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Seabob shrimps of the genus Xiphopenaeus are important fishery resources along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central and South America. The genus was considered to comprise two species: the Atlantic Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, Sitzungsber Math Naturwiss cl kaiserliche Akad Wiss Wien 45:389-426, 1862), and the Pacific Xiphopenaeus riveti (Bouvier, Bull Mus Hist Nat Paris 13:113-116, 1907). In a recent review, Xiphopenaeus was regarded as a monotypic genus, on the basis that no clear morphological differences could be found between Pacific and Atlantic specimens (Perez Farfante and Kensley, Mem Mus Nat Hist Nat Paris 175:1-79, 1997). In the present work, nuclear (allozymes), and mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I) genes were used to demonstrate the validity of X. riveti and reveal the presence of two cryptic species of Xiphopenaeus within X. kroyeri in the Atlantic Ocean. The high levels of molecular divergence among these species contrast with their high morphological resemblance. Interspecific sequence divergences (Kimura 2-parameter distance) varied from 0.106 to 0.151, whereas intraspecific distances ranged from 0 to 0.008 in Xiphopenaeus sp. 1, from 0 to 0.003 in Xiphopenaeus sp. 2, and from 0.002 to 0.005 in X. riveti. In addition, five diagnostic allozyme loci were found between sympatric samples of Xiphopenaeus sp. 1 and 2 along the Brazilian coast. The results suggest that Xiphopenaeus sp. 2 from the Atlantic is more closely related to the Pacific X. riveti than to the Atlantic Xiphopenaeus sp. 1. Furthermore, a high level of genetic structuring (Xiphopenaeus sp. 1: [F.sub.ST] = 0.026; P < 0.05; Xiphopenaeus sp. 2: [F.sub.ST] = 0.055; P < 0.01) was found in the Brazilian Xiphopenaeus populations, indicating the presence of different genetic stocks in both Atlantic species. These findings have important commercial implications as they show that the fisheries of the two Atlantic species must be managed separately, and that each one is comprised of different populations., Introduction Penaeid shrimp species are important economic resources in many countries (Sunden and Davis 1991). In the West Atlantic, the seabob, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller 1862) is one of the most [...]

Research has been conducted on the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. The analysis of the populations of this sponge from the western Mediterranean and the West Atlantic has been carried out via the use of allozyme electrophoresis for the enzyme loci and the results indicate that the gene identities between the populations of these locations are low.

Penaeid shrimps comprise an important portion of the world's industrial fisheries and mariculture. In the Southwest Atlantic, Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) subtilis, P. (F.) paulensis, P. (F.) brasiliensis and P. (Litopenaeus) schmitti are the most important commercially exploited species. Despite their high commercial value, there is little information available on the different aspects of their biology or genetics and almost no data on stock structure. Also, the taxonomic status of P. subtilis populations in relation to P. paulensis and their geographic ranges have been recently questioned. In this paper we used both nuclear (allozymes) and mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1) data to compare species of south-western Atlantic penaeids and to estimate their phylogenetic relationships. We could readily discriminate among the four main Brazilian penaeid species and detected a fifth, new, species of Penaeus. This new species corresponded to one of the described morphotypes of P. subtilis. Based on these analyses, the geographic ranges of P. subtilis and P. paulensis were clarified. Our data also support the conclusion of Baldwin et al. (1998) that the subgenus Farfantepenaeus is polyphyletic.

Although oysters are commercially very important in Brazil, there is still much dispute about the number of Crassostrea species occurring on the Brazilian coast. The dispute is centered around C. brasiliana, considered by some authors to be a junior synonym of C. rhizophorae. In this paper we compared, by allozyme electrophoresis, sympatric and allopatric populations of the two putative species. Of the 17 loci analysed, five were diagnostic for the two species in sympatry (gene identity = 0.46 to 0.47), clearly demonstrating that they are distinct biological species. Heterozygosity (h) levels were high for both species (h = 0.24 to 0.28), and no heterozygote deficiencies were observed in any population (local inbreeding, [F.sub.IS] = 0.141; P > 0.70). Levels of population structure in C. rhizophorae along 1300 km of coast were very low (population inbreeding, [F.sub.ST] = 0.026; P > 0.15), indicating that the planktonic, planktotrophic larvae of these species are capable of long-range dispersal.