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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) causes a spectrum of disease ranging from mild respiratory infections to severe disease, including meningitis, sepsis, and pneumonia (1). Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) occurs when pneumococcus invades [...]

Wilbur Zelinsky's 1971 paper in Geographical Review entitled the 'Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition' was both forward-looking and offered innovative ideas regarding human geographic mobility. One of the most interesting aspects of the paper was a set of predictions for mobility in a 'future superadvanced society'. Many of these predictions have now come to pass, including a general decline in international and internal migration and residential change, the increasing regulation of migration - especially internally, and the possibility that the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies has impacted human geographic mobility. Hence, this essay looks at the mobility transition not as an obsolete frame of reference but as a prescient, pliable, and adaptable framework which not only informs the study of human geographic mobility today but also, perhaps, even into the future. Keywords: migration, population geography, modernization, regulation, communications., [Wilbur Zelinsky is] as probably as close as one can come to being a true academic provocateur,... weaving an understanding of our habitable world while posing questions for the rest [...]

A mathematical problem that incorporates the Orange Beach Animal Shelter's fundraising event, Walk for the Paws is presented. The problem will help teach students algebraic thinking and logical reasoning in real-life situations. Variations to the problem are also given.

A coloring problem concerning maps is provided, requiring the use of the fewest number of colors possible on three different kinds of maps. Details on coloring techniques used by students, such as labeling the blocks before coloring them, and how teachers can handle showing how to solve such problems are presented.

There is little disagreement that secondary education in the United States can and must be improved, with much attention given to analyses of outcomes ranging from dropout rates to academic [...]

The amount and quality of the DNA captured in bite registrations using dental impression wafer is examined. Results showed that the bite registrations and stone models had an average of 14% mismatches, demonstrating that the dental impressions captured DNA but they did not produce accurate representation of the dentition.

A teacher's own understanding of mathematics influences the ways he/she can structure successful learning opportunities for students. Hence, the teacher's personal knowledge of mathematics has to be continuously refined by meaningful interactions with students and colleagues.

The transition to middle school has been a frequent research topic in recent years. The findings have highlighted both the significant risk and opportunity for school counselor intervention in the [...]

The maintenance of apical and basolateral membrane domains with distinct protein and lipid compositions is necessary for the proper function of polarized epithelial cells. Delivery of cargo to the basolateral surface is thought to be mediated by the interaction of cytoplasmically disposed sorting signals with sorting receptors, whereas apically destined cargoes are sorted via mechanisms dependent on cytoplasmic, glycan-mediated, or lipid-interacting sorting signals. Apical and basolateral cargo are delivered to the surface in discrete tubular and vesicular carriers that bud from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). While it has long been thought that the TGN is the primary compartment in which apical and basolateral cargoes are segregated, recent studies suggest that sorting may begin earlier along the biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, rather than being delivered directly from the TGN to the cell surface, at least a subset of biosynthetic cargo appears to transit recycling endosomes en route to the plasma membrane. The implications and limitations of these challenges to the conventional model for how proteins are sorted and trafficked along the biosynthetic pathway are discussed. trans-Golgi network; Madin-Darby canine kidney; membrane traffic; apical; basolateral

Immigrant settlement patterns in Los Angeles are studied to highlight the view of spatial assimilation research from individuals in neighborhood to relationships between individuals in households in their neighborhood context. It is suggested that clustered residential partnership increases the probability of living in a cluster tract, although for some groups the effect is not insignificant.

Analyses of immigrant settlement patterns typically rely on counts of foreign-born individuals by neighborhood, metropolitan area, state, or region. As an alternative, this study classifies immigrants and their descendents into household types to shift attention from individuals to relationships between individuals. The study uses pooled current population survey data to identify seven household types, six of which have various degrees of immigrant or second-generation presence. The research compares distributions of firstand second-generation immigrants with different types of households that include first- and second-generation immigrants. Our analysis shows that the geography of immigration based on households differs considerably from geographies based on individuals. The spatial distribution and concentration of the foreign-stock population provides one picture of immigrant geographies, whereas the patterns of concentration by several different household types opens up the chance to tell other stories. More pointedly, we emphasize that the unit of analysis shapes assimilation research results and implies that this analytical choice cannot be thought of as independent from the politics of immigration. immigration | spatial assimilation

Biochemical and structural results on two key mutants, one postulated to be important for the interaction with the partner protein and the other for substrate entry is presented. Trp138, adjacent to one type of the type-1 Cu ligands, is one of the residues surrounding a small depression speculated to be important in complex formation with the physiological redox partners, azurin I and II.

When scholars map the urban geography of racial and ethnic segregation, they privilege the time when people are at home. When workers commute, however, the tract of residence of one group often becomes the tract of employment of others. It follows that an exclusive focus on the residential geographies of racial groups erases the presence of others who work in those neighborhoods. Not only does this analytical orientation create a false impression of a city's racialized spaces as fixed, but it also misleadingly characterizes neighborhoods as the domain of those who live, rather than work, in them. In addressing this oversight, the study compares levels of residential and work tract segregation for native-born and immigrant groups in a large U.S. metropolitan area, Los Angeles. The analysis reveals that segregation by work tract is considerably lower than by residential tract, suggesting more intergroup interaction takes place during working hours than at home. The difference in segregation between residence and work is very large in the case of native-born whites and Mexican immigrants. These two groups maintain substantially different residential geographies but are quite likely to work in the same tracts. Such work tract complementarities are gender sensitive; they are much more likely between native-born white and Mexican men than between women of these groups. This gendered difference holds across all groups, with men more likely to work in tracts with men from other groups than women with women from other groups. The study offers new perspective on diurnal shifts in urban racial segregation. We conclude by speculating that reduced segregation at workplaces factors into recent increases in rates of interracial partnering, which may, in turn, ultimately leverage change in residential segregation. Key Words: segregation, race, gender, home, work.

Summary. We decompose the variance in black and white male labour force participation rates across US metropolitan areas in 1990 into three effects: that due to variation in labour force participation within labour force categories across metropolitan areas (local labour market effects); that due to variation in the distribution of those categories across metropolitan areas (labour force structure effects); and that due to the covariation between these two effects. Variation in labour force participation rates within labour force categories (local labour market effects) accounts for 56 per cent of the variance in labour force participation rates across metropolitan areas for white men but over 75 per cent for black men. Variation in the frequency of membership in each labour force category is a relatively unimportant factor for both groups. The covariance between labour force effects and local effects is negligible for black men but accounts for 25 per cent of the intermetropolitan variance in white male part icipation rates. This covariance is a measure of how well adjusted the labour force characteristics of metropolitan areas are to local economic conditions; our results indicate that this adjustment is greater for white men than black men. We also use this decomposition to identify the causes of variation in the difference between black and white labour force participation rates. Black-white differences in response to local labour market effects conditions generate most of this variance. These different local labour market effects are greatest among young single men with less than a high school education.

This study compares the occupational profiles of six immigrant groups in the Los Angeles economy to expose details of the relationship between gender, nativity, time of arrival and labor market segmentation. We investigate the occupational division of labor among the foreign-born from Mexico, E1 Salvador, the Philippines, Guatemala, Korea and China and find that gender plays a dominant role relative to ethnicity in the process of labor market segmentation. We also discover that newly arrived immigrant men are more likely to enter male-dominated occupations than newly arrived women are likely to concentrate in female-dominated occupations. This tendency, however, varies in strength by nativity. Nativity and time of arrival also affect the anatomy of occupational specialization, but, again, this effect is not consistent across groups. Our observation of variability in the relative strength of gender and ethnicity in the determination of occupational profiles across a broad sample of immigrant groups directs future researchers to consider how ethnic resources are gendered in different ways by nativity.

A method for matching data from the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples of the U.S. Census with respect to the 100 most populous metropolitan areas is outlined. The data is used in comparative urban analysis.

Results of national surveys on the female labor force reveal a dramatic increase in women's participation in market work throughout the country. Women's individual characteristics, such as their age, marital status and educational level, are identified as factors which affect their work decisions. In large metropolitan districts, for instance, the majority of women who choose to work are college graduates with high experience rates. Women's labor supply is also affected by the working conditions present in different metropolitan areas, including working conditions and salaries., INTRODUCTION The rates at which women work outside their homes increased dramatically in the US and other industrialized countries in recent decades and these changes in work patterns are related [...]

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985-1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 census reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975-1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975-1980 and 1985-1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975-1980 and 1985-1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born., The substantial growth in the foreign-born population of the United States over the last 30 years fuels a contentious public debate about immigration. A public perception that immigrants are a [...]

The relationship between the flow of immigrants to the US and the internal migration of native-born workers is studied using data from the US Census Bureau's 1980 and 1990 microsamples. Three sets of 50 regression models containing different specifications of the immigration variable and the labor force size are estimated. Results show that internal migration is neither positively related or unrelated to immigration.

Byline: Michael S. Fenster, Marc D. Feldman, Gustavo Camarano, William H. Johnson, Mark Ellis, Joel Linden, George A. Beller Abstract: To determine the frequency of true myocardial ischemia caused by hemodynamic, metabolic, and regional functional abnormalities after intravenous adenosine infusion in patients with coronary artery disease, 13 patients -- 11 with coronary artery disease -- received intravenous adenosine and thallium 201 during cardiac catheterization. Intracoronary adenosine levels increased by an average of 9.4-fold over baseline. Of the 11 patients, all had [greater than or equal to]70% stenoses with a mean number of redistribution defects per patient of 3.3 [+ or -] 0.7. Only two (18%) patients had new wall motion abnormalities detected by echocardiography during adenosine infusion. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not significantly rise (13 [+ or -] 7 to 17 [+ or -] 8 mm Hg, p = NS). Lactate production occurred in two patients. Coronary sinus oxygen saturation levels rose from 29% [+ or -] 6% to 68% [+ or -] 8%, consistent with less myocardial oxygen extraction. Thus, despite a high prevalence of defects detected by.sup.201 Tl, the prevalence of true myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing pharmacologic stress imaging with intravenous adenosine is low. Perfusion defects induced by vasodilator stress are predominantly caused by heterogeneity of flow reserve rather than true ischemia. (Am Heart J 1997;133:406-12.) Author Affiliation: Charlottesville, Va Article Note: (footnote) [star] Reprint requests: George A. Beller, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Box 158, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908., [star][star] 0002-8703/97/$5.00 + 0 4/1/80084

In this paper we investigate the interstate migration of people with AiDS to Florida under the hypothesis that a significant proportion of these moves are made to access care and support from elderly parents. We present a variety of aggregate data to support this hypothesis. Data recording interstate moves to Florida show that over 19% of interstate migrants with AIDS chose small cities and largely rural counties as their destinations, places without well-developed medical and social service facilities beneficial to people with AIDS. Moreover, the highest in-migration rates are in counties with the greatest proportion of elderly people, who are mostly retirees from other states. A Poisson regression model of destination choice indicates that the attraction of places with a high proportion of the population over 65 is statistically significant, after controlling for other factors that may also draw migrants with AIDS. We infer from analysis of trends in migration flows, that some people with AIDS may be relocating to seek support from elderly parents. Key words - AIDS, migration, caregiving, elderly parents

The association of the cognitive style known as field dependence-independence and 168 subjects' correct detection of the number of parts in 24 musical items was investigated. Each item was arranged in one of three textures. With the effects of general mental ability, experience in music, and gender held constant, scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test explained significant variance in discrimination (7.5%). Factorial analysis showed significant main effects for cognitive-style groups, number of parts, and texture. The interaction between the effects of part and texture was also significant. In some cases an individual's cognitive style may influence perception of 'what's going on' in music.

W.E.B. Du Bois's accomodationist views on the 1917-1918 war effort may not have been motivated by pragmatism, as William Jordan suggests, but by his desire to prove that he was loyal to the US. Major Joel E. Spingarn apparently persuaded Du Bois to foment pro-military sentiment among African Americans, with the implicit promise that it would advance the civil rights agenda, once the war was won. Jordan's analysis of Du Bois's 'Close Ranks' editorial ignores this fact.

This article deals with the experience of German minorities in Britain and the USA during World War I. The introductory section points to the fact that serious racial persecutions have taken place during total war in the twentieth century. The subsequent sections detail the experience of Germans in the USA and Britain respectively, pointing to the development of ethnic groups before 1914 and moving on to demonstrate the persecution that they faced from governments and public opinion in both countries. The conclusion compares the wartime experience of Germans in Britain and the USA, and suggests that in terms of strength of hostility, British and US treatment of enemy aliens remains similar. The main difference concerns the much smaller number of Germans in Britain and the greater ethnic diversity of the USA. These two factors, especially the former, meant that the British government could deal with its German population more thoroughly than could the Wilson administration in the USA.

J. Edgar Hoover used his position as Bureau of Investigation director to perpetuate his beliefs that the civil rights movement was a communist-supported plot despite the lack of evidence. His beliefs were based in the rigidly segregated Washington, DC, of his youth and the racial violence occurring between May and Sep 1919. Hoover believed the continuing black protest was generated by Bolshevik and Industrial Workers of the World propaganda even though his own operatives could find no evidence. Hoover was disinterested in the causes for white rioting.