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The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of LiP[F.sub.6], LiB[F.sub.4], LiTFSI and LiBETI salts are presented by recording their core peaks and valence spectra. The results obtained are used to characterize passivation layers formed at the surface of graphite negative electrodes taken from LiCo[O.sub.2]/graphite electrochemical cells by using either LiTFSI or LiBETI salt.

A study is conducted which reports on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of synthesized lithium methyl and ethyl carbonates. The findings reveal that Li alkyl carbonates can be identified at the electrode's surface by a combined analysis of XPS core peaks and valence spectra.

The quantum chemical study of the ionic ring opening of diphosphirane was undertaken. All computations were made using the Monstergauss program. Results revealed that pi addition leading to the diphosphirane was the preferred addition mechanism of singlet carbene to diphosphene. No potential energy barrier toward P-P bond rupture exists in the case of cations. The ring opening process in the case of anions goes through a cyclic anionic intermediate prior to an exo-exo open-chain species through a conrotary process.