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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO, 2022) Fifth "Global Report on Adult Learning and Education" (GRALE) highlights that vulnerable groups such as rural populations, migrants, prisoners, people with disabilities, and indigenous peoples are among those who would benefit from adult basic education. This article explores how educators of adult basic education might enhance sensitivity to trauma and resilience from a multicultural perspective through the implementation of teaching and learning strategies that reflect an understanding of how culture and trauma intersect in the classroom. [For part 1 of this Forum on supporting mental health, see EJ1389837. For part 2, see EJ1389835.]

English language teaching (ELT) professionals are integral to internationalization and globalization processes universities around the world are pursuing. In doing so, ELT professionals have become complicit with issues that relate to colonialism and imperialism. These issues continue to have a detrimental effect on our societies, keeping the world from becoming a more socially just world. This contribution highlights and discusses some of the complicities of the field of applied linguistics and the ELT profession. It discusses challenges and presents strategies to resist such complicities.

The COVID-19 pandemic put academic institutions around the world in the difficult position of suddenly having to organize many lectures and examinations over online channels only, due to students' physical access to their campus buildings being restricted. While the search for possible solutions to this problem was often challenging, this situation also offered the unique opportunity to establish remote examination options, that might hold the potential to be continued even after the pandemic has hopefully ended. This report looks at how the Munich University of Applied Sciences (MUAS), one of the biggest universities of applied sciences in Germany, established its own solution for remote examination over the Internet. This report provides an overview of how MUAS developed its on-site competence- and application-oriented digital examination tool to work remotely during the pandemic, its general framework and experiences that were made during its inception. Included are descriptions of the technical setting of the solution, as well as some challenges that were had when implementing it and how those were resolved. As part of this research it was concluded, that support and administrative work for this kind of remote examination was much more intensive than for on-site digital examinations, but also lessened each subsequent semester. A well-organized support system makes it possible to offer remote digital examinations with good conditions regarding, for example, student equal opportunities and secure examination environments, although even now perfect conditions cannot be guaranteed. While not without its own deficiencies, MUAS new established system was lauded by many Bavarian educational facilities and is in the process of being deployed to other Bavarian universities. This paper serves to highlight a qualitative example of how e-learning approaches can be of use in the context of higher education examinations and hopefully provide ideas for others trying to establish their own similar solutions.

Despite the recognition of the benefits that can be achieved through the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) and, more broadly, Open Educational Practices (OEP), there has been little research on the competences that are needed to enable educators to utilise such practices. To contribute to closing this gap, this paper presents a framework of the competences that educators in higher education should develop in order to effectively engage in OEP. The framework development was based on an in-depth analysis of a set of existing successful open teaching practices, which allowed to identify the underlying competences needed to engage in each one of them. The competence framework consists of one transversal attitude (that of being open to constructively engaging in OEP) and two competence categories (those relating to OER and those relating to open pedagogies). These two categories include a total of eight competences, described in detail through the corresponding knowledge and skills. The paper closes with a reflection on how to facilitate the attainment of these competences, that could become a key part of existing capacity building actions for educators at all levels, and suggests some directions for possible future research.

The rapid development of digital technologies and their increasing application in many areas of everyday life challenge all citizens to continuously learn digital skills. This also applies to older adults, among whom digital literacy is on average less well-developed than among younger adults. This article investigates why retired older adults participate in opportunities to learn digital skills. Multiple case design with both qualitative and quantitative methods was used to include the views of older adults from Austria, Finland, and Germany. The results of this interdisciplinary study indicated individual, social and technical reasons for their participation in digital skills training. Practical implications and recommendations for future studies are suggested.

Digital and network society learning happens in new, timeless and borderless spaces. Such society members are always connected and online, sharing and co-creating knowledge, and their learning needs serve as the biggest driving forces for higher education curriculum change. Open online learning methodology seems to be the best-suited way to implement this change, in order to meet the needs of digital and network society. This research aims to investigate why and when open online learning is relevant for digital and network society and how open online learning supports curriculum change in higher education to meet the learning needs of digital and network society members. Theoretical research findings are discussed to: a) define the characteristics of digital and networked society, b) identify emerging ways of learning of a digital and networked society, and explain why open online learning is best suited for their needs, c) discuss the gap between the new ways of learning and higher education curricula and how open online learning is relevant for its change. Empirical research is based on global experts' semi-structured interviews. The results of the research demonstrate that open online learning should serve as a solution for curriculum change in higher education to respond to digital and network society learning needs. Higher education curricula should change to ensure better flexibility, recognition of nonformal learning in formal curricula, better collaboration and exchange of people with diverse cultural and social experiences. Assessment and recognition of prior learning in the formal curricula of universities could be one of realistic scenarios for faster adaptation and introduction of more diversified learning paths. The research findings support the need to change the pedagogical approach from teacher-centred into a learner-centred, small-group orientated, multidimensional model of teaching, which raise further challenges and research dilemmas for academic community, in order to integrate important elements of change into university practices.

As one of the most culturally diverse schools in New York City, the Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School (MELS) serves about 850 students in grades 6 through 12. MELS is "A School for a Sustainable City" and a New York City Outward Bound School. MELS uses the Expeditionary Learning education model, which focuses on student engagement and student achievement through case studies and expeditions. For example, in a 9th-grade English class, learners read "I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban" by Christina Lamb and Malala Yousafzai. During this case study, students learned how an individual enacts change. Learners were asked to explore the idea of creating change by researching an issue within their community. In small groups, learners selected and researched an issue within their community, building understanding of why the issue is a problem. Students then proposed a solution to solve the issue. The issue students chose to research became the focus of their day of service. Students were also required to create a zine about the issue and share their zine with the community. A zine is a short, self-published work that allows students to express their ideas about an issue in a creative do-it-yourself style. During a series of collaborative library lessons, students learned how to research and write to create a zine that showed what they had learned about enacting change. In this article, the following learning outcomes were achieved by learners through the Zine Project's collaborative library lessons.

In 2014, the Faculty of Management and Economics at Witten/Herdecke University introduced its first international programme, the MA PPE, which served as a test case within the overall internationalisation strategy. Despite the challenges detailed in this paper the overall implementation deemed successful. The university derived many valuable lessons for further its internationalisation strategy: embedding an international programme in a clear and structured general internationalisation strategy of the university; offering relevant assistance to international students in all organisational and administrative aspects; actively creating interfaces between international and domestic students; formulating a clear vision and mission for international programmes to be shared equally by students, academic and administrative staff.

The need for geoscience students to develop a quantitative skillset is ever increasing. However, this can be difficult to implement in university-style lecture courses in a way that is both manageable for the instructor and does not involve lengthy, potentially repetitive, question sheets for the students. Here, a method for teaching dimensional analysis, basic fluid dynamics, and the interpretation and scaling of experimental data is presented for a graduate student audience. The proposed method utilizes simple fluid dynamic benchtop experiments that require a small amount of teaching space and use readily available, low cost materials. Our analysis of student performance through pre- and post-tests demonstrates that students have a better knowledge of dimensional analysis, data interpretation and experimental design after the series of practical sessions compared to instruction through a single, passive lecture. We therefore show that simple benchtop experiments can be an effective way to improve and integrate quantitative learning into a graduate geoscience class.

We present a theory explaining the impact of ability tracking on academic performance based on grading policies. Our model distinguishes between initial ability, which is mainly determined by parental background, and eagerness to learn. We show that achievements of low ability students may be higher in a comprehensive school system, even if there are neither synergy effects nor interdependent preferences among classmates. This arises because the comprehensive school sets a compromise standard which exceeds the standard from the low ability track. Moreover, if students with lower initial ability have a higher eagerness to learn, merging classes will increase the average performance.

This study examined the usefulness of a survey on underage drinking in a rural American Indian community health clinic. One hundred ninety-seven youth (90 male, 107 female; age range 8-20 years) were recruited from clinic waiting rooms and through community outreach. The study revealed that the usefulness of the survey was twofold: Survey results could be used by clinic staff to screen for underage drinking and associated problems in youth served by the clinic, and the process of organizing, evaluating, and implementing the survey results accomplished several important goals of community-based participatory research. (Contains 4 tables.)

This article examines the findings of the recent OPAL report "Beyond OER: Shifting Focus from Resources to Practices". In doing so, it defines current understanding of open educational resources and open educational practices, and highlights the shift from open content to open practice. The article includes a framework for supporting open educational practices. The conclusions emphasise that open access is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the opening of education, and foreshadows ongoing moves toward changes in educational architectures that promote increased uptake of open educational resources and wider application of open education.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how instructional support is a critical tool to promote the use of technology in research and teaching. A Campus-Wide Collaborative Model of Technological Instructional Support (CCMTIS) is presented that incorporates: integration of technology across campus; technical assistance; allocation of funding for technical assistance; support of faculty teaching style; and teaching that enhances learning through the use of technology. Design/methodology/approach: The approach presents two case studies, one a large state research university, and the other a small liberal arts college. Findings: Four overlapping themes emerge across the two case studies that demonstrate how: technology can connect classroom learning to career considerations and opportunities; develop writing and communication skills; promote career development through access to job search skills; and encourage professional development among faculty and staff. Research limitations/implications The limitations are that only two specific campus environments are examined. That these are differing environments, however, have implications for the model's application to diverse campus settings. Practical implications: A practical application is that the study demonstrates how the CCMTIS model can be applied to both classroom and campus. This has implications for other universities that may seek to replicate the model on their own campuses. Social implications: The social implications indicate how learning occurs through an instructional support model that promotes collaboration. At the same time, ethical considerations related to instructional support are presented. Originality/value: The manuscript reflects original work based on case studies that reflect the authors' experiences.

Dr. Terrence Roberts is our second guest for the Hearing Our Elders series. Dr. Roberts is one of the Little Rock Nine, the first group of African American students to attend Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Interview segments are woven into the article, providing a historical and political context from which to understand the current national climate with regard to social justice and multicultural responsiveness. Dr. Roberts's interview revealed 6 critical themes: resilience, understanding context in the face of the status quo, reimagining language, choice as key to good mental health, use of the self as an intervention tool, and the importance of being historical in one's thinking. Intentionality is identified as a metatheme that asks the question of where one falls on the status quo versus change agent continuum. [This article represents the second contribution to the Hearing Our Elders series introduced as a tool for illuminating lessons learned from the journeys of historic vision-guided and resilient luminaries whose impact on multicultural counseling continues to be felt.]

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature describing the interaction between the use of telehomecare technology and level of health literacy among chronic patients. The aim of the review was both to explore whether and how level of health literacy affects the ability to use telehomecare technology and, additionally, whether and how the use of telehomecare technology influences the level of health literacy. Design: Systematic literature review. Method: Four relevant studies, reported in five papers, were identified and evaluated according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The studies include a total of 1,120 participants in the telehomecare intervention groups and 617 participants in the control groups. The following data were extracted from the four included studies: author, year, country, number of patients, type of patients, time horizon, health literacy screening tool, nature of the intervention and description of the compared alternatives, for example, usual care. Results: The studies report conflicting observations, and a synthesis of their results therefore provides no clear picture of the interaction between health literacy and the use of telehomecare technology. Conclusion: Exploring the interaction between health literacy and the use of telehomecare was not a primary objective in any of the four included studies. Further research is needed to provide a better picture of the interaction between health literacy and the use of telehomecare technology.

This issue of the "Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development" launches an inaugural series, Hearing Our Elders, and introduces the Honorable Congressman John Lewis as the series' 1st guest. The social, environmental, and political contexts within which the civil rights and multicultural counseling movements were shaped and unfolded are highlighted as are the incredible contributions by this history-making icon to these 2 momentous and consequential social reform campaigns. The article, with excerpts from an interview with Congressman Lewis, illuminates central and overlapping themes of both movements that, in turn, represent cornerstones of the Hearing Our Elders series. The authors conclude with an invitation to guess the name of the next historic hero to be featured in the Hearing Our Elders series.

Learning-induced modulation of neuronal intrinsic excitability is a metaplasticity mechanism that can impact the acquisition of new memories. Although the amygdala is important for emotional learning and other behaviors, including fear and anxiety, whether learning alters intrinsic excitability within the amygdala has received very little attention. Fear conditioning was combined with intracellular recordings to investigate the effects of learning on the intrinsic excitability of lateral amygdala (LA) neurons. To assess time-dependent changes, brain slices were prepared either immediately or 24-h post-conditioning. Fear conditioning significantly enhanced excitability of LA neurons, as evidenced by both decreased after hyperpolarization (AHP) and increased neuronal firing. These changes were time-dependent such that reduced AHPs were evident at both time points whereas increased neuronal firing was only observed at the later (24-h) time point. Moreover, these changes occurred within a subset (32%) of LA neurons. Previous work also demonstrated that learning-related changes in synaptic plasticity are also evident in less than one-third of amygdala neurons, suggesting that the neurons undergoing intrinsic plasticity may be critical for fear memory. These data may be clinically relevant as enhanced LA excitability following fear learning could influence future amygdala-dependent behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to determine: (i) the effect of schools' baseline community readiness (CR) on youth physical activity (PA) at recess prior to the Ready for Recess intervention; (ii) if changes in PA due to the intervention were explained by baseline CR and (iii) if specific components of the intervention altered an association between baseline CR and changes in youth PA. Methods that were employed included: six informants from each of 17 schools participated in CR interviews at baseline (N = 101). CR scores were calculated based on the CR model's nine stages. Direct observation was used to measure PA. Poisson models evaluated the association between baseline CR and PA. Results were that seven schools were in denial, eight in vague awareness and two in pre-planning stages. CR marginally predicted pre-intervention PA. When compared with youth at schools in denial, youth at schools in vague awareness and pre-planning demonstrated significant increases in moderate/vigorous PA. Ready for Recess strengthened this association. This is the first study to demonstrate that school CR may explain changes in PA at recess after a school-based PA intervention. Low CR levels may contraindicate interventions. Efforts to increase school CR "a priori" may be critical to increasing PA among youth.

This paper discusses the potential of learning technologies to foster competence development of students. It aims to improve understanding of pedagogical conditions that have to be met to establish a competence orientation in e-learning. We review the literature to summarise recent changes in e-learning, identify attributes of web 2.0 technologies, revisit the concept of competence and specify implications for the competence-oriented design of learning environments. By referring to Kolb's learning cycle, we illustrate this view with a case study on the use of Google Apps as collaborative learning environment and recommend how competence-oriented e-learning activities can be created. Our findings reinforce the position that web 2.0 tools enable a shift from a distributive to a more collaborative mode in e-learning. In particular, the ease of use and intuition of web 2.0 technologies allow creating learning environments, which realise activity-rich pedagogical models and facilitate competence development of students. The paper concludes that, despite the demand of firms for versatile graduates and the obvious potential of learning technologies to foster competence development of students, universities need to establish institutional strategies to make this pedagogical change happen.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the changes taking place when learning moves from a transmissive learning model to a collaborative and reflective learning model and proposes consequences for quality development. Design/methodology/approach: The paper summarises relevant research in the field of e-learning to outline the differences between e-learning 1.0 and e-learning 2.0 and amalgamates it with a series of previously published works. The characteristics of quality development are analyses in a next step and suitable methodologies for developing quality for e-learning 2.0 environments are selected, proposed and explained. Findings: Even though the question of quality is controversially discussed already when e-learning 1.0 appeared on the market, e-learning 2.0 creates even more insecurity. This paper aims at answering the following questions: what constitutes the new, innovative element, which is described by Web 2.0 and e-learning 2.0? Does this development have consequences for how it assures, manage and develop quality in e-learning? In three steps, it is described what e-learning 2.0 constitutes, which basic elements of Web 2.0 it builds on, and what has changed. In a second, step the consequences this implies for quality development in e-learning are discussed. Third, a number of methods as examples and practical advice on how to further advance quality development are described. Originality/value: The original value of the paper is to outline the changes which have to be taken into account in new and innovative learning environment which are build on Web 2.0 technologies and to draw consequences for quality development as well as suggest methodologies for educators and learners to improve quality of such learning environments. (Contains 1 figure, 6 tables and 3 notes.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a holistic understanding of quality in higher education which reveals the current debates about accreditation or quality process standards as insufficient, and to propose an enhanced model for quality culture in educational organisations. Design/methodology/approach: The conceptual framework is based on relevant research in the field of quality development for education, and integrates it with a series of previously published works related to quality methodologies, quality literacy and quality as a multidimensional concept. Quality is approached from an educational science perspective, and is understood as a relationship among all the participants and resources of an educational scenario. Findings: The paper establishes the foundation for a comprehensive understanding and analysis of quality culture in organisations, focussing on higher education. While this understanding of quality as part of the organisational culture seems to gain more importance there is still a lack of fundamental research and conceptual understanding of the phenomenon in itself. Quality development in higher education is often limited to bureaucratic documentation, and disregards the development of quality as an organisation's holistic culture. However, there is a need to focus on promoting a quality culture which is enabling individual actors to continuously improve their educational practice. Originality/value: The original value of the paper is to approach quality development in higher education from an organisation's cultural perspective. When the conceptual foundations for empirical research are worked out, the professionals can benefit by understanding the interrelated nature of educational quality and organisational culture in higher education institutions. (Contains 2 tables, 5 figures and 2 notes.)

In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors examined the relationship between reduced specificity in autobiographical memory retrieval and the development of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and specific phobia after injury in an assault. Assault survivors (N = 203) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (J. M. G. Williams & K. Broadbent, 1986) at 2 weeks after the trauma as well as structured clinical interviews at 2 weeks and 6 months. Participants with acute stress disorder or major depression at 2 weeks, but not those with phobia, retrieved fewer specific autobiographical memories than those without the respective disorder. Reduced memory specificity at 2 weeks also predicted subsequent PTSD and major depression at 6 months over and above what could be predicted from initial diagnoses and symptom severity. Moderator analyses showed that low memory specificity predicted later depression in participants with prior episodes of major depression but not in those without prior depression. Mediation analyses suggested that rumination partly mediated and perceived permanent change fully mediated the effects of low memory specificity on posttrauma psychopathology at follow-up. (Contains 4 tables, 1 figure, and 2 footnotes.)

The study investigated the power of theoretically derived cognitive variables to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), travel phobia, and depression following injury in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). MVA survivors (N = 147) were assessed at the emergency department on the day of their accident and 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months later. Diagnoses were established with the Structured Clinical Interview for "DSM-IV." Predictors included initial symptom severities; variables established as predictors of PTSD in E. J. Ozer, S. R. Best, T. L. Lipsey, and D. S. Weiss's (2003) meta-analysis; and variables derived from cognitive models of PTSD, phobia, and depression. Results of nonparametric multiple regression analyses showed that the cognitive variables predicted subsequent PTSD and depression severities over and above what could be predicted from initial symptom levels. They also showed greater predictive power than the established predictors, although the latter showed similar effect sizes as in the meta-analysis. In addition, the predictors derived from cognitive models of PTSD and depression were disorder-specific. The results support the role of cognitive factors in the maintenance of emotional disorders following trauma. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

This investigation presents 1) a literature review concerning how adversity and resilience influence the development of youth from diverse cultural backgrounds; 2) an examination of measures of resilience with regard to cultural factors that relate to the nature of coping and resilience among young adults from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds; and 3) the exploration of aspects of cultural resilience: childhood stressors, global coping, adaptive coping, maladaptive coping, and sociocultural support. Results for 305 college age women indicated that cultural factors were related to measures of these five aspects of resilience. Childhood stressors were experienced differentially by individuals from different racial/ethnic and social class status backgrounds, supporting proposals that ecological aspects, notably cultural background and experiences, influence the development of resilience. A conceptual framework illustrating how culture contributes to resilience and coping is presented. Implications for the development of a measure of "cultural" resilience and its usefulness for developmental community interventions are discussed.

The article describes the current challenge for e-learning in higher education, which is to support development of competence. This poses great challenges to e-learning in higher education, mainly because the way it has been designed, in many cases, does not fit with supporting competence development. Rather, it facilitates the mere transfer of knowledge. Two different modes of e-learning organization are differentiated and described: the distributive and the collaborative e-learning modes. It is argued that the collaborative mode holds more potential for competence development than the distributive mode. (Contains 3 figures, 1 table, and 6 notes.)

The authors investigated factors that may determine whether perpetrators of violent crime develop intrusive memories of their offense. Of 105 young offenders who were convicted of killing or seriously harming others, 46% reported distressing intrusive memories, and 6% had posttraumatic stress disorder. Intrusions were associated with lower antisocial beliefs before the assault, greater helplessness, fear, dissociation, data-driven processing and lack of self-referent processing during the assault, more disorganized assault narratives, and greater negative view of the self, negative interpretations of intrusive memories, perceived permanent change, and self-blame. In a logistic regression analysis, the cognitive and emotional variables explained substantial variance over and above demographic factors. The results suggest that cognitive factors that predict reexperiencing symptoms in victims of crime generalize to perpetrators.

The article suggests that stakeholders involved in quality development need a specific competence, called quality literacy, in order to successfully improve learning processes. We introduce and describe quality literacy as a set of competencies that are needed for professional quality development. Quality literacy emphasises the importance of professionalism as a necessary component for quality development, in addition to structural quality management models. We argue that quality development is a co-production between learners and their learning environment. This means that the educational process can only be influenced and optimised through participation and not steered externally. Quality strategies cannot, therefore, guarantee a high quality of learning processes but rather aim at professionalisation of the educational process and stakeholders. This article suggests participation and negotiation between educational stakeholders (clients and providers) as a main condition for quality development. In addition, we present a quality model that conceptualises quality as a potential that can only be achieved through interaction. (Contains 4 figures and 2 tables.)

Increasingly, mainstream U.S. classrooms include children who are English-language learners (ELLs). As a result, teachers need to become more aware of ways to assess the literacy progress of their ELL students. The first type of assessment that teachers need to make is to determine ELLs' literacy backgrounds. Teachers can use predictability logs to make these assessments. Next, teachers can use nontraditional assessments to determine ELLs' literacy strengths and needs. At times, however, teachers need to use traditional assessments to evaluate ELLs. When doing so, they should consider making modifications so that the assessment accurately reflects the ELLs' literacy knowledge. Knowledge of ways to assess ELLs' literacy development accurately can help classroom teachers determine instructional lessons and interventions so that all students make real progress toward literacy.

A new cognitive therapy (CT) program was compared with an established behavioral treatment. Sixty-two patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for social phobia were randomly assigned to CT, exposure plus applied relaxation (EXP = AR), or wait-list (WAIT). CT and EXP = AR were superior to WAIT on all measures. On measures of social phobia, CT led to greater improvement than did EXP = AR. Percentages of patients who no longer met diagnostic criteria for social phobia at post-treatment-wait were as follows: 84% in CT, 42% in EXP = AR, and 0% in WAIT. At the 1-year follow-up, differences in outcome persisted. In addition, patients in EXP = AR were more likely to have sought additional treatment. Therapist effects were small and nonsignificant. CT appears to be superior to EXP = AR in the treatment of social phobia.

The purpose of the study was to investigate college women's were unwillingness to participate in 24 alternative marital and family forms. Data were collected through the use of anonymous questionnaires distributed in classes. The analysis revealed "One man married to two or more wives" (95.1%), "Man has "right" to sex outside of marriage" (94.2%)," "Group marriage" (91.3%) and "Woman has "right" to sex outside of marriage" (91.3%) were the most undesirable forms of marriage. Even the most "undesirable" forms of marriage had individuals who were willing to participate in them. This study confirms that among college age women, the expectations of what is considered an abnormal or undesirable form of marriage is more vague and flexible than assumed. (Contains 1 table.)

A feminist action research team, which consisted of a science educator, an English-language learner (ELL) educator, a first-year science teacher, and a graduate assistant, set a goal to work together to explore the process a beginning teacher goes through to establish a classroom conducive to the needs of middle-level ELL learners. The guiding questions of the study were answered by gathering a wealth of data over the course of 5 months and taken from the classroom, planning sessions, and researchers and students. These data were collected by observations, semistructured interviews, and written document reviews. The progressive analysis ultimately revealed that: (a) successful strategies a beginning teacher must utilize for teaching middle-level ELL children in a mainstream classroom involve complex structural considerations that are not part of the teacher's preparation; (b) learning increases for all children, but there are differences in learning achievement between ELL and non-ELL children; and (c) student and peer feedback proved to be an effective means of enhancing the growth of a beginning teacher seeking to increase her skills in teaching ELL learners. The experiences and findings from this project have implications for teacher preparation programs committed to preparing educators to teach science to all children.

Drew on results from focus groups conducted in six states to develop criteria for evaluating activities and teaching strategies used in middle level science education activities to engage adolescent girls. Criteria relate to the authenticity of the project for students' lives, having a choice in science lessons, using pedagogy to enhance understanding of science concepts, and motivating students through interesting activities. (KB)

Communicative functions, overall developmental level, and autistic features were studied in eight females (ages 11-36) with Rett Syndrome. Low levels of communicative abilities and overall functioning were demonstrated, and joint attention behaviors and expression of communicative intent were rare. Six subjects, however, showed clear examples of social interaction abilities. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)

Presents data on the High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, a 27-item checklist for completion by lay informants when assessing symptoms characteristic of Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with normal intelligence or mild mental retardation. Reliability and validity data as well as optimal cut-off scores are discussed. (DB)

Thirty females (ages 5-28) with autism also had many features of classic Rett syndrome (RS). The course of the disorder was more benign that in classic RS. A category of "Rett Complex" is proposed in which individuals have classic RS, but have a preserved speech variant. (Author/CR)

By outlining some of the familiar and persistent barriers to women's leadership at the highest administrative levels within colleges and universities, the authors want to open a conversation about how to accelerate the type of change embodied by Ronald Takaki's notion of a "different mirror." Developing this notion, Takaki asks, "What happens, to borrow the words of Adrienne Rich, "when someone with the authority of a teacher" describes our society, and "you are not in it"? Such an experience can be disorientating--"a moment of psychic disequilibrium, as if you looked into a mirror and saw nothing." If we hope to make meaningful strides in promoting women's leadership in higher education, we must be prepared for a shift that reflects a valuing of authentic leadership--including a reassessment of what is rewarded in the tenure and promotion process. But, this brand of leadership cannot make a difference unless structural change is coupled with cultural change. We will never make real progress in advancing women's leadership in higher education until we address the macro issues in our society that keep us from shattering the increasingly thick glass ceiling.

The Missouri Parents as Teachers project developed in response to a 1984 state mandate requiring parent education and serves about 85,000 families with children, ages birth through 4. Components include home visits, group meetings, and early childhood developmental screenings. Discussed are the project's historical perspective, project evaluation, legislation, personnel training, dissemination, service delivery, and teleconferencing. (DB)

Examines two types of cultural identity, defensive and transcendent. Discusses acculturation and three current manifestations of American cultural pluralism: religion and schooling, bilingualism, and competition. Establishes multicultural education's role in achieving transcendent identity. (SK)

Described is the use of cleavage as an aid to microscopic determination of unknown minerals by immersion methods. Cleavages are examined in relation to fragment shapes, types of extinction, and cleavage-optical relationships. (Author/DS)

This classroom tip focuses on sustained-content language teaching. The game described--content wizard-- illustrates a practical technique for incorporating a range of language and academic skills into subject matter lessons for English-as-a-Second-Language learners. (Author/VWL)

A research physicist and science educator who became a U.S. congressman explains the goals of a Science Committee review of U.S. policy on science and technology. The challenges faced by the nation in coping with technological advancements are described. Specific reforms needed include giving students a sense of the process of science and focusing teaching on problems relevant to students. (PVD)