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Research has been conducted on the male body size evolution due to natural and sexual selection in insects. The relationship between the nuptial gift size and the male body size has been investigated in the ground cricket populations and the results indicate that gifts indirectly affect the male size evolution.

Author(s): Kenneth M. Fedorka (corresponding author) [1, 2]; Timothy A. Mousseau [1] Indirect-benefit models of sexual selection assert that females gain heritable offspring advantages through a mating bias for males [...]

The most common life history trade-offs in animals is the reduction in survivorship with increasing reproductive effort, despite the prevalence of this pattern, its underlying physiological mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, a hypothesis was tested with immune suppression that mediates the phenotypic trade-off by manipulating socius.