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OBJECTIVES: To determine among rural-dwelling on-reserve Saskatchewan First Nations people whether racial discrimination is associated with depression, and in turn, if this relationship is moderated by gender. METHODS: As a component of a community-based participatory research project, a cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey of 874 adults living on 2 Cree First Nation reserves in rural north-central Saskatchewan was conducted during May-August in 2012 and 2013. Self-reported, health-provider diagnosis of depression was the dependent variable and experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination was the primary exposure. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression were the main analytic techniques. Generalized estimating equations were applied to account for clustering within households. RESULTS: Overall, 64% of participants reported being treated unfairly in 1 or more situations because of their ethnicity; 38% indicated discrimination occurring in 3 or more situations. Nineteen percent reported a diagnosis of depression. Adjusted analyses indicated that compared to those with no experience of racial discrimination, those reporting 1-2 and 3 or more situations were 1.77 times (95% CI: 1.06-2.95) and 1.91 times (95% CI: 1.19- 3.04) more likely to have diagnosed depression respectively. The relationship between racial discrimination and depression was not modified by gender, although women were 1.85 times (95% CI: 1.24-2.76) more likely to report depression than men. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal racial discrimination was associated with depression among First Nations women and men in rural Saskatchewan. Research directed at identifying the most efficacious interventions, programs and policies to combat racism is required to advance the goal of health equity. KEY WORDS: Racial discrimination; First Nations; depression OBJECTIFS : Determiner, chez les membres des Premieres Nations de la Saskatchewan vivant dans des reserves en zone rurale, si la discrimination raciale est associee a la depression et si, en retour, cette relation est modulee par le sexe. METHODE : Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche participative communautaire, nous avons mene une enquete transversale administree par un intervieweur aupres de 874 adultes vivant dans deux reserves de la Premiere Nation crie dans le centre-nord rural de la Saskatchewan entre mai et aout en 2012 et en 2013. La variable dependante etait un diagnostic de depression autodeclare pose par un dispensateur de soins de sante, et l'exposition directe etait l'experience de la discrimination raciale interpersonnelle. Nos principales techniques etaient l'analyse du khi-carre et l'analyse de regression logistique multiple. Nous avons applique des equations d'estimation generalisees pour tenir compte des regroupements au sein des menages. RESULTATS : Dans l'ensemble, 64% des participants ont declare avoir ete traites injustement dans une situation ou plus en raison de leur ethnicite; 38% ont fait etat de discrimination dans trois situations ou plus. Dix-neuf p. cent ont dit avoir un diagnostic de depression. Les analyses ajustees ont indique que comparativement aux repondants n'ayant aucune experience de discrimination raciale, ceux qui ont declare une ou deux situations et trois situations ou plus etaient 1,77 fois (IC de 95% : 1,06-2,95) et 1,91 fois (IC de 95% : 1,19-3,04) plus susceptibles d'avoir un diagnostic de depression, respectivement. La relation entre la discrimination raciale et la depression n'etait pas modulee par le sexe, mais les femmes etaient 1,85 fois (IC de 95% : 1,24-2,76) plus susceptibles de declarer un diagnostic de depression que les hommes. CONCLUSION : La discrimination raciale interpersonnelle etait associee a la depression chez les femmes et les hommes des Premieres nations vivant en zone rurale en Saskatchewan. Pour atteindre l'objectif de l'equite en sante, il faut faire de la recherche pour determiner quels sont les interventions, les programmes et les politiques les plus efficaces pour combattre le racisme. MOTS CLES : discrimination raciale; Premieres Nations; depression, Racial discrimination is increasingly recognized within the population health literature as an important determinant of health inequities. Different levels of racial discrimination exist, ranging from structural to interpersonal, the latter [...]

Objectives: To determine the dose-response relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cause-specific mortality among Canadian adults. Methods: The sample includes 10,522 adults 18-74 years of age who participated in the Canadian Heart Health Surveys (1986-1995). Participants were divided into 5 BMI categories ( Results: There were 1,149 deaths (402 CVD; 412 cancer) over an average of 13.9 years (range 0.5 to 19.1 years), and the analyses are based on 145,865 person-years. The hazard ratios (95% CI) across successive BMI categories for all-cause mortality were 1.25 (0.83-1.90), 1.00 (reference), 1.06 (0.92-1.22), 1.27 (1.07-1.51) and 1.65 (1.29-2.10). The corresponding hazard ratios for CVD mortality were 1.30 (0.60-2.83), 1.00 (reference), 1.57 (1.22-2.01), 1.72 (1.27-2.33) and 2.09 (1.35-3.22); and for cancer, the hazard ratios were 1.02 (0.48-2.21), 1.00 (reference), 1.14 (0.90-1.44), 1.34 (1.01-1.78) and 1.82 (1.22-2.71). There were significant linear trends across BMI categories for all-cause (p=0.0001), CVD (p Conclusions: The results demonstrate significant relationships between BMI and mortality from all causes, CVD and cancer. The increased risk of all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality associated with an elevated BMI was significant at levels above 30 kg/[m.sup.2]; however, overweight individuals (BMI 25-29.9 kg/[m.sup.2]) also had an approximately 60% higher risk of CVD mortality. Key words: Obesity; overweight; death; cohort studies; longitudinal studies La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Objectif : Determiner la relation dose-reponse entre l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et la mortalite par cause chez les Canadiens d'age adulte. Methode : Notre echantillon comprenait 10 522 adultes de 18 a 74 ans ayant participe aux Enquetes sur la sante cardiovasculaire des Canadiens (1986-1995). Les participants ont ete divises en cinq categories d'IMC ( Resultats : Il y a eu 1 149 deces (402 par MCV; 412 par cancer) sur une moyenne de 13,9 ans (intervalle de 0,5 a 19,1 ans), et les analyses sont basees sur 145 865 personnes-annees. Les coefficients de danger (IC de 95%) par categorie successive d'IMC pour la mortalite toutes causes confondues etaient de 1,25 (0,83-1,90), 1,00 (reference), 1,06 (0,92-1,22), 1,27 (1,07-1,51) et 1,65 (1,29-2,10). Les coefficients de danger correspondants pour la mortalite par MCV etaient de 1,30 (0,60-2,83), 1,00 (reference), 1,57 (1,22-2,01), 1,72 (1,27-2,33) et 2,09 (1,35-3,22); pour le cancer, ils etaient de 1,02 (0,48-2,21), 1,00 (reference), 1,14 (0,90-1,44), 1,34 (1,01-1,78) et 1,82 (1,22-2,71). Nous avons releve des tendances lineaires significatives d'une categorie d'IMC a l'autre pour la mortalite toutes causes confondues (p=0,0001), la mortalite par MCV (p Conclusion : Ces resultats font etat de relations significatives entre l'IMC et la mortalite toutes causes confondues, par MCV et par cancer. Dans les trois cas, le risque accru de mortalite associe a un IMC eleve etait significatif a plus de 30 kg/[m.sup.2]; cependant, les sujets en surpoids (IMC 25-29,9 kg/[m.sup.2]) avaient aussi un risque plus eleve d'environ 60% de mourir d'une MCV. Mots cles : obesite; surpoids; mort; etudes de cohortes; etudes longitudinales, Several cohort studies have demonstrated a J- or U-shaped relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality, such that mortality rates are higher in people with low and high BMI [...]

Byline: Chandima. Karunanayake, James. Dosman, Punam. Pahwa Objectives: The objective was to examine the association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and farming-related activities, gender, pesticides exposure, and exposure to chemicals other [...]

* Context.--Second-year medical students are introduced to many new terms and concepts in a short time frame in the hematology system and the neoplasia section of the undergraduate pathology course. It is a challenge to provide adequate practice and necessary repetition to reinforce key concepts. Objective.--To determine student perceptions of the usefulness of crosswords as a quick and effective way to reinforce essential concepts and vocabulary. Design.--Crosswords with ensured content validity built on a free Internet resource were completed by the students in collaborative and cooperative groups of 6 to 7 with a reward for the first group to successfully complete the puzzle. Student perceptions of the value of crosswords for their learning were examined in 2003 (39 students) with a survey of yes or no responses and in 2004 (41 students) with a survey using questions with a 5-point Likert scale. Results.--Many students (37 of 39 in 2003 and 24 of 41 in 2004) indicated that crosswords were useful and contributed to their learning. Specifically, crosswords were found to be useful for identifying key concepts and vocabulary and for their collaborative and competitive aspects. Written and informal comments indicated student enthusiasm for and a desire to participate in more of these exercises. Students have transferred this review strategy to other classes and the peer teachers have expressed an interest in it as an adjunct teaching tool. Conclusions.--The judicious use of crosswords was useful for near transfer content and provided an opportunity to discuss and recall essential concepts, think critically, and collaborate in small groups. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:1457-1462), A growing body of research has indicated that incorporating active learning strategies improves understanding and learning. (1,2) The major benefits include fostering development of critical thinking, communication, and cooperative learning [...]