Search

This paper presents a design approach to an interior permanent magnetic synchronous motor (IPMSM) for the compressor of a hybrid electric vehicle operated in a 42-V battery system. The approach is to estimate the range of inductance and back-EMF to satisfy the required efficiency of IPMSM. Then, the preliminary geometry satisfying the region is decided by PM type, current density, fill factor, and so on. Last, the detailed design with optimization is performed to consider magnetic saturation and reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. At this time, the simulation results are obtained by finite element analysis and in consideration of operating temperature. In the end, the validity of the design process presented in this paper is verified by test. Index Terms--Compressor, design approach, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM).

Interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is widely used for many industrial applications such as power train, compressor and home appliances due to its high power density and wide speed range. However, IPMSM have relatively high torque ripple in comparison with surface mounted permanent magnet motor. In case of IPMSM, d-axis current should be fed to use reluctance torque, and the more d-axis current is needed as the motor speed goes up. Therefore, back electromotive force (EMF) of IPMSM contains much harmonics and torque ripple tend to increase as the motor speed increase. This paper proposes a method to reduce torque ripple using harmonic injected current. Firstly dominant harmonic order of back EMF is investigated then under the consideration of harmonics, torque ripple using harmonic injected current will be compared with that of sinusoidal current by finite element analysis. Index Terms--Finite element analysis, harmonic current injection, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), torque ripple.

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic progressive kidney disease leading to end-stage renal failure. An endogenous product of heine oxygenase activity, carbon monoxide (CO), has been shown to exert cytoprotection against tissue injury. Here, we explored the effects of exogenous administration of low-dose CO in an in vivo model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and examined whether CO can protect against kidney injury. UUO in mice leads to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis within 4 to 7 days. Kidneys of mice exposed to low-dose CO, however, had markedly reduced ECM deposition after UUO. Moreover, low-dose CO treatment inhibited the induction of s-smooth muscle actin ([alpha]-SMA) and major ECM proteins, type 1 collagen and fibronectin, in kidneys after UUO. In contrast, these anti-fibrotic effects of CO treatment were abrogated in mice carrying null mutation of Mkk3, suggesting involvement of the MKK3 signaling pathway in mediating the CO effects. Additionally, in vitro CO exposure markedly inhibited TGF-[[beta].sub.1]-induced expression of [alpha]-SMA, collagen, and fibronectin in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that low-dose CO exerts protective effects, via the MKK3 pathway, to inhibit development of renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. transforming growth factor-[[beta].sub.1]; obstructive nephropathy; MAPK; MKK3; HO-1

We have previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor-[[beta].sub.1] (TGF-[[beta].sub.1]) rapidly activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3)-p38 MAPK signaling cascade, leading to the induction of type I collagen synthesis in mouse glomerular mesangial cells (Wang L, Ma R, Flavell RA, Choi ME. J Biol Chem 277: 47257-47262, 2002). In the present study, we investigated the functional role of upstream TGF-[beta]-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) in the TGF-[[beta].sub.1] signaling cascade. Rapid activation of endogenous TAK1 activity by TGF-[[beta].sub.1] was observed in mouse mesangial cells. Transient overexpression of TAK1 with TAB1 enhanced the activation of MKK3 and p38 MAPK with or without TGF-[[beta].sub.1] stimulation, whereas a dominant-negative mutant of TAK1 (TAK1DN) suppressed TGF-[[beta].sub.1]-induced activation of MKK3 and p38 MAPK. Moreover, constitutive expression of TAK1DN reduced steady-state protein levels of MKK3 and p38 MAPK as well as MKK3 phosphorylation. Increased p38[alpha] MAPK activity by ectopic expression of either TAB1 or wild-type p38[alpha] MAPK resulted in enhanced TGF-[[beta].sub.1]-induced type I collagen expression. In contrast, constitutive expression of TAK1DN inhibited collagen induction. Taken together, our data indicate that TAK1 and TAB1 play a pivotal role as upstream signal transducers activating the MKK3-p38 MAPK signaling cascade that leads to the induction of type I collagen expression by TGF-[[beta].sub.1]. In addition, our findings also suggest that TAK1 has a novel function in regulation of the steady-state protein levels of MKK3 and p38 MAPK. mouse mesangial cell; TGF-[beta] signaling; stable transfection; dominant negative mutant of TAK1 doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00485.2006

The aim of this paper is to present optimal design process and optimized model of transverse flux rotary motor. The stator and rotor tooth shapes are optimized to reduce cogging torque. Design of experiment and response surface methodology are used as an optimization method and all the experimental samples are obtained from three-dimensional finite-element analysis. The validity of this method is verified by comparing the optimized model to the initial model. Index Terms--Design of experiment, response surface methodology, tooth shape optimization, transverse flux rotary motor.

This paper shows the usefulness of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimal design considering multiple responses. Moreover, full factorial design, one of the experimental design methods, is proposed to establish more reasonable and objective design area for applying RSM. The slotless-type permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor is optimized to develop larger average thrust and lower thrust ripple than the prototype, and the optimally designed one is manufactured. In the end, all analysis results are obtained by space harmonic method for fast and efficient design, and the validity of the results is verified by comparison with finite-element analysis and test. Index Terms--Experimental design method, multiple responses, optimal design, permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM), response surface methodology (RSM).

During vascular injury, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells leads to characteristic neointima formation, which can be exacerbated by genetic depletion of caveolin-1 or heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and inhibited by carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of heme oxygenase 1 activity. CO inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p[21.sup.waf1/Cip1]. Exposure to CO increased caveolin-1 expression in neointimal lesions of injured aorta and in vitro by activating guanylyl cyclase and p38 MAPK. p38[[beta].sup.-/-] fibroblasts did not induce caveolin-1 in response to CO, and exhibited a diminished basal caveolin-1 expression, which was restored by p38[beta] gene transfer, p38[beta] MAPK down-regulated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK-1/2), which can repress caveolin-1 transcription. Genetic depletion of caveolin-1 abolished the antiproliferative effect of CO. Thus, we demonstrate that CO, by activating p38[beta] MAPK, up-regulates caveolin-1, which acts as a tumor suppressor protein that mediates the growth inhibitory properties of this gas.

This paper deals with two types of interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors, S-type and V-type. The V-type is optimized in the rotor shape to obtain better performance than the S-type. In general, average operational torque (AOT) and torque ripple of IPM motors are greater than those of other permanent magnet motors due to reluctance torque. This reluctance torque is generated by permanent magnet arrangement in the rotor of IPM motor and causes noise and vibration. Therefore, this paper presents the optimal V-shape, based on the finite-element method, of permanent magnet in the V-type by robust design, called Taguchi method, to reduce torque ripple and improve the ratio between torque ripple and AOT than S-type. Index Terms--Finite-element method, interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor, robust design, Taguchi method.

Drawing from a sample of 725 respondents, the hypothesis was tested that the level of emotional empathy reported by university students in Korea is positively associated with the extent to which youths perceive themselves to have been accepted by their parents in childhood. The question was also explored whether variation in the level of boys' versus girls' emotional empathy was associated with differences in maternal versus paternal acceptance. Results showed that the level of daughters' (but not sons') emotional empathy varied directly with the level of perceived maternal acceptance, whereas the level of sons' (but not daughters') emotional empathy varied directly with the level of perceived paternal acceptance. Moreover, daughters (but not sons) who perceived themselves to have been rejected by their mothers (but not fathers) tended to be significantly less emotionally empathic than did daughters who perceived themselves to have been accepted by their mothers.

Four experiments investigated the interactive effect of text-provided elaborations and prior knowledge on text comprehension and memory. Subjects read 28 episodes, half of which were associated with well-known people and the other half with unknown people. In Experiment 1, text-provided elaborations enhanced recall only when the reader did not have a high level of prior knowledge. The findings from Experiment 1 were hypothesized to be the result of readers generating relevant elaborations during text comprehension. Experiment 2 supported this hypothesis by providing evidence of self-generated elaborations. The results from Experiments 3 and 4 extended these findings by showing that readers with high prior knowledge automatically generate causally relevant elaborations when the sentences have a low relation., One important question in the study of text comprehension, human learning, and memory is how information should be presented so that it is better understood, learned, and retained. The central [...]

The three genes, gatC, gatA, and gatB, which constitute the transcriptional unit of the Bacillus subtilis glutamyl-[tRNA.sup.Gln] amidotransferase have been cloned. Expression of this transcriptional unit results in the production of a heterotrimeric protein that has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme furnishes a means for formation of correctly charged Gln-[tRNA.sup.Gln] through the transamidation of misacylated GIu-[tRNA.sup.Gln], functionally replacing the lack of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase activity in Gram-positive eubacteria, cyanobacteria, Archaea, and organelles. Disruption of this operon is lethal. This demonstrates that transamidation is the only pathway to GIn-[tRNA.sup.Gln] in B. subtilis and that glutamyl-[tRNA.sup.Gln] amidotransferase is a novel and essential component of the translational apparatus.

Students tend to emphasize important information more than less important information in their notes and recall for a lecture. We investigated whether this strategy changes when the lecture is repeated. In Experiment 1, students viewed a lecture one, two, or three times and, without being allowed to review their notes, took a recall test. In Experiment 2, students took cumulative notes on a lecture that was presented one, two, or three times, and, following a review of their notes, took a recall test. In both experiments, the most important information was heavily represented in students' notes and did not increase greatly with additional presentations; less important information was not well represented in students' notes after one presentation but increased greatly on subsequent presentations. These results support the hypothesis that students actively assess and, if necessary, shift their learning strategy each time a lecture is repeated.

This paper deals with the optimum rotor design solution on torque ripple reduction for a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) with concentrated winding using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM has been achieved to use the experimental design method in combination with finite element method (FEM) and well adapted to make analytical model for a complex problem considering a lot of interaction of design variables. Comparisons are given with characteristics of a SynRM according to flux barrier number, flux barrier width variation, respectively. Index Terms--6 slot, concentrated winding, response surface methodology (RSM), synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), torque ripple.

The effect of the homologous Bacillus gene on the nuclear genetic lesion affecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial translation was examined. A Bacillus gene was isolated and characterized for analysis. Results showed that the expression on the Bacillus protein in yeast partially complemented the phenotype of the pet112-1 mutation. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae contains protein essential for mitochondrial translation.

Genes encoding the ammonia-dependent asparagine synthetase (asnA) and asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (asnS) were cloned from Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 11842. The nucleotide sequence indicated that asnA and asnS are organized as one operon and regulated by the tRNA-directed transcription antitermination mechanism. This could represent the second case of regulatory linkage of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and cognate amino acid biosynthesis.

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether the interestingness of a story would be influenced by the degree of causal bridging inferences a reader generates during reading. Implicit and explicit versions of the same story were used as experimental materials because it was assumed that the implicit versions lead the reader to generate causal bridging inferences. In Expt 1, it was found that the implicit versions were rated as more interesting than the explicit versions. When Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) rate of less than 400 milliseconds was used to prevent inference generation in Expt 2, there was no difference in interestingness ratings between the implicit and explicit versions. However, when the RSVP rate was increased to more than 400 milliseconds in Expt 3, implicit versions produced greater interest than explicit versions. The results of three experiments suggest that the implicit versions are no more interesting than the explicit versions unless the readers generate causal bridging inferences. It is concluded that the interestingness of a story is affected by inference generation. A hypothetical model of the occurrence of the cognitive interest is also discussed., While the vast majority of previous studies on text processing have focused on the structural importance of the text, the affective variables, such as interest, have been ignored for several [...]