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The aniline group is used to make polymer modified electrodes (PME) by the electropolymerization of 2, 2'-bipyridine and other polypyridine ligands and the oxidation-based coupling properties of their iron (Fe) and ruthenium (Ru) complexes to coat the DMEs. Adjacent monomers are coupled in tail-to-tail or head-to-tail patterns to form the polymer film. Electropolymerization is achieved by continuously cycling the working electrode potential to 1.1 or 1.5 volts at 100 millivolts per second in a 0.1 millimole monomer solution dissolved in an N2-saturated solution of MB4NClO4/CH3CN.