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We propose a generalized T-matrix definition that facilitates the conversion between the S-parameter and T-parameter for multiport networks based on the well understood and mathematically simple two-port relations. This approach generalizes all multiport networks into two cases: balanced and unbalanced. Balanced networks have the same number of entrance and exit ports and are symmetric to the two-port network. Unbalanced networks generate a nonsquare T-matrix and do not have the same number of entrance and exit ports. Through careful selection of the T-matrix, this method extends two-port symmetry to multiport networks and provides an engineering implementable relationship between the S-parameter and T-parameter for multiport networks. This symmetry extension allows a practical means to cascade and deembed such networks. Index Terms--Deembedding, multiport networks, scattering parameter, transmission parameter.

The pulsed electric current method is employed to study the effects of current on the neck formation during the sintering of copper spheres to copper plates. The results reveal that high currents lead to excessive void formation on the necks and also cause an increase in the evaporation, followed by the generation of bunched evaporation steps.