking and planning for the future, and felt more responsible for the future of society. In-class observations showed that instructors were creative in melding instructional strategies to the requirements of the topic. To determine the integration of program materials with the general field of futuristics and global perspectives, students were asked to list which of the Articles of the U. N. Declaration of Human Rights were related to their courses and which were not. Their responses tended to concur with the stated objectives of the course, but the students were only moderately optimistic about the chances for achievement of goals in world affairs. (MJK)
- Published
- 1974
27. Career Development Guides: Sociology of Occupations.
- Author
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University City School District, MO. and Klayman, Steve
- Abstract
The guide contains a secondary school social studies unit for career development designed to be team-taught with the guidance counselor. The five-week unit aims at providing students with a certain knowledge of themselves and their own occupational preferences and potential through a series of discussions, readings, games, films, exercises, tests, and analyses of occupational clusters. The guide is oriented around three basic concepts: self-awareness, occupational awareness, and educational awareness. Each unit lists performance objectives, learning activities, and evaluation procedures. Appendixes, which include a reproduction of Sections 2 and 3 of the P.E.C.E. Knowledge Test, assorted supplemental activities, and diagrams of 14 career clusters arranged according to academic subjects, comprise 27 pages of the document. (JR)
- Published
- 1974
28. Economics in History and the Social Sciences.
- Author
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Joint Council on Economic Education, New York, NY. and Joint Council on Economic Education, New York, NY.
- Abstract
Papers presented by social scientists at a 1974 Joint Council seminar designed to assist authors and publishers in improving existing materials or developing new texts in social studies are reproduced in this volume. The seven papers focus on how to integrate economics into elementary and secondary social studies and history courses. The first article by James D. Calderwood, entitled "Economic Ideas and Concepts," discusses the basic principles and importance of economic concepts. Melvin M. Tumin in "The Role of Economics in Social Analysis" examines the relationship between economics and sociology. John S. Gibson in "The Economics of Politics, and Vice Versa" describes ways in which economics can be included in political science courses. Paul L. Ward in "Grafting Good Economics onto Basic History Courses" provides specific examples of the importance of economic events in history. Clark C. Bloom shows how economics is essential in the study of geography in "Economics and Geography." Benjamin Chinitz outlines the relatively new field of urban economics in "Urban Development: Key Economic Concepts." In the last article Nathan Glazer examines the general status of social studies in schools in "The Social Sciences in Liberal Education." Each article contains a select list of relevant suggested reading. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
29. Learning Disabilities: Issues and Recommendations for Research
- Author
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National Inst. of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC. and Brainard, Suzanne Gage
- Abstract
Presented are eight author contributed papers on research needs in the neuropsychological, socio-environmental, and educational aspects of learning disabilities. Issues focused on in the papers and conference include the definition of learning disabilities, the role of screening in prevention or remediation, and whether curriculum should focus on the strengths or weaknesses of individuals. Among research recommendations given for the three areas are the study of effects of social communication networks and interaction patterns on learning, developing behavioral criteria and neurological indices of hyperactivity, and developing profile type assessments to help individualize instructional programs. The following are titles and authors of included papers: "The Handicapped Learner--Recommendations for Research" (Marion Blank); "The Biological Bases of Development" (Susan Carey-Block); "Systematic Instructional Procedures--An Instructional Hierarchy" (Noris Haring); "Applied Behavior Analysis and Learning Disabilities--Curriculum Research Recommendations" (Thomas Lovitt); "Socio-cultural Correlates of Learning and Behavior Problems" (Jane Mercer); "The Mundane Extreme Environment and Its Effect on Learning" (Chester Pierce); "The Neurological Assessment of Learning Disabilities" (Rita Rudel); and "Multi-level Approach to Research in Learning" (Cynthia Deutsch et al). (DB)
- Published
- 1974
30. Black Families: Sociological Profiles.
- Author
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Atlanta Univ., GA. and Lewis, Hylan
- Abstract
This paper has a dual purpose. First, it relates the research and writings of DuBois, a social scientist and humanist in the best intellectual tradition of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to the sociology of the black family in the United States; and second, it presents selected data having to do with the structure and functioning of contemporary black families. Probably even more than being descriptive, the presentation has to do with issues of knowledge, theory, methodology, and social policy raised by the study of family life among blacks. Since DuBois' time, and before, a popular profile of the black family stresses family composition and makes extensive and important inferences about behavior and achievement. The data, based on census figures, is not satisfactory for explaninig how and why a family functions. The discussion of the several intellectual hats and dimensions DuBois brings to the study of the family and experiences of blacks suggests that research and writing on the black family, aside from considerable datedness, much unevenness, and many gaps reflects as many approaches as there are traditions or modes of intellectual activity. It also serves to underscore several issues, among them the fact that more studies in the field and in some depth are needed of various types or expressions of family activity and among blacks in many settings. Any sociological profile of the black family demands a balance between objectivity and caring about human values. (Author/AM)
- Published
- 1974
31. Development and Demise of a Women's Center.
- Author
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Liss, Lora
- Abstract
The formation, development, and demise of a women's center in suburban New York are described. The women's center resulted from a conference designed to assess problems confronting women and to mobilize resources to meet those problems. However, after the formation of the center, a struggle for leadership and conflicts over the values and beliefs of the participants emerged. Many of the middle-class women with children at home tended to be more moderate and emphasized education, counseling, and referral to existing facilities rather than social action and radical change. As the emphasis shifted from social action to service, the center's reason for existence became eroded. The leaders became immobilized and quarreled among themselves, and the ambivalences among the leaders reflected the role strain prevalent among most women today. Women feared appearing too militant to attract other women or too ineffectual to accomplish the improvements they desired in the status of women. In addition to internal factors accounting for the Center's demise, external problems were prevalent, such as inability to tap funds. Recommendations for future women's centers are included. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
32. Sociology of the School and Schooling: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Sociology of Education Association (Second, Asilomar, Pacific Grove, California, February 1-3, 1974).
- Author
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Sociology of Education Association, Berkeley, CA. and O'Shea, David W.
- Abstract
Proceedings of the 1974 Second Annual Conference of the Sociology of Education Association are presented. The conference, which focused upon the sociology of the school and schooling at the elementary and secondary levels, was structured around three objectives: (1) provide sociologists of education an opportunity to review past work in their field, (2) explore current educational problems and policy, and (3) move toward an agenda for future research. The six papers presented are followed by comments from discussants. The first paper, by Charles E. Bidwell, "The Sociology of Schooling," laid the groundwork upon which subsequent speakers were able to build. Burton R. Clark, in "Adolescents and School Reform," briefed the conference participants on federal recommendations regarding the future of secondary education. William G. Spady, in "Authority and Empathy in the Classroom," presented a deductive model of teacher behavior. An alternative inductive approach was presented by Hugh Mehan in "Ethnomethodology and Education," in which he showed how a teacher is likely to interact with students in ways that help construct and sustain the teacher's definition of social reality. Elizabeth G. Cohen, in "An Experimental Approach to School Effects," focused on the problem of research methodology. The overriding conference issue revolved around the balance between "large-scale organizational" and "micro," or "person," oriented research perspectives. (Author/DB)
- Published
- 1974
33. Sociocultural Origins of Achievement. Basic Concepts in Educational Psychology Series.
- Author
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Maehr, Martin L. and Maehr, Martin L.
- Abstract
This study is designed to determine the social and cultural factors influencing an individual and the ways which these factors mold achievement patterns. The book is intended for those who have a broad and general interest in education--teacher candidates, administrators, teachers, and certain lay persons. An objective is to make educators aware of cultural differences, particularly of those differences that affect teaching, learning, and achievement. The six chapters in this brief volume deal with topics such as culture, class, group, and person; culture and capacity to achieve; culture and will to achieve; and person, situation, and achievement. Chapter one, the introduction, discusses and defines the nature of achievement. Chapter two focuses on the nature of social contexts, discussing how they might be characterized or how they vary. Chapter three is concerned with the intellectual capacity to achieve: language, perception, and cognition. Chapters four and five deal with the motivation to achieve. The author draws heavily on cross-cultural studies in language, perception, and cognition which have implications for teachers who work in cross-cultural settings. The concluding chapter suggests that a little learning in the field of the sociocultural origins of achievement can be a dangerous thing due to the delicate balance among all factors which interact to produce this achievement. (Author/DB)
- Published
- 1974
34. Selected Bibliography and Abstracts of Educational Materials in Pakistan, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1974. Period Covered, October-December 1974.
- Author
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National Science Foundation, Washington, DC., Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC., and Saad, Geti
- Abstract
This annotated bibliography lists 100 selected educational materials from Pakistan covering the period October through September 1974. The materials are drawn from a variety of Pakistani journals, newspapers, and government publications. The entries are organized into 21 categories: Administration, Organization, and Financing of Education; Development of Education; Educational Goals; Educational Planning; Educational Reforms; Educational Research; Elementary and Secondary Education; Examinations; Extracurricular Activities; Higher Education; Libraries; Medical Education; Philosophy of Education; Sociology; Teacher Education; Teachers; Teaching Methods and Media; Technical Education; Textbooks; General; and a special section on Science Education. An author index concludes the document. (DE)
- Published
- 1974
35. Identification of Selection Variables Associated with Years of Schooling Achieved.
- Author
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Shea, Brent and Rehberg, Richard A.
- Abstract
The relationship between pre-existing differences in student attitudes, values, personality, and length of school career is examined in this research report. A sample of 2,790 students who in 1967 were enrolled as freshmen in seven urban and suburban, public and parochial school systems in southern New York completed a questionnaire during their freshman year, sophomore year, senior year, and one year after graduation. Sub-samples were defined in terms of educational status after completion of high school including four-year college students, two-year college students, terminal high school students, and dropouts. Comparisons between the four sub-samples were made according to status background and intelligence, educational career variables, scholastic attitude variables, and self-reference variables. The data confirmed that individuals now in four-year colleges scored higher on the selected variables than those in two-year colleges, who in turn scored higher than terminal high school students, who in turn scored higher than dropouts. Such differences in scores existed not only as recently as the senior year of high school but as early as the freshman year. The findings suggest that pre-existing differences influence the length of formal schooling. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1973
36. Social Ecology of South Commons. Final Report on Work Completed for the Office of Child Development, Planning Grant OCD-CB-486 (6/1/73-3/3/74).
- Author
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Council for Community Services in Metropolitan Chicago, IL., Pellow, Deborah, and Bedger, Jean E.
- Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine if it is possible to build an inner-city community with socioeconomic and racial mix and have it work. The findings from a study carried out in the Near Southside Chicago community of South Commons, built in the late 50's are presented. Methodology included informal conversations, interviews with adult residents of all income levels and ethnicities, and observation of children. Findings show that inner group conflict is a function of class difference rather than race, and physical design and landscaping reflect such differences and exacerbate them; and that the school is fundamentally pivotal to interaction and community organization because as a sociophysical institution it has the quality of bringing together rich and poor. Four hypotheses for further work emerge from the study. Among these are that persons moving into a community out of desire to live in a mixed setting would be more committed to the specifically attracting features, and that institutions directly affecting children are fundamental to community stability and cohesion. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1974
37. Predicting Levels of Aspiration: A Comparison of Perceived and Actual Informational Inputs from Significant Others.
- Author
-
Spenner, Kenneth I.
- Abstract
This research report presents the results of a study to determine the influence of significant others upon adolescent levels of aspiration. High school sophomores in a central Wisconsin community responded to an instrument testing ego, ego's perception of significant others' expectations, and occupational aspiration. The two hypotheses under study included the relative influence of significant others on levels of aspiration and an individual ego's perceptions of significant others' influence as a better predictor of levels of aspiration than actual expectations by significant others. The findings indicate that the more influence one is subjected to, the higher the correspondence between aspirationally-relevant content of that influence and one's own aspirations. A summary of the findings for the second hypothesis indicates that perceptions of informational inputs are comparatively better predictors of levels of aspiration. The implication of this study is that the "total picture" of interpersonal influence on status aspirations is incomplete and more research is needed. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
38. Selected Bibliography and Abstracts of Educational Materials in Pakistan, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1974. Period Covered, July-September 1974.
- Author
-
National Science Foundation, Washington, DC., Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC., and Saad, Geti
- Abstract
This annotated bibliography lists 102 selected educational materials in Pakistan covering the period July through September 1974. The materials are drawn from a variety of Pakistani journals, newspapers, and government publications. The entries are organized into 26 categories: Administration, Organization, and Financing of Education; Childhood Education; Curriculum; Education Goals; Education Planning; Educational Reforms; Elementary and Secondary Education; Examinations; Extracurricular Activities; Health Education; Higher Education; Islamic Education; Teaching of Languages; Libraries; Literacy; Literature for Children; Medical Education; Professional Education; Science Education; Sociology; Teachers; Teaching Methods and Media; Textbooks; Women's Education; General; and a special section on the History of Education. An author index concludes the document. (ND)
- Published
- 1974
39. Self Theory and the Twenty Statements Test: Some Thoughts on Its Application to Women.
- Author
-
Falk, William W. and Sonenfeld, Carol
- Abstract
This paper addresses some considerations about self theory and the Twenty Statements Test (TST) as they might be used to study women. Two theories have developed within the general rubric of "symbolic interaction" as coined by Blumer. The first is the Iowa School, or Kuhn school, which states that the self is a directly researchable phenomenon; the same procedures used in other sociological research are applicable and the self is researchable as any other social object. The TST was developed by Kuhn and his students, as a method of uncovering general self-attitudes. Conversely, the second school, or Chicago school, argues that the self is only knowable by inference and an understanding of the many roles which a person plays; thus, the self is not conceived as subject to analysis by sociological techniques. Supporting the Iowa school, this paper justifies its approach to self theory. Secondly, a brief description of self theory and the Twenty Statements Test is provided, so that both the theoretical orientation and its technique are understood. Thirdly, certain selected examples of self theory and TST research which have considered women are presented. The paper concludes with a short discussion of suggested future directions in which self theory might proceed, and presents an argument for investigating the self within a broader investigative framework than the TST provides. (Author/JR)
- Published
- 1974
40. Some Problems of the School-System and the School Reforms.
- Author
-
Ferge, Zsuzsa
- Abstract
In discussing the school system and school reforms, the author examines in detail some well known dilemmas of the present-day school system -- those connected with egalitarian ideology and selective outcome, with mass education and inherent social inequalities, with the striving for more general education, and with the needs of the labor market. The author speaks mainly of highly industrialized European and North-American countries, excluding the Third World and socialist countries. For social and historical reasons, school and educational reforms are less successful than expected. School reform projects must take into account some of the more or less neglected factors. First, a thorough preliminary analysis of future reform projects must be undertaken to determine how realistic they are. Second, it is necessary to think about unwanted, indirect social effects of any reform. Third, a better knowledge about the interconnections between school and social structure is needed. On the whole, it is important to know not only the aims, but also what is possible to accomplish in any given situation, and what the tools are that would lead to the direction sought. (Author/JR)
- Published
- 1974
41. Homogeneity of Individual Value Orientations: A Macro-Social Investigation.
- Author
-
Chicago Univ., IL. Dept. of Sociology. and Cummings, William K.
- Abstract
The relative homogeneity of individual value orientations in 11 contemporary nations is the subject of this paper. In macro-sociological discussions, particularly of the polity, there are frequent assertions about the relative homogeneity of a people and of their culture, but these assertions are rarely specified or derived from quantitative empirical investigations. A review of the literature on cultural homogeneity and individual value orientations indicates that there have been major obstacles to computing societal scores of the relative degree of homogeneity in individual value orientations. A new approach is proposed which avoids the obstacles encountered in previous efforts by assuming that attitudes are a reflection of values and, thus, inferring the heterogeneity of value orientations through a study of diversity in attitudes. Scores are computed for 11 nations and several propositions are considered in an effort to account for these national scores. In addition, suggestions are made for the application of this new approach to other levels of analysis. (Author/ND)
- Published
- 1974
42. Eminence in Sociology: Three Measures.
- Author
-
Hanson, David J.
- Abstract
This paper identifies eminent persons in the field of sociology using three measures: 1) the number of sociologists who identify a peer as eminent (reputation score); 2) the mean ranking these individuals receive from peers (frequency score); and 3) the number of citations made in the literature to the work of such individuals (citation score). In 1977, questionnaires were mailed to a sample of 300 sociologists randomly selected from the membership of the American Sociological Association. Respondents were provided an alphabetical list of names found by Swatos and Swatos (1974) to have been the most frequently cited in introductory sociology texts. They were asked to rank the ten most significant sociologists. Names could be added to the list. The return rate was 61%. The number of citations to an individual's work was calculated using the 1976 volume of the "Social Sciences Citation Index." The results of all data indicated that while reputation and frequency were highly associated, citation was not closely associated with either. The author concluded that the frequency with which a sociologist's work is cited in the current journal literature provides an index of eminence that is quantitative, objective, and readily available. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1974
43. Medical Sociology--A Boundary Between the Social, Behavioral and Medical Sciences
- Author
-
Blizard, Peter J.
- Abstract
A medical sociology course is described, and the importance of interdisciplinary teaching in the medical and health sciences is discussed. (Author/PG)
- Published
- 1974
44. A Current Appraisal of the Behavioral Sciences, Revised Edition.
- Author
-
Handy, Rollo, Harwood, E. C., Handy, Rollo, and Harwood, E. C.
- Abstract
This book discusses modern scientific inquiry and examines the procedures of inquiry into human behavior used in the behavioral science disciplines. Psychologists look at the individual's adjustive procedures and the evolution of those adjustments within a species. Anthropologists inquire into the behavioral similarities and differences of human cultural groupings, from earliest man to the present. Sociologists investigate the behavior of people in groups and organizations, including the patterns, regularities, variations, and developmental changes in human relations, customs, and institutions. Political scientists study the behavior of human individuals and groups, with an emphasis on the distribution and attainment of political influence and power and on the function, organization, and connections among the political units, institutions, laws, and customs. Other disciplines examined in the book are economics, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, game and decision theory, information theory and cybernetics, and general systems theory. The book devotes a chapter to each field. In addition to the discussion, a selected bibliography and a listing of germane journals are provided for each discipline. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1973
45. White Ethnic Groups and American Politics, Student Book. The Lavinia and Charles P. Schwartz Citizenship Project.
- Author
-
Chicago Univ., IL. Graduate School of Education. and Krug, Mark M.
- Abstract
This student book, one in a series of civic education materials, focuses on white ethnic groups and how they influence the operation of the American political system. The ethnic groups which are investigated include Poles, Irish, Italians, and Jews. An ethnic person is defined as anyone who decides to identify with and live among those who share the same immigrant memories and values. Ethnic origin, ethnic loyalties, and ethnic considerations play an important role in the political process of the United States. A separate chapter focuses on each of the four minority groups and its role in the process of American politics. Jews, labeled as the shaken liberals, have historically been staunch supporters of the liberal tradition as a unified voter block, but apparent conservative trends are showing as a reaction to radical liberalism and its support of the Arab nations. The Irish built and dominated political organizations, known as machines, in several cities and their predominance in city politics continues today. Italians were rather slow in getting into politics, but in general Italians are politically conservative, strong American patriots, disunited due to internal identity conflicts, and assimilating rapidly into U.S. society. Truly a silent majority group, Poles have been inactive as an ethnic group, but they indicate recent growth in ethnic identity and pride. (Author/ND)
- Published
- 1972
46. A Study of Child Variance, Volume 1: Conceptual Models; Conceptual Project in Emotional Disturbance.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for the Study of Mental Retardation., Rhodes, William C., and Tracy, Michael L.
- Abstract
Presented are 11 papers discussing the following six models of emotional disturbance in children: biophysical, behavioral, psychodynamic, sociological, and ecological, models, and counter theory. Emotional disturbance is defined as a distinctive human state having multiple manifestations and involving disability, deviance, and alienation. All the models consider the disrupted pattern of human-environment exchanges resulting from emotional disturbance. Discussed in the biogenetic model are genetic, developmental, arousal, perceptual, neurological, and biochemical factors. The behavioral model of both learning and behavior theory discusses major divisions among the connectionist theorists, contiguity theorists, various reinforcement theorists, and applications of learning theories such as behavior modification. The literature review of the theory of psychodynamic model includes the Freudian perspective, changes in psychoanalytic theory, ego psychology, phenomenonological perspectives, and psychodynamics and education. The sociological model discusses such topics as mental illness seen as social deviance, the sick role, Emile Durkheim's theory of anomie functionalism, and socialization failure in children. The ecological model drives from plant and animal ecology the sociological, psychological, and medical principles of human ecology. Counter theory is discussed in three papers considering the educational institution and counter culture alternatives, the ideas of Paulo Freire and the Illich-Reimer alternative, and a description of a counter culture and sources of objection, respectively. A final overview paper toward synthesis concludes that the models are not necessarily competitive systems, but rather represent different facets of the community problem of emotional disturbance. (DB)
- Published
- 1972
47. Films for Sociology, First Edition.
- Author
-
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park. Audio-Visual Services. and LeBeau, Bryan
- Abstract
This catalog contains a listing of over 1,000 16mm films of interest to students, teachers, and researchers in sociology. Whenever possible, content reflects current trends toward increased interdisciplinary investigation. In the main body of the catalog, the films are listed alphabetically by title. For each entry, information is given on distributor's code, release date, running time, catalog number, and rental fee. A code indication of each film's potential audience (primary, elementary, junior high, senior high, college, and adult) follows a description of the film's content. Most of the films were made during the past 15 years, and they average between 10 and 60 minutes running time. Regional and topical indexes list film titles from the main section according to regions, such as Eastern Europe, Mexico, and Scandinavia; or topics such as animal behavior, industrialization, and war. Film series are listed within the main body under series titles as well as by titles of component films. An order blank is included at the end of the catalog. (Author/AV)
- Published
- 1973
48. GREAT TRADITION, LITTLE TRADITION, AND FORMAL EDUCATION.
- Author
-
Kansas Univ., Lawrence., WAX, MURRAY, and WAX, ROSALIE
- Abstract
THIS DOCUMENT DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF TRADITION ON THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES. IT INDICATES RESEARCHES AND ANALYSES IN EDUCATION HAVE ASSUMED THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO STUDY ONLY INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN LEARNING SITUATIONS, THAT ALL EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND FORMAL EDUCATION ARE SYNONYMOUS, AND THAT THE TEACHER ALONE EDUCATES THE CHILD. MODERN SCHOOL SYSTEMS FAIL TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL IN SOCIETY AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON INDIVIDUAL LEARNING BEHAVIOR. RESEARCH IN EDUCATION IS TOTALLY INADEQUATE BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE TO INCLUDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOCIAL ROLES IN THE SCHOOL SETTING, OF THE TEACHERS, THE PUPILS, AND THE LAY PUBLIC. TRADITION HAS TWO COMPONENTS. "GREAT TRADITION" IS MANIFESTED IN CURRENT EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND PRACTICE. "LITTLE TRADITION" IS THE VALUE SYSTEM OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EDUCATION HAVE CLASSED EDUCATION AS ONE OF THE GREAT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS. CONSEQUENTLY, CONSIDERABLE TENSION HAS ARISEN BETWEEN THE "GREAT TRADITIONS" OF THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION AND THE "LITTLE TRADITIONS" OF THE COMMUNITY CONCERNING THE PROCESSES OF CHILD REARING. WHILE CONSIDERABLE EMPHASIS IS BEING PLACED ON CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES, LITTLE RECOGNITION IS GIVEN TO SOCIETAL VALUES. (JM)
- Published
- 1966
49. SOCIOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION--A DISCUSSION.
- Author
-
Oregon Univ., Eugene. and FOSKETT, JOHN M.
- Abstract
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIOLOGY TO EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION WAS PRESENTED WITH EMPHASIS UPON THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF SOCIOLOGISTS. INCLUDED IN THE PRESENTATION WERE BACKGROUND EVENTS, CHANGING DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, AND THE PLACE OF FOLK-WISDOM AND ITS REPLACEMENT WITH SYSTEMATICALLY-TESTED KNOWLEDGE. (RS)
- Published
- 1965
50. Seventh Grade Social Studies. A Program in Sociology and American History.
- Author
-
Bloomington Public Schools, MN. and Clancy, Patricia
- Abstract
GRADES OR AGES: Seventh grade. SUBJECT MATTER: Sociology and American history. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide covers five units: "Biological Basis of Human Behavior,""How We Become Human,""The Family and Other Socializing Institutions,""Man's Behavior in Groups and Crowds," and "Minority Group Problems." The presentation of the units varies, but each includes objectives, bibliographies, and audio-visual aides. There are also worksheets, role playing discussion questions, and questionnaires. The guide is lithographed and spiral bound with a soft cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: Behavioral objectives are set out in the introductory material. More detailed objectives are given for each unit. Role playing discussions are the only activities specified. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: In each unit there are bibliographies for students and teacher and lists of audio-visual aids. For unit five there is also a list of possible resource people, and the appendix includes a general teacher bibliography. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: A pre- or post-test of attitudes is included in the introductory material. (MBM)
- Published
- 1969
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