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Passive keyless entry and start system has been widely used in modern cars. Car owners can open the door or start the engine merely by having the key in their pocket. PKES was originally designed to establish a communication channel between the car and its key within approximately one meter. However, the channel is vulnerable to relay attacks by which attackers unlock the door even if the key is out of range. Even though relay attacks have been recognized as a potential threat for over ten years, such attacks were thought to be impractical due to highly expensive equipment; however, the required cost is gradually practical. Recently, a relay attack has been demonstrated with equipment being sold only under $100. In this paper, we propose a sound-based proximity- detection method to prevent relay attacks on PKES systems. The sound is eligible to be applied to PKES because audio systems are commonly available in cars. We evaluate our method, considering environments where cars are commonly parked, and present the recording time satisfying both usability and security. In addition, we newly define an advanced attack, called the record-and-playback attack, for sound-based proximity detection, demonstrating that our method is robust to such an attack., 1. Introduction Passive key entry and start (PKES) system is a service that aims to provide car owners with convenience. In a traditional way, they insert their keys directly in [...]

Abstract. Crowdfunding has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional funding, wherein project owners use web technologies to fundraise from members of the public ('backers'). The established models of control [...]

ABSTRACT Bibliographic classification is among the core activities of Library & Information Science that brings order and proper management to the holdings of a library. Compared to printed media, digital [...]

Online workplaces such as oDesk, Amazon Mechanical Turk, and TaskRabbit have been growing in importance over the last few years. In such markets, employers post tasks on which remote contractors work and deliver the product of their work online. As in most online marketplaces, reputation mechanisms play a very important role in facilitating transactions, since they instill trust and are often predictive of the employer's future satisfaction. However, labor markets are usually highly heterogeneous in terms of available task categories; in such scenarios, past performance may not be an accurate signal of future performance. To account for this natural heterogeneity, in this work, we build models that predict the performance of a worker based on prior, category-specific feedback. Our models assume that each worker has a category-specific quality, which is latent and not directly observable; what is observable, though, is the set of feedback ratings of the worker and of other contractors with similar work histories. Based on this information, we provide a series of models of increasing complexity that successfully estimate the worker's quality. We start by building a binomial model and a multinomial model under the implicit assumption that the latent qualities of the workers are static. Next, we remove this assumption, and we build linear dynamic systems that capture the evolution of these latent qualities over time. We evaluate our models on a large corpus of over a million transactions (completed tasks) from oDesk, an online labor market with hundreds of millions of dollars in transaction volume. Our results show an improved accuracy of up to 25% compared to feedback baselines and significant improvement over the commonly used collaborative filtering approach. Our study clearly illustrates that reputation systems should present different reputation scores, depending on the context in which the worker has been previously evaluated and the job for which the worker is applying. Keywords: online labor markets; reputation; Bayesian modeling; linear dynamical systems History: Received August 24, 2013; accepted March 15, 2015, by Lorin Hitt, information systems. Published online in Articles in Advance July 9, 2015., 1. Introduction In recent years, online marketplaces have experienced (and continue to experience) a significant growth in their transaction volume. (1) As significant new entrants, online labor marketplaces, such as [...]

The study aimed at broadening the appreciating information seeking behaviour of master's students through linking the dynamics of information seeking to emotions and behaviour. This research is an in-depth empirical research on emotions and behaviour among Master's students at Manchester metropolitan university. Emotions and behaviour also have a direct or indirect effect on the style of learning that students use. Previous studies have also highlighted that the discipline and stage of research have an influence on student's information seeking. The current study seek an in-depth understanding of the emotions and behaviour associated with information seeking among Masters Students. Essentially, this does not intend to identify relationships between variables. Rather, it seeks to understand the emotional responsible to the search for information. Consequently, the study follows a descriptor-explanatory design that involves the description of the phenomenon through a review of literature and explanations of such occurrence through primary data collected via interviews with participants. Semi-structured interviews were concluded with a convenience sample of Masters Student in one United Kingdom University studying in a wide range of disciplines, and including both Home and international students. Interview questions were designed to lead interviewees through the stages of their search, including search during proposal development, research design and thesis writing. Various issues associated with decisions, actions, choices and emotions were probed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings of the study confirm that the information seeking behaviour among masters students is organized, and in some cases, random. The randomness of the searching behaviour occurs during the planning stage. Essentially, the finding confirm that many students follows Kuhlthau's model in which at the planning stage the search lacks a clear focus. The findings further indicate that emotional reaction to search causes anxiety, apprehension and confusion. However, should the university seek to design systems of information that minimise emotional response? When you minimise emotions, it affect the user's curiosity to know the unknown. Therefore, systems should maximise positive emotions and minimise negative emotions. This work has contributed to the limited work on emotions within the context of library and information management. Contribution. Despite the considerable body of research on the information behaviour of students, few studies have focussed on Masters Students, and none have studied this group during their dissertation phase, taking into account both the behavioural and affective dimensions of information seeking. The study has practical implications, especially for the institution in which it is conducted. It addresses the gap in literature on emotions and behaviour in information seeking in the field of library and information science/management. Consequently, the study unravels the motivators of emotions and behaviour among Master's Students at Manchester Metropolitan University. The research has benefits to librarian because it offers insights about the emotional and behavioural factors affecting search process in the library. And it has also come up with a fundamental question. Should the university seek to design systems of information that minimise emotional response? Wilson, argues that if we design systems of information that minimise emotions and behaviour in the search process, it will affects the user's curiosity to know the unknown. Therefore, systems should maximise positive emotions and behaviours and minimise negative emotions and behaviours. Keywords: affective, emotion, cognitive, behaviour and search., 1. Introduction The centrality of information behaviour and its development has greatly affected information literacy among students of higher learning in United Kingdom. Masters students in the United Kingdom are [...]