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Carbapenem antimicrobial drugs are reserved for highly resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Carbapenemase enzymes, which hydrolyze and inactivate carbapenems, are commonly encoded on mobile genetic elements that can spread among bacterial [...]

INTRODUCTION "When a child commits murder, the crime is a searing tragedy and profound societal failure." (1) Judges, legislatures, legal scholars, psychiatrists, and social scientists have all identified important distinctions [...], The United States is the only nation that still allows children to be sentenced to life in prison without parole. However, over the past few decades, courts have steadily recognized the important distinctions between adult criminal defendants and juvenile offenders, primarily acknowledging the impact of age, immaturity, inability to comprehend risk, and susceptibility to coercion on juvenile decision-making. This evolving understanding of adolescence has encouraged the growth of a trauma-informed juvenile justice system and the abolishment of death penalty sentences and mandatory life without parole sentences for juvenile offenders. North Carolina recently expanded its juvenile sentencing protections. In State v. Kelliher, the Supreme Court of North Carolina found that consecutive sentences exceeding forty years before parole eligibility are de facto life without parole sentences and that de facto life sentences for juvenile offenders who are neither incorrigible nor irredeemable violate the Eighth Amendment and the broader article I, section 27 of the North Carolina Constitution. This Recent Development examines the Kelliher decision, dissects the court's federal and state constitutional analyses, and assesses the holding's broader implications for juvenile justice.

Introduction The CNS is an immune-privileged compartment where inflammation is typically limited due to its potential pathogenic effects. For example, neuroinflammation is known to be a contributor in the development [...], During antiretroviral therapy (ART), most people living with HIV-1 have undetectable HIV-1 RNA In their plasma. However, they occasionally present with new or progressive neurologic deficits and detectable HIV-1 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a condition defined as neurosymptomatic HIV-1 CSF escape (NSE). We explored the source of neuropathogenesis and HIV-1 RNA in the CSF during NSE by characterizing HIV-1 populations and inflammatory biomarkers in CSF from 25 individuals with NSE. HIV-1 populations in the CSF were uniformly drug resistant and adapted to replication in [CD4.sup.+] T cells, but differed greatly in genetic diversity, with some having low levels of diversity similar to those observed during untreated primary infection and others having high levels like those during untreated chronic infection. Higher diversity in the CSF during NSE was associated with greater CNS inflammation. Finally, optimization of ART regimen was associated with viral suppression and improvement of neurologic symptoms. These results are consistent with CNS inflammation and neurologic injury during NSE being driven by replication of partially drug-resistant virus in CNS [CD4.sup.+] T cells. This is unlike nonsuppressible viremia in the plasma during ART, which typically lacks clinical consequences and is generated by virus expression without replication.

Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms portrays the brutality of the Great War by capturing the beauty of the land and lives that it interrupts and often destroys. Heir to the Romantics, Hemingway shared their love for nature and heroic ideals. Elements of the picturesque movement, a subgenre of Romanticism that focuses on landscape, in American literature can be detected in his scenic descriptions in Farewell. These beautiful scenes when contrasted with the harsh and grotesque tragedies of war provide a compelling illustration of the new modern era. Frederic Henry's description of the front as 'picturesque' points to the beauty of Italy, and, ironically, the hideousness of war. KEYWORDS: Picturesque, Nature, World War I, Modernism, Beauty, Introduction The Great War is too vast to be captured from one angle or in one light. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway's attention to the natural landscapes in [...]

Author(s): Stephanie Babij [sup.1] , Maeghan E. James [sup.1] , Scott Veldhuizen [sup.1] [sup.2] , Christine Rodriguez [sup.1] , David Price [sup.2] , Matthew Kwan [sup.2] [sup.5] , John Cairney [...], Objectives To examine the effect of cumulative prenatal risk factors (RFs) on the presence of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in young children. Methods Participants (N = 589, 338 boys, M.sub.age = 4.5 ± 0.5 years) were from a larger cohort study, the Coordination and Activity Tracking in Children (CATCH). Motor coordination was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children- 2nd Edition. Children were classified as at risk for DCD (DCDr) based on European Academy of Childhood Disability guidelines. RFs were obtained through a parent-completed survey. A multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine the effect of the RFs on DCD. Results Results showed that the odds of a child having DCDr are significantly higher with a greater total number of prenatal RFs, after adjustment for mother&apos;s age at child&apos;s birth, child&apos;s sex, child&apos;s age, marital status and total annual household income (OR = 1.48, p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings warrant further investigation into the cumulative impact of multiple prenatal RFs and whether specific combinations of RFs might be more strongly linked to DCD than others. These results provide additional insight into possible causes and prevention of DCD.

Author(s): Emily Haddad [sup.1] , Lillian C. Hayes [sup.2] , Diane Price [sup.2] , Christina G. Vallery [sup.2] , Michael Somers [sup.3] , Joseph G. Borer [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) [...], Individuals with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) need long-term integrated medical/surgical and psychosocial care. These individuals are at risk for medical and surgical complications and experience social and psychological obstacles related to their genitourinary anomaly. This care needs to be accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated. Multiple surgical interventions, reoccurring hospitalizations, urinary and fecal incontinence, extensive treatment regimens for continent diversions, genital differences, and sexual health implications affect the quality of life for the EEC patient. Interventions must include psychosocial support, medical literacy initiatives, behavioral health services, school and educational consultation, peer-to-peer opportunities, referrals to disease-specific camps, mitigation of adverse childhood events (ACEs), formal transition of care to adult providers, family and teen advisory opportunities, and clinical care coordination. The priority of long-term kidney health will necessitate strong collaboration among urology and nephrology teams. Given the rarity of these conditions, multi-center and global efforts are paramount in the trajectory of improving care for the EEC population. To achieve the highest standards of care and ensure that individuals with EEC can thrive in their environment, multidisciplinary and integrated medical/surgical and psychosocial services are imperative.

Table of Contents Introduction I. The Current Status of Conspiracy Jurisdiction A. Conspiracy Jurisdiction's Venerable Origins B. The Current Status of Conspiracy Jurisdiction in the Federal Courts C. New York [...], Conspiracy jurisdiction is the theory that a defendant may be subject to personal jurisdiction in the forum state based on actions taken in furtherance of a conspiracy. What makes conspiracy jurisdiction unique is that as long as the acts of a coconspirator were directed at the forum state, other members of the conspiracy may be subject to jurisdiction in the forum state, even if they otherwise lack their own direct contacts. While all personal jurisdiction issues are subject to the Due Process Clause, nowhere else is it so peculiarly implicated--and sometimes sidestepped--as when conspiracy forms the basis for personal jurisdiction. This still-developing gloss on specific jurisdiction has seen increasing but chaotic use in federal and state courts. As a result, and in contrast to the doctrine&apos;s increasing use in litigation, scholarship is extremely sparse. This Article is the first to offer a comprehensive look at conspiracy jurisdiction&apos;s provenance and the complex current state of the law, analyzing the doctrine&apos;s varied applications in light of recent Supreme Court authority. Our Article relies chiefly on Walden v. Fiore and Ford v. Montana, which influence but do not control the doctrine, to analyze the due process contours of conspiracy jurisdiction and how the doctrine can--and will--survive once the Supreme Court inevitably grants review to resolve an active and jagged circuit split.

Author(s): Lucia Ciciolla [sup.1] , Karina M. Shreffler [sup.2] , Ashley N. Quigley [sup.1] , Jameca R. Price [sup.3] , Karen P. Gold [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01g9vbr38, grid.65519.3e, 0000 [...], Introduction Admission of a newborn to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be a highly stressful event that affects maternal psychological well-being and disrupts the early maternal-infant bonding relationship. Determining factors that promote maternal-infant bonding among those with a NICU admission is essential for the development of effective interventions. Methods Using a longitudinal clinic-based sample of diverse and low-income pregnant women, we examined whether maternal-fetal bonding measured during the second trimester moderated the association between NICU admission and postpartum bonding measured at six months post birth, controlling for demographic characteristics. Results Approximately 18% of the sample experienced a NICU admission at birth. NICU admission was associated with lower postpartum bonding (b = -8.74; p < .001, Model 1), whereas maternal-fetal bonding was associated with higher bonding reported at six months postpartum (b = 3.74, p < .001, Model 2). Results of the interaction revealed that women who reported higher maternal-fetal bonding reported higher postnatal bonding regardless of NICU admission status. Discussion Because maternal-fetal bonding can be enhanced through intervention, it is a promising target for reducing the risks of NICU admission for the early maternal-infant relationship.

After Indianapolis Star reporter Rick Johnson suggested to his editors in 1966 that they send him to South Vietnam to interview Hoosier soldiers as the American involvement there escalated, he [...]

The use of biological hard structures, such as otoliths, is the most common method of aging bony fish (Pannella, 1971; Gauldie and Nelson, 1990; Stevenson and Campana, 1992), dating back [...]