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Physical education (PE) has the potential to educate students to spend a lifetime in physical activity. An up-and-coming activity that has this potential of lifetime activity is spike ball. Generally, spike ball is played with four players with teams of two. The ball is put into play and the players can move anywhere they want. The objective is to hit the ball into the net so that the opposing team cannot return it. Spike ball presents itself to be an activity for students in high school and college/university. One aspect of increasing activity during spike ball is music being played. Research dealing with music in physical activity settings has found it to enhance endurance and color how people interpret fatigue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music on PA rates (measured via pedometer) of college students as they play spike ball. Generally, it was learned that music had a positive effect on increased amounts of steps taken and time in activity during spike ball play., Introduction Physical education (PE) could help prepare students to lifelong participation in a multitude of activities (Pangrazi, 2003). K-12 PE is divided into three categories, elementary (K-5), middle school/ junior [...]

Objectives To compare the prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum among participants of Centering Pregnancy®, a model of group prenatal care (GPC), and traditional prenatal care (TPC), and to investigate differences in contraceptive method choice by type of prenatal care. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all eligible patients who participated in GPC (n = 143) and a random sample of patients participating in TPC (n = 290) who followed up at our institution within 12 weeks of delivery. Our primary outcome was the proportion of participants using a highly effective contraceptive method within 12 weeks postpartum. Contraceptives were classified in tiers (Tier 1, long-acting reversible and permanent contraception; Tier 2, oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, or injection; Tier 3, barrier and fertility awareness methods, withdrawal, spermicide; and no method). Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods were considered highly effective. Results The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum was 63.6% (91 of 143) and 63.1% (183 of 290) among participants in GPC and TPC, respectively (p = 0.99). We found no difference in Tier 1 versus other method use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.95-1.15, p = 0.34) or Tier 2 versus other method use between groups (aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89-1.08, p = 0.69), in a multivariable model controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Conclusions for Practice The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use at 12 weeks postpartum was not different between GPC and TPC participants in this study. GPC was not associated with increased use of Tier 1 or Tier 2 contraceptive methods., Author(s): Aishat Olatunde [sup.1] , Safiyah Hosein [sup.1] [sup.2] , Andrew Paoletti [sup.1] , Alexis Pitcairn-Ramirez [sup.1] [sup.3] , Elizabeth P. Gurney [sup.1] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.239276.b, 0000 0001 [...]

Objectives To describe understanding of the irreversible nature of permanent contraception and knowledge and attitudes about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) among individuals seeking and not seeking permanent contraception. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey among patients with Medicaid insurance attending an obstetrics and gynecology clinic in [location]. The survey consisted of 20 true/false and Likert questions assessing knowledge and perceptions about permanent contraception and LARC. Sixty-seven participants were needed to detect a small-to-medium Cohen's effect size f.sup.2 = 0.20, with 95% power and alpha = 0.05. Results Ninety potential participants were contacted and 67 were recruited. Forty-three participants desired permanent contraception and 24 did not. Approximately half of all participants were not aware that permanent contraception is irreversible. Participants who desired permanent contraception had lower LARC knowledge scores (62% correct versus 70%, p = 0.042) and more negative perceptions about LARC (54% versus 38%, p = 0.048). Fewer participants desiring permanent contraception identified LARC efficacy as equal to permanent contraception (32% versus 83%, p < 0.01), and fewer would consider using LARC (intrauterine device: 23% versus 58%, p < 0.01; implant: 16% versus 46%, p < 0.01). These differences persisted in multivariable models adjusting for age, gravidity, and parity. Conclusions for Practice Individuals who desire permanent contraception may not be aware of its permanence, or of equally effective alternatives. They were also found to have more negative perceptions of LARC in our sample. Additional research is needed to understand factors underlying these differences. Counseling practices should be tailored to ensure accurate knowledge about permanent contraception and LARC for all people seeking to avoid pregnancy., Author(s): Andrea Leung [sup.1] , Andrew Loh [sup.1] , Sara Pentlicky [sup.1] , Elizabeth P. Gurney [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.239276.b, 0000 0001 2181 6998, Department of Obstetrics & [...]

To conserve global biodiversity, countries must forge equitable alliances that support sustainability in traditional pastoral lands, fisheries-management areas, Indigenous territories and more. To conserve global biodiversity, countries must forge equitable alliances that support sustainability in traditional pastoral lands, fisheries-management areas, Indigenous territories and more., Author(s): Georgina G. Gurney, Emily S. Darling, Gabby N. Ahmadia, Vera N. Agostini, Natalie C. Ban, Jessica Blythe, Joachim Claudet, Graham Epstein, Estradivari, Amber Himes-Cornell, Harry D. Jonas, Derek Armitage, [...]

The goal of this study was to determine whether a phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) allosteric inhibitor (BPN14770) would improve cognitive function and behavioral outcomes in patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS). This phase 2 trial was a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in 30 adult male patients (age 18-41 years) with FXS. Participants received oral doses of BPN14770 25 mg twice daily or placebo. Primary outcomes were prespecified as safety and tolerability with secondary efficacy outcomes of cognitive performance, caregiver rating scales and physician rating scales (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03569631). The study met the primary outcome measure since BPN14770 was well tolerated with no meaningful differences between the active and placebo treatment arms. The study also met key secondary efficacy measures of cognition and daily function. Cognitive benefit was demonstrated using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery assessments of Oral Reading Recognition (least squares mean difference +2.81, P = 0.0157), Picture Vocabulary (+5.81, P = 0.0342) and Cognition Crystallized Composite score (+5.31, P = 0.0018). Benefit as assessed by visual analog caregiver rating scales was judged to be clinically meaningful for language (+14.04, P = 0.0051) and daily functioning (+14.53, P = 0.0017). Results from this study using direct, computer-based assessment of cognitive performance by adult males with FXS indicate significant cognitive improvement in domains related to language with corresponding improvement in caregiver scales rating language and daily functioning. A randomized crossover study of BPN14770 in adult males with fragile X syndrome shows significant cognitive improvement in domains related to language with corresponding improvement in caregiver scales rating language and daily functioning., Author(s): Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis [sup.1] , Mark D. Harnett [sup.2] , Scott A. Reines [sup.2] , Melody A. Reese [sup.3] , Lauren E. Ethridge [sup.3] [sup.4] , Abigail H. Outterson [...]

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) involve chronic inflammation of skeletal muscle and subsequent muscle degeneration due to an uncontrolled autoimmune response; however, the mechanisms leading to pathogenesis are not well understood. A compromised sarcolemmal repair process could promote an aberrant exposure of intramuscular antigens with the subsequent initiation of an inflammatory response that contributes to IIM. Using an adoptive transfer mouse model of IIM, we show that sarcolemmal repair is significantly compromised in distal skeletal muscle in the absence of inflammation. We identified autoantibodies against TRIM72 (also known as MG53), a muscle-enriched membrane repair protein, in IIM patient sera and in our mouse model of IIM by ELISA. We found that patient sera with elevated levels of TRIM72 autoantibodies suppress sarcolemmal resealing in healthy skeletal muscle, and depletion of TRIM72 antibodies from these same serum samples rescues sarcolemmal repair capacity. Autoantibodies targeting TRIM72 lead to skeletal muscle fibers with compromised membrane barrier function, providing a continuous source of autoantigens to promote autoimmunity and further amplifying humoral responses. These findings reveal a potential pathogenic mechanism that acts as a feedback loop contributing to the progression of IIM., Introduction The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a group of disorders characterized by a chronic state of inflammation leading to a degeneration of skeletal muscle structure and function (1-4). IIM [...]

ABSTRACT Urban areas are responsible for a substantial proportion of anthropogenic carbon emissions around the world. As global populations increasingly reside in cities, the role of urban emissions in determining [...]

Author(s): F. Nestola (corresponding author) [1]; N. Korolev [2, 3]; M. Kopylova [2]; N. Rotiroti [4]; D. G. Pearson [5]; M. G. Pamato [6]; M. Alvaro [7]; L. Peruzzo [8]; [...]

Edmund Spenser's poetry is teeming with rogues--false beggars, vagabonds, and other figures of similar disrepute--but his work is rarely discussed in the context of Tudor vagrancy law or rogue literature. [...]

ABSTRACT The protozoans Perkinsus marinus, Perkinsus olseni, Bonamia ostreae, Bonamia exitiosa, and Marteilia refringens are responsible for some of the most detrimental diseases in the production of cultivated shellfish worldwide [...]

The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]), methane (C[H.sub.4]) and nitrous oxide ([N.sub.2]O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and [...]

Temporal variation in exposure and (or) susceptibility to disease-causing agents may result in changing disease risks for offspring of seasonally reproducing organisms. Although increases in disease risk and disease-related mortality have been observed during the course of the breeding cycle in some systems, the extent to which this is a generalized ecological pattern remains uncertain. We obtained data during an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) associated mortality in 50 semicaptive Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838)) ducklings and used known-fate survival models to assess whether daily survival rate (DSR) was related to age, hatch date, immunogenic challenge, vector abundance, and risk of WNV infection. Ducklings produced late in the breeding cycle had lower survival probabilities, relative to earlier conspecifics, but the best predictor of DSR was relative risk, suggesting that reduced survival of late-hatched individuals may have been related to increasing exposure to WNV- infected vectors. Key words: Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis, Culex tarsalis, disease risk, duckling mortality, hatch date, vector abundance. Les variations temporelles de l'exposition et de la susceptibilite a des agents pathogenes peuvent se traduire par des variations des risques de maladie pour la progeniture d'organismes a reproduction saisonniere. Si des augmentations des risques de maladie et de la mortalite associee aux maladies ont ete observees au fil du cycle de reproduction dans certains systemes, la question a savoir s'il s'agit d'un phenomene ecologique generalise ou non n'est pas resolue. Nous avons obtenu des donnees durant une flambee de mortalite associee au virus du Nil occidental (VNO) chez 50 canetons de petit fuligule (Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838)) semi-captifs et utilise des modeles de survie reposant sur le sort connu pour evaluer si le taux de survie quotidien (TSQ) etait relie a l'age, la date de l'eclosion, des problemes immunogenes, l'abondance des vecteurs et le risque d'infection au VNO. Si les canetons produits tard durant le cycle de reproduction presentaient des probabilites de survie plus faibles que celles de leurs congeneres plus precoces, le risque relatif etait le meilleur predicteur du TSQ, ce qui donne a penser que les taux de survie plus faibles des individus eclos tardivement pourraient etre associes a une exposition accrue a des vecteurs infectes par le VNO. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: petit fuligule, Aythya affinis, Culex tarsalis, risque de maladie, mortalite des canetons, date d'eclosion, abondance des vecteurs., Introduction Disease--any impairment of health resulting from microbes, parasites, or other pathogens--can affect the abundance of wildlife both directly and indirectly, either by causing mortality or by reducing the health [...]

ABSTRACT In this study, broodstock animals of the tropical scallop Nodipecten nodosus were submitted to maturation trials using two dietary sources of astaxanthin: dried microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis (Algamac AST) and live [...]

The susceptibility of eyewitnesses to verbal suggestion has been well documented, although little attention has been paid to the role of nonverbal communication in misinformation. Three experiments are reported; in each, participants watched footage of a crime scene before being questioned about what they had observed. In Experiments 1 and 2, an on-screen interviewer accompanied identically worded questions with gestures that either conveyed accurate information about the scene or conveyed false, misleading information. The misleading gestures significantly influenced recall, and participants' responses were consistent with the gestured information. In Experiment 3, a live interview was conducted, and the gestural misinformation effect was found to be robust; participants were influenced by misleading gestures performed by the interviewer during questioning. These findings provide compelling evidence for the gestural misinformation effect, whereby subtle hand gestures can implant information and distort the testimony of eyewitnesses. The practical and legal implications of these findings are discussed., The reliability of eyewitnesses' memory has been a key issue in forensic research, and a wealth of studies have highlighted eyewitnesses' sensitivity to misleading postevent information. Most notably, studies have [...]

Over the last 5 years, the U.S. Congress has voted on several pieces of legislation intended to sharply reduce the nation's greenhouse gas emissions. Given that climate change is a world public bad, standard economic logic would predict that the United States would 'free ride' and wait for other nations to reduce their emissions. Within the Congress, there are clear patterns to who votes in favor of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a political economy analysis of the determinants of 'pro-green' votes on such legislation. Conservatives consistently vote against such legislation. Controlling for a representative's ideology, representatives from richer districts and districts with a lower per-capita carbon dioxide footprint are more likely to vote in favor of climate change mitigation legislation. Representatives from districts where industrial emissions represent a larger share of greenhouse gas emissions are more likely to vote no. (JEL Q54, Q58, R50), I. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Congress has recently voted on several pieces of legislation with the direct intent of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The June 2009 vote on the American Clean [...]

That Was Oasis by Michael McFee Carnegie Mellon University Press 88 pages; $15.95 paperback If you're anything like me, you'll feel the slightest bit guilty reading Michael McFee's eighth full-length [...]

A history of decompression and metasomatism is preserved in a suite of highly chromian, garnet-rich peridotitic xenoliths from the diamondiferous Newlands and Bobbejaan kimberlites, South Africa. A high proportion of the garnets and chromites in these rocks plot in the diamond-facies fields on [Cr.sub.2][O.sub.3]-CaO and [Cr.sub.2][O.sub.3]-MgO wt% plots, and Cr-rich compositions are found in both the harzburgitic and lherzolitic fields. Petrographic evidence suggests that the earliest known mineralogies were those of olivine-bearing, garnet-rich rocks. These were modified by a decompression event that caused recrystallization of garnets and led to orientated spinel and pyroxene inclusions in garnet. Chemical zonation within garnet is divided into (1) external re-equilibration between garnet and matrix; (2) internal re-equilibration between garnet and its inclusions; and (3) metasomatically induced zoning between garnet core and a metasomatic rim. The compositional trajectories associated with zonations (1) and (2) in Ca-Cr plots may be closely modelled by means of sliding, garnet-spinel transition reactions whose slopes vary with bulk Ca composition; at intermediate Ca compositions, the trajectories closely match the slope of the lherzolite line or harzburgite/lherzolite boundary. The decreasing Cr/ (Cr + Al) of the garnet in these zonations is in agreement with the evidence for decompression given by the petrographic recrystallization features, and overall decompression of probably 10-20 kb is indicated. We speculate on the age of these events, and consider the possibility of their association with major orogenic events documented by South African crustal rocks at 2.9-2.7 Ga, and events evidenced by peridotite-xenolith Re-Os model ages at 2.8-2.7 Ga. Keywords Garnet-spinel xenoliths * Ca-Cr relationships * Garnet zoning * P-T re-equilibration * Metasomatism, Introduction The extensive study of new samples collected from the Newlands and Bobbejaan diamondiferous kimberlites, South Africa (Fig. 1), has revealed a wide range of xenoliths particularly rich in garnet [...]

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) was functionally removed as a forest tree by chestnut blight (caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr). Hybrid-backcross breeding between blight-re-sistant Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and American chestnut is used to support species restoration. However, preliminary evidence suggests that backcross material may not have the cold hardiness needed for restoration in the northern portions of the species' range. The cold tolerance of nuts is of concern because reproductive tissues are particularly sensitive to freezing damage. We assessed nut cold tolerance for 16 American chestnut, four Chinese chestnut, and four red oak (Quercus rubra L.) (a native competitor) sources to better assess genetic variation in nut hardiness. We found that Chinese chestnut nuts were less cold tolerant than American chestnut and red oak nuts and that American chestnut sources from the south were less cold tolerant than sources from the north, with significant differences among sources within all regions. We also assessed how sources varied among temperature zones (sources separated by average winter temperature lows at source locations). Sources from the cold temperature zone were more cold tolerant and less variable in hardiness than sources from warm and moderate zones. Resume: Le chataignier d'Amerique (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) a ete fonctionnellement elime comme essence forestiere par la brulure du chataignier (causee par le champignon pathogene Cryptonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr.). La methode de retrocroisement avec des hybrides entre le chataignier chinois (Castania mollissima Blume) qui est resistant a la brulure du chataignier et le chataignier d'Amerique est utilisee pour appuyer la restauration de l'espece. Cependant, des donnees preliminaires indiquent que le materiel produit par retrocroisement n'a peutetre pas la resistance au froid necessaire pour la restauration dans la portion nord de l'aire de repartition de l'espece. La tolerance au froid des noix est source d'inquietude parce que les tissus reproducteurs sont particulierement sensibles aux dommages causes par le gel. Nous avons evalue la tolerance au froid de 16 chataigniers d'Amerique, quatre chataigniers chinois et quatre chenes rouges (Quercus rubra L.) (un competiteur indigene) pour mieux saisir la variation genetique de la resistance au froid des noix. Nous avons trouve que les noix du chataignier chinois etaient moins tolerants au froid que les noix du chataignier d'Amerique et du chene rouge et que les provenances meridionales de chataignier d'Amerique etaient moins tolerantes au froid que les provenances septentrionales et qu'il y avait des differences significatives parmi les provenances dans toutes les regions. Nous avons egalement etudie comment les provenances varient entre les zones thermiques (provenances separees selon les temperatures minimales moyennes en hiver a leur point d'origine). Les provenances de la zone thermique froide etaient plus tolerantes au froid et avaient une resistance au froid moins variable que les provenances des zones thermiques intermediaire et chaude. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.), a once dominant tree species in much of eastern North America, ranged from Georgia to Maine and west to the Ohio River Valley [...]

When Time named 'You' the magazine's 2006 person of the year-and included a functional mirror on the issue's cover--it marked a watershed in the popularization of user-generated content (Grossman). Admittedly, [...]

Byline: Karen J. Pine (1), Daniel J. Gurney (1), Ben Fletcher (1) Keywords: Gesture; Semantics; Communication Abstract: Humans gesture even when their gestures can serve no communicative function (e.g., when the listener cannot see them). This study explores the intrapersonal function of gestures, and the semantic content of the speech they accompany. Sixty-eight adults participated in pairs, communicating on an object description task. Visibility of partner was manipulated participants completed half the task behind a screen. Participants produced iconic gestures significantly more for praxic items (i.e., items with physically manipulable properties) than non-praxic items, regardless of visibility of partner. These findings support the semantic specificity hypothesis, whereby a gesture is integrally associated with the semantic properties of the word it accompanies. Where those semantic properties include a high motor component the likelihood of a gesture being produced is increased, irrespective of communication demands. Author Affiliation: (1) School of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts, AL3 6JJ, UK Article History: Registration Date: 29/03/2010 Online Date: 20/04/2010

This paper reports an investigation of stock--recruitment relations for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We regard these relations as stochastic functions characterized by an expected stock--recruitment relation and deviations from this expectation driven by observational error and uncharacterised environmental variability. We estimate model parameters by standard Bayesian methods. Analysis of the input--output characteristics of segments of the salmon life cycle in the Girnock Burn (Northeast Scotland) reveals two independent regulatory processes, one between ova and fry and the other between fry and smolts. Comparison of stock--recruitment relations for Atlantic salmon in Scotland, Ireland, and Canada, reinforced by an extended series of simulation studies, shows that even when comparatively long time series of high quality data are available, it is frequently difficult to exclude the possibility of low stock depensation--an effect whose implication of enhanced extinction risk implies that precautionary management policy would pay special attention to the posssibility of its occurence. A particular feature of our simulation results is their demonstration that inappropriate combination of distinct subpopulations both increases process noise and distorts the expected stock--recruitment relation, thereby greatly reducing the accuracy of any system identification process. Resume: Nous etudions les relations stock--recrutement chez le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar). Nous considerons ces relations comme des fonctions stochastiques caracterisees par une relation stock--recrutement attendue et des deviations de cette attente causees par des erreurs d'observation et une variabilite environnementale non caracterisee. Nous estimons les parametres du modele par des methodes bayesiennes standard. Une analyse des caracteristiques d'entree et de sortie des segments du cycle biologique des saumons de Girnock Burn (nord-est de l'Ecosse) revele l'existence de deux mecanismes independants de regulation, l'un entre l'oeuf et l'alevin et le second entre l'alevin et le saumoneau. Une comparaison des relations stock--recrutement chez les saumons atlantiques d'Ecosse, d'Irlande et du Canada, appuyee par une longue serie d'etudes de simulation, montre que, meme lorsque des series chronologiques comparativement longues de donnees de qualite sont disponibles, il est souvent difficile d'exclure la possibilite d'un effet de depensation sur les stocks bas--un effet qui implique un risque accru d'extinction, une possibilite dont une politique prudente de gestion doit tenir un compte special. Un aspect particulier de nos resultats de simulation est la demonstration qu'une combinaison inappropriee de sous-populations distinctes augmente le bruit de traitement et fausse la relation stock--recrutement--ce qui reduit grandement la precision de tout mecanisme d'identification des systemes. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Overview The stock--recruitment paradigm dates from the pioneering work of Ricker (1954) and Beverton and Holt (1957). Despite evidence that some species have recruitment dynamics too subtle to be [...]

Stuart Dybek--the author of three books of fiction (his most recent work , I Sailed With Magellan, was a New York Times Notable Book) and two collections of poetry, and [...]

Cities need to understand and manage their carbon footprint at the level of streets, buildings and communities, urge Kevin Robert Gurney and colleagues., Author(s): Kevin Robert Gurney [sup.1] , Paty Romero-Lankao [sup.2] , Karen C. Seto [sup.3] , Lucy R. Hutyra [sup.4] , Riley Duren [sup.5] , Christopher Kennedy [sup.6] , Nancy B. [...]

Cities are taking steps to combat climate change, given the scant progress made by international treaty negotiations. Los Angeles, California, home to around 4 million people, has one of the [...]

This paper examines where students prefer to find information, and then matches survey results with students' assignments. Surveys showed that half the surveyed students used library databases (e.g. ProQuest) as their first preference to locate scientific information; however, of these students, one third did not have any journal articles cited in their assignment. Furthermore, of those students with no journal articles cited in their reference list, 65% claimed to feel comfortable using library databases, against a figure of 100% who felt comfortable using Google Scholar. This indicates a mismatch between students' expressed preferences and their actual ability to locate, evaluate, and include refereed journal articles in their assignments. AARL September 2009 vo140 no 3pp159-167, INTRODUCTION Information literacy Being information literate forms an essential skill to attaining the graduate attribute of lifelong learning (1). Recently, information literacy has been stated separately as a graduate attribute [...]

This paper reports a new model of the freshwater stages of an anadromous fish, at the core of which is a stochastic description of the size-at-age dynamics of a growing cohort. Emigration is assumed to require the individual to exceed a threshold size at a critical time of year, thus making the distributions of survival to, and age at, smolting emergent properties of the model. The model is applied to a long-term data set on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Girnock Burn, Scotland, to understand the role played by decadal temperature trends in generating changes in smolt production and age distribution. We conclude that changes in age at smolting are compatible with causation by shifts in the temperature regime. However, the large attenuation between a dramatic fall in spawner numbers and a relatively minor diminution in total smolt production does not result from the physiological effects of temperature but is rather a result of strongly density-dependent mortality between the deposition of ova and the appearance of catchable fry the following summer. Notre etude presente un nouveau modele des stades d'eau douce d'un poisson anadrome qui contient comme element central une description stochastique de la dynamique de la taille en fonction de l'age chez une cohorte en croissance. On presume que l'emigration n'est possible que lorsqu'un individu a depasse une taille seuil a un moment critique de l'annee, ce qui fait que les distributions des survies jusqu'a la transformation en saumoneau et des ages lors de cette transformation sont des proprietes emergentes du modele. Nous utilisons le modele pour l'analyse qu'une banque de don-nees a long terme sur les jeunes saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) de Girnock Burn, Ecosse, afin de comprendre le role joue par les tendances decennales de temperature dans les changements survenus dans la production de saumoneaux et la distribution des ages. Nous concluons que les changements observes dans l'age de la transformation en saumoneau sont compatibles avec une causalite reliee aux modifications du regime thermique. Cependant, la forte attenuation entre la chute spectaculaire des nombres de reproducteurs et la diminution relativement mineure de la production totale de saumoneaux n'est pas due aux effets physiologiques de la temperature, mais s'explique plutot par la mortalite fortement dependante de la densite entre le depot des oeufs et l'apparition d'alevins recoltables l'ete suivant. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Overview Most salmon species are anadromous, and many form the target of economically important sport and commercial fisheries. Apart from generalized restriction of catches, management actions on salmon populations [...]

Byline: Nancy Coe (1), Anton Roex (1), John Gurney (1), D. Graham Pearson (2), Geoff Nowell (2) Keywords: Group II kimberlite; Kaapvaal craton; Petrogenesis; Continental lithosphere Abstract: Thirty-seven samples from the Swartruggens and Star Group II kimberlite dyke swarms, emplaced through the Kaapvaal craton, have been analysed for their major and trace element and Sr, Nd and Hf isotope compositions. The samples are all MgO-rich (~12--35 wt%) with high Mg (0.72--0.90) and Ni (~610--2700 ppm) contents. The kimberlites are strongly enriched in incompatible elements (Zr = 140--668 ppm La = 124--300 ppm Nb = 68--227 ppm Ba = 1500--7000), and have high and variable chondrite normalised La/Yb ratios (Swartruggens = 94 +- 21 Star = 202 +- 36). 87.sup.Sr/ [.sup.86]Sr (0.70718--0.71050) ratios are elevated, whereas [epsilon]Nd (-11.95 to -7.84) and 176.sup.Hf/ [.sup.177]Hf ratios (0.282160--0.282564) are low. Inter- and intra-dyke compositional variation is significant, and there are systematic differences between the kimberlites found at the two localities. Intra-locality differences can largely be attributed to a combination of the effects of alteration, crustal contamination, macrocryst entrainment and phenocryst fractionation. There is some evidence for distinct parental magmas formed through variable and low degrees (0.5--2%) of partial melting, as illustrated by crossing rare earth element patterns. The Star kimberlites have derived from a less radiogenic source, with higher LREE enrichment than the Swartruggens kimberlites. Inferred primary magmas at each locality have high Mg (~0.83), are Ni-rich (850--1220 ppm) and are strongly enriched in incompatible elements. Calculated mantle source compositions are strongly enriched in incompatible elements (La/Yb.sub.n ~ 10--50), but refractory in terms of Mg and Ni contents. Incompatible element ratios such as Ba/Nb (>13.5), La/Nb (> 1.1) and Ce/Pb (< 22) are unlike those characteristic of Group I kimberlites or ocean island basalts, but indistinguishable from calc-alkaline magmas. Taken together with extremely low [epsilon]Nd and [epsilon]Hf, these compositional characteristics are used to argue for derivation of these Group II kimberlite magmas from the deep subcontinental lithospheric mantle, metasomatised during the Proterozoic by calc-alkaline fluids/melts. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa (2) Arthur Holmes Isotope Geology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK Article History: Registration Date: 02/04/2008 Received Date: 03/09/2007 Accepted Date: 02/04/2008 Online Date: 17/04/2008 Article note: Communicated by T.L. Grove.

EPISTLES by Mark Jarman SPILL by Michael Chitwood When it comes to the genesis of poetic creation, not all we see is good, particularly when the subject is God. It's [...]

We compare geodetic velocity to geologic fault slip rates to show that tectonic loading was doubled across the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) during a cluster of major earthquake activity. New slip rates are presented for six dextral faults that compose the ECSZ in the central Mojave Desert. These rates were determined from displaced alluvial fans dated with cosmogenic [sup.10]Be and from a displaced lava flow dated with [sup.40]Ar/[sup.39]Ar. We find that the sum geologic Mojave ECSZ slip rate, [less than or equal to]6.2 [+ or -] 1.9 mm/yr, is only half the present-day geodetically measured velocity of 12 [+ or -] 2 mm/yr. These rates account for cumulative fault slip and geodetic observations that span the 60-km-wide shear zone; therefore this difference cannot be attributed to postseismic relaxation. Redistribution of tectonic loading over the earthquake cycle at a regional scale suggests that earthquake clustering may be enhanced via feedback with weakening of ductile shear zones. Keywords: transient deformation, earthquake clustering, Eastern California shear zone, slip rate, cosmogenic dating.

The idea that rats possess some knowledge about having been incorrect when having previously made an incorrect response is proposed. A matching-to-sample task with a second choice was used to assess the hypothesis. Only if the correct lever was chosen on the second choice was the animal rewarded. Further, the second choice was offered whether the animal was initially correct or incorrect in its first choice, preventing it from 'knowing' if it had been correct in its initial decision. If rats possessed some knowledge whether they had been correct or not, then the number of correct second choice responses after an incorrect first one should have been greater than chance. The current experiment provided some evidence that the rats did 'know' when its choices were incorrect.

Byline: A. Burke Gurney, PT, PhD, OCS (University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, bgurney@salud .unm.edu); Daniel C. Wascher, MD (University of [...]