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Understanding homology is fundamental to learning about evolution. The present study shows an exercise that can be varied in complexity, for which students compile research illustrating the fate of homologous fish skull elements, and assemble a mural to serve as a learning aid. The skull of the most primitive living Actinopterygian (bony fish), the bowfin, "Amia calva," is the starting point for tracing the evolutionary fate of homologous bones in other living and extinct vertebrates. By tracing bone fates through time and across lineages, students learn both their names and association patterns. Emphasizing bone group associations, structures and functions replaces memorization of names, while facilitating understanding of evolutionary processes that shaped complexes and the vertebrates in which they occur. Working in groups, students learn cranial ossification patterns from fish to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds that might otherwise seem unpredictable or unrelated to natural selection. Goals of this project include clarifying evolutionary processes, relating complex structures to functions, and assisting students in gaining a deeper understanding of features that define vertebrate anatomical relationships. (Contains 4 figures.)

The techniques of forensic anthropology and pathology can provide new information to increase student interest in studying the structural details of the human skeleton. We present a simplified methodology for assessing skeletal ethnicity, sex, age, and stature. An inexpensive method has been devised for constructing an osteometric board to allow students to measure long bones accurately. The effects of aging and the influence of lifestyle alterations on skeletal elements are presented along with the prediction of their effects on the living individual. This laboratory is intended to acquaint students with the process of collecting and analyzing data, interpreting scientific results, and assessing the accuracy of their conclusions. Gathering and analyzing their own data sets gives students a better understanding of the scientific method and an increased ability to translate this understanding to other scientific disciplines.