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Oyster population maintenance and growth require a sufficient larval supply competent for metamorphosis and settlement. Larval performance, in terms of growth, development, survival, and metamorphic success, determines the capacity for a larval cohort to effectively settle and establish into an existing population. Exogenous factors influencing larval development include temperature, salinity, food quantity, and food quality. A sufficient diet, composed of balanced protein, lipids, and carbohydrates to meet larval nutritional demands, is required to promote successful metamorphosis. To evaluate the influence of these exogenous factors on oyster settlement potential in Delaware Bay, a well-established biochemically based Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) larval model was adapted to simulate Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) larval performance under in situ environmental conditions measured during the 2009 to 2011 reproductive seasons at 10 sites across the salinity gradient of Delaware Bay. Variation in the initial egg size and lipid content, and larval food assimilation efficiency was incorporated into the model to represent potential within-cohort phenotypic variability. The middle portion of Delaware Bay along the New Jersey shoreline, bridging the 15-salinity line, generated the most successful larvae each year, whereas the low-salinity reach, on the Delaware side, and Nantuxent Point Reef had more variable success. Survivorship was a function of adequate temperatures and salinities, sufficient food quantity, and favorable food quality defined in part by the protein-to-(lipid-plus-carbohydrate) ratio. Most settlement was predicted by the model to occur between July and September of each year. To validate the model, estimated settlement windows were compared with calculated settlement windows derived from recruitment observations on yearly shell plants. Modeled and recruitment-derived settlement windows agreed well with each other and verified the capacity of the model to accurately forecast in situ larval performance. The oyster larval model, based on measures of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate, successfully passed an important field test, demonstrating the potential of such biochemically based models to reliably evaluate larval performance under real-world conditions. KEY WORDS: Crassostrea virginica, larvae, eastern oyster, performance model, settlement window, biochemical, food, INTRODUCTION Successful oyster population maintenance and growth require a consistent larval supply capable of settlement onto existing beds over time (Coen & Luckenbach 2000, Mann & Powell 2007, Lipcius et [...]

Human-driven environmental change underlies recent changes in water clarity in many of the world's great lakes, yet our understanding of the consequences of these changes on the fish and fisheries they support remains incomplete. Herein, we offer a framework to organize current knowledge, guide future research, and help fisheries managers understand how water clarity can affect their valued populations. Emphasizing Laurentian Great Lakes findings where possible, we describe how changing water clarity can directly affect fish populations and communities by altering exposure to ultraviolet radiation, foraging success, predation risk, reproductive behavior, or territoriality. We also discuss how changing water clarity can affect fisheries harvest and assessment through effects on fisher behavior and sampling efficiency (i.e., catchability). Finally, we discuss whether changing water clarity can affect understudied aspects of fishery performance, including economic and community benefits. We conclude by identifying generalized predictions and discuss their implications for priority research questions for the Laurentian Great Lakes. Even though the motivation for this work was regional, the breadth of the review and generality of the framework are readily transferable to other freshwater and marine habitats. Si des modifications de l'environnement causees par les humains sous-tendent les changements recents de la clarte de l'eau dans bon nombre des grands lacs de la planete, notre comprehension des consequences de ces changements sur les poissons et les peches qu'ils soutiennent demeure incomplete. Nous presentons un cadre pour organiser les connaissances actuelles, orienter la recherche future et aider les gestionnaires des peches a comprendre l'incidence possible de la clarte de l'eau sur les populations qu'ils gerent. En mettant l'accent, dans la mesure du possible, sur des constatations relatives aux Grands Lacs laurentiens, nous decrivons l'incidence directe que peuvent avoir les variations de la clarte de l'eau sur les populations et communautes de poissons en modifiant l'exposition au rayonnement ultraviolet, le succes d'approvisionnement, le risque de predation, le comportement de reproduction ou la territorialite. Nous abordons egalement l'incidence que peuvent avoir les modifications de la clarte de l'eau sur les prises et revaluation des peches par le biais d'effets sur le comportement des pecheurs et l'efficacite d'echantillonnage (c.-a-d., la capturabilite). Enfin, nous tentons d'etablir si les modifications de la clarte de l'eau peuvent avoir une incidence sur des aspects sous-etudies de la performance des peches, y compris les avantages economiques et pour les collectivites. Nous concluons en formulant des predictions generales et discutons des questions de recherche prioritaires qu'elles font ressortir pour les Grands Lacs laurentiens. Meme si l'intention a l'origine du present article etait regionale, la portee de la synthese et le caractere general du cadre font qu'ils peuvent etre transposes aisement a d'autres habitats marins et d'eau douce. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Although scientists have increasingly documented changing water clarity in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, we do not fully understand its effects on aquatic food webs and the fisheries that they support. [...]

Author(s): Aamirah Mussa [sup.1] , Henock B. Taddese [sup.2] , Ekaterina Maslova [sup.2] , Gbolahan Ajibola [sup.1] , Joseph Makhema [sup.1] , Roger L. Shapiro [sup.1] [sup.3] , Shahin Lockman [...], Introduction In resource-constrained settings, infant feeding decisions among women with HIV (WHIV) must balance the risk of infant HIV acquisition from breastfeeding with increased mortality associated with formula feeding. WHO guidelines recommend countries principally promote a single feeding method for WHIV, either breastfeeding or formula feeding. In 2016, Botswana revised its policy of formula feeding for infants born to WHIV, instead promoting exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. Methods We sought to understand factors influencing infant feeding choices among WHIV by administering a questionnaire to pregnant and postpartum WHIV (2013-2015) participating in a clinical trial in Botswana (the Mpepu Study). Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with infant feeding choices. Results Of 810 surveyed participants, 24.0% chose breastfeeding and 76.0% chose formula feeding. Women were more likely to choose formula feeding if advised by a health worker to formula feed (aOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.02-3.57) or if they harboured doubts about the potency of antiretroviral treatment (ART) to prevent infant HIV acquisition (aOR 9.06; 95% CI 4.78-17.17). Women who reported lack of confidence in preparing infant formula safely (aOR 0.09; 95% CI 0.04-0.19) or low concerns about infant HIV acquisition (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.22-0.55) were significantly less likely to formula feed. Discussion Perceptions about ART effectiveness, social circumstances and health worker recommendations were key influencers of infant feeding choices among WHIV. Health system factors and maternal education interventions represent ideal targets for any programmatic actions aiming to shape informed decision-making towards HIV-free survival of infants.

Nature's Mutiny: How the Little Ice Age of the Long Seventeenth Century Transformed the West and Shaped the Present. By PHILIPP BLOM. New York: Liveright, 2019. 352 pp. $27.95 (hardcover). [...]

American Empire: A Global History. By A. G. HOPKINS. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018. 960 pp. $39.95 (hardcover). The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History. By [...]

Brazil has been affected by outbreaks caused by viruses of the genus Flavivirus, such as dengue (DENV), Zika, and yellow fever viruses, along with coinfections with other arboviruses (1). The [...]

Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. BY James C. Scott. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017. 336 pp. $26.00 (hardcover). This concise, useful, and [...]

Ecology and Power in the Age of Empire: Europe and the Transformation of the Tropical World. By corey ross. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. 512 pp. $61.00 (hardcover). This excellent [...]

1 | INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HIV testing for all HIV-exposed infants at 4 to 6 weeks of age [1], based on studies demonstrating the benefits of [...], Introduction: Most African countries perform infant HIV testing at 6 weeks or later. The addition of targeted testing at birth may improve retention in care, treatment outcomes and survival for HIV-infected infants. Methods: HIV-exposed infants were screened as part of the Early Infant Treatment (EIT) study in Botswana. Screened infants were [greater than or equal to]35 weeks gestational age and [greater than or equal to]2000 g at birth. Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) were assessed by maternal obstetric card or verbally. Risk factors included 400 copies/mL, poor maternal ART adherence, lack of maternal zidovudine (ZDV) in labour, or lack of infant post-exposure prophylaxis. Infants underwent dried blood spot testing by Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Cobas Taqman HIV-1 qualitative PCR. Results: From April2015 to April2016, 2303 HIV-exposed infants were tested for HIV in the EIT study. Of these, 369 (16%) were identified as high risk for HIV infection by information available at birth, and 12 (0.5% overall, 3.25% of high risk) were identified as HIV positive at birth. All 12 positive infants were identified as high risk at the time of screening, and only 2 risk factors were required to identify all positive infants: either Conclusions: In utero MTCT occurred only among infants identified as high risk at delivery, using information available from the mother or obstetric record. Birth testing that targets high-risk infants based on maternal ART receipt is likely to identify the majority of in utero HIV transmissions, and allows early ART initiation for these infants. Keywords: HIV; mother-to-child transmission; children; paediatrics; vertical transmission; viral suppression

Author(s): Florence Guida 1, Vanessa Y. Tan 2,3, Laura J. Corbin 2,3, Karl Smith-Byrne 1, Karine Alcala 1, Claudia Langenberg 4, Isobel D. Stewart 4, Adam S. Butterworth 5,6,7,8, Praveen [...], Background Excess bodyweight and related metabolic perturbations have been implicated in kidney cancer aetiology, but the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly understood. In this study, we sought to identify circulating metabolites that predispose kidney cancer and to evaluate the extent to which they are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Methods and findings We assessed the association between circulating levels of 1,416 metabolites and incident kidney cancer using pre-diagnostic blood samples from up to 1,305 kidney cancer case-control pairs from 5 prospective cohort studies. Cases were diagnosed on average 8 years after blood collection. We found 25 metabolites robustly associated with kidney cancer risk. In particular, 14 glycerophospholipids (GPLs) were inversely associated with risk, including 8 phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and 2 plasmalogens. The PC with the strongest association was PC ae C34:3 with an odds ratio (OR) for 1 standard deviation (SD) increment of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 0.83, p = 2.6 x 10.sup.-8). In contrast, 4 amino acids, including glutamate (OR for 1 SD = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.60, p = 1.6 x 10.sup.-5 ), were positively associated with risk. Adjusting for BMI partly attenuated the risk association for some-but not all-metabolites, whereas other known risk factors of kidney cancer, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, had minimal impact on the observed associations. A mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis of the influence of BMI on the blood metabolome highlighted that some metabolites associated with kidney cancer risk are influenced by BMI. Specifically, elevated BMI appeared to decrease levels of several GPLs that were also found inversely associated with kidney cancer risk (e.g., -0.17 SD change [ß.sub.BMI ] in 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-linoleoyl-GPC (P-16:0/18:2) levels per SD change in BMI, p = 3.4 x 10.sup.-5). BMI was also associated with increased levels of glutamate (ß.sub.BMI : 0.12, p = 1.5 x 10.sup.-3). While our results were robust across the participating studies, they were limited to study participants of European descent, and it will, therefore, be important to evaluate if our findings can be generalised to populations with different genetic backgrounds. Conclusions This study suggests a potentially important role of the blood metabolome in kidney cancer aetiology by highlighting a wide range of metabolites associated with the risk of developing kidney cancer and the extent to which changes in levels of these metabolites are driven by BMI-the principal modifiable risk factor of kidney cancer.

INTRODUCTION Multiple studies have reported that tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and dolutegravir (DTG) are associated with clinically significant weight gain, with risk of treatment?emergent obesity (body mass index, or BMI, >30) [...], : Introduction: Antiretrovirals such as dolutegravir (DTG) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) have been associated with excessive weight gain. The objective of this study was to understand the potential impact of ART?associated weight gain on pregnancy outcomes among women living with HIV. Methods: Using data from the Tsepamo birth outcomes surveillance study in Botswana, we evaluated the relationship between maternal weight (and weight gain) and severe birth outcomes (very preterm delivery 4000 g) and maternal hypertension. We estimated the relative risk of each outcome by baseline weight (first weight in pregnancy Results: Of 22,828 women on ART at conception with singleton deliveries between August 2014 and April 2020, 16,300 (71.4%) had a weight measured 90 kg) was associated with increased risk of macrosomia (aRR 3.24, 95% CI 2.36, 4.44) and maternal hypertension (aRR 1.79, 95% CI 1.62, 1.97). Baseline weight was not associated with stillbirth or early neonatal death. For all outcomes, second trimester weight gain showed weaker associations than did baseline weight. Duration of pre?pregnancy ART (years) was associated with higher baseline weight for DTG but not for EFV, and the risk of maternal hypertension by baseline weight category was higher for DTG than EFV for all strata. Conclusions: ART regimens associated with weight gain may reduce the number of women at risk for certain severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with low weight but increase the number at risk of macrosomia and maternal hypertension. Further research could determine whether weight?based ART treatment strategies improve maternal and child health.

ABSTRACT. Surprising biodiversity can be found in cities, but urban habitats are understudied. We report on a bioblitz conducted primarily within a 24-hr period on September 16 and 17. 2016 [...]

Abstract. The work of a telecommunications company involves installing, maintaining, and expanding its infrastructure, and requires many employees and vehicles located at work centers. These work centers serve as a [...]

Introduction Since the genetic etiology of the bullous skin disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex was uncovered in 1991 (1), more than 100 distinct disorders have been shown to arise from or [...], Palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) are debilitating lesions that arise in individuals with pachyonychia congenita (PC) and feature upregulation of danger-associated molecular patterns and skin barrier regulators. The defining features of PCassociated PPK are reproduced in mice null for keratin 16 (Krt16), which is commonly mutated in PC patients. Here, we have shown that PPK onset is preceded by oxidative stress in footpad skin of [Krt16.sup.-/-] mice and correlates with an inability of keratinocytes to sustain nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 related factor 2-dependent (NRF2-dependent) synthesis of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Additionally, examination of plantar skin biopsies from individuals with PC confirmed the presence of high levels of hypophosphorylated NRF2 in lesional tissue. In [Krt16.sup.-/-] mice, genetic ablation of Nrf2 worsened spontaneous skin lesions and accelerated PPK development in footpad skin. Hypoactivity of NRF2 in \ [Krt16.sup.-/-] footpad skin correlated with decreased levels or activity of upstream NRF2 activators, including PKCδ, receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), and p21. Topical application of the NRF2 activator sulforaphane to the footpad of [Krt16.sup.-/-] mice prevented the development of PPK and normalized redox balance via regeneration of GSH from existing cellular pools. Together, these findings point to oxidative stress and dysfunctional NRF2 as contributors to PPK pathogenesis, identify K16 as a regulator of NRF2 activation, and suggest that pharmacological activation of NRF2 should be further explored for PC treatment.

This paper presents the initial results of the second phase of the Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project (2013-16), a digital humanities initiative funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The results suggest that spectral imaging technology can be applied successfully to illuminate the composition history of David Livingstone's 1870 Field Diary and to enhance and/or reveal material features of the text otherwise invisible to the naked eye. The results represent an important advance in the use of spectral imaging in the study of manuscripts. Preliminary review of the results also indicates that more detailed analysis will reveal new and important information about Livingstone, his manuscript, the African cultures among which he traveled, and the many environments through which his diary traveled and was preserved., I. This paper discusses my team's work applying spectral imaging technology to the study of the 1870 Field Diary of David Livingstone, the famous Victorian traveler, abolitionist, geographer, and missionary. [...]

The sliver of humid tropical and montane forest on the east slope of the Andes in Ayacucho Department ranks among the least surveyed sectors of the Peruvian Andes. This mountainous region, along with adjacent Apurimac Department and western Cuzco Department, comprise the Apurimac River Valley, a putative biogeographic barrier. Hence, understanding avian distributions in the vicinity of the Apurimac River Valley is fundamental to understanding faunal turnover across it. Here, we report results of recent avifaunal surveys (2008-2012) from five sites in the Apurimac Valley region. We report 35 bird species previously undocumented in Ayacucho, six of which represent range extensions, including records of the endemic Black-spectacled Brush-Finch (Atlapetes melanopsis), Marcapata Spinetail (Cranioleuca marcapatae), and Chestnut-breasted Mountain-Finch (Poospiza caesar); the remaining records filled perceived range gaps. Specimen evidence suggests little phenotypic introgression between differentiated forms across the region, except for apparent introgression zones in Superciliaried Hemispingus (Hemispingus superciliaris) and Mountain Cacique (Cacicus chrysonotus)', these observations uphold the idea that the Apurimac River Valley functions to isolate bird populations. Specimens of two Grallaria sp. and one Scytalopus sp. may represent new taxa, two of which appear to be endemic to Ayacucho (the third extends into adjacent Junin Department). More generally, montane forest bird species richness and avian endemism in eastern Ayacucho are similar to those of Cuzco and Pasco departments; previous assessments that considered Ayacucho as an area of reduced diversity were misled by sparse sampling effort. Received 4 December 2014. Accepted 23 July 2015. Key words: Andes, cryptic species, diversity, elevation gradient, endemism, range extension., Humid Andean slopes harbor the most diverse montane avifaunas in the world (Churchill et al. 1995, Stotz et al. 1996, Kattan and Franco 2004, Herzog et al. 2005). In central [...]

Author(s): Kyriaki Michailidou [1, 2]; Sara Lindstrm [3, 4]; Joe Dennis [1]; Jonathan Beesley [5]; Shirley Hui [6]; Siddhartha Kar [7]; Audrey Lemaon [8]; Penny Soucy [8]; Dylan Glubb [5]; [...]

The amygdala can encode both negative and positive valence (5-10) and the DG encodes contextual information (3,11,12). It is unknown whether the DG drives expression of memories irrespective of the [...], The valence of memories is malleable because of their intrinsic reconstructive property (1). This property of memory has been used clinically to treat maladaptive behaviours (2). However, the neuronal mechanisms and brain circuits that enable the switching of the valence of memories remain largely unknown. Here we investigated these mechanisms by applying the recently developed memory engram cell-manipulation technique (3,4). We labelled with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) a population of cells in either the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus or the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) that were specifically activated during contextual fear or reward conditioning. Both groups of fear-conditioned mice displayed aversive light-dependent responses in an optogenetic place avoidance test, whereas both DG- and BLA-labelled mice that underwent reward conditioning exhibited an appetitive response in an optogenetic place preference test. Next, in an attempt to reverse the valence of memory within a subject, mice whose DG or BLA engram had initially been labelled by contextual fear or reward conditioning were subjected to a second conditioning of the opposite valence while their original DG or BLA engram was reactivated by blue light. Subsequent optogenetic place avoidance and preference tests revealed that although the DG-engram group displayed a response indicating a switch of the memory valence, the BLA-engram group did not. This switch was also evident at the cellular level by a change in functional connectivity between DG engram-bearing cells and BLA engram-bearing cells. Thus, we found that in the DG, the neurons carrying the memory engram of a given neutral context have plasticity such that the valence of a conditioned response evoked by their reactivation can be reversed by re-associating this contextual memory engram with a new unconditioned stimulus of an opposite valence. Our present work provides new insight into the functional neural circuits underlying the malleability of emotional memory.

Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HIV testing for all HIV?exposed infants at 4 to 6 weeks of age, based on studies demonstrating the benefits of early infant HIV [...], : Introduction: Most African countries perform infant HIV testing at 6 weeks or later. The addition of targeted testing at birth may improve retention in care, treatment outcomes and survival for HIV?infected infants. Methods: HIV?exposed infants were screened as part of the Early Infant Treatment (EIT) study in Botswana. Screened infants were ?35 weeks gestational age and ?2000 g at birth. Risk factors for mother?to?child transmission (MTCT) were assessed by maternal obstetric card or verbally. Risk factors included 400 copies/mL, poor maternal ART adherence, lack of maternal zidovudine (ZDV) in labour, or lack of infant post?exposure prophylaxis. Infants underwent dried blood spot testing by Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Cobas Taqman HIV?1 qualitative PCR. Results: From April 2015 to April 2016, 2303 HIV?exposed infants were tested for HIV in the EIT study. Of these, 369 (16%) were identified as high risk for HIV infection by information available at birth, and 12 (0.5% overall, 3.25% of high risk) were identified as HIV positive at birth. All 12 positive infants were identified as high risk at the time of screening, and only 2 risk factors were required to identify all positive infants: either Conclusions: In utero MTCT occurred only among infants identified as high risk at delivery, using information available from the mother or obstetric record. Birth testing that targets high?risk infants based on maternal ART receipt is likely to identify the majority of in utero HIV transmissions, and allows early ART initiation for these infants.

Newly synthesized proteins and lipids are transported across the Golgi complex via different mechanisms whose respective roles are not completely clear. We previously identified a non-vesicular intra-Golgi transport pathway for [...]

To understand how the value of cultural products is determined, one must consider how evaluations evolve over time and have an impact on the conditions supporting knowledge development. If evaluations [...]

Introduction Steroid hormones and catecholamines play a pivotal role both in surviving periods of stress and in regulating normal physiologic responsiveness in mammals (McEwen 2007). Whereas catecholamines exert highly specific [...], Several studies have demonstrated that gonadal hormones show significant effects on the brain and signaling pathways of effector organs/cells that respond to neurotransmitters. Since little information is available concerning the impact of male and female gonadal hormones on the renal and peripheral sympathetic system, the objective of this study was to further assess whether and how the renal content and plasma concentration of catecholamines are influenced by gender and the estrous cycle in rats. To achieve this, males Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: (i) sham (i.e., control), (ii) gonadectomized, (iii) gonadectomized and nandrolone decanoate replacement at physiological levels or (iv) gonadectomized and nandrolone decanoate replacement at high levels. Female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: (i) ovariectomized (OVX), (ii) estrogen replacement at physiological levels and (iii) estrogen replacement at at high levels, (iv) progesterone replacement at physiological levels and (v) progesterone replacement at at high levels, and (vi) sham. The sham group was subdivided into four subgroups: (i) proestrus, (ii) estrus, (iii) metaestrus, and (iv) diestrus. Ten days after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and their plasma and renal catecholamine levels measured for intergroup comparisons. Gonadectomy led to an increase in the plasma catecholamine concentration in females, as well as in the renal catecholamine content of both male and female rats. Gonadectomized males also showed a lower level of plasma catecholamine than the controls. The urinary flow, and the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride were significantly increased in gonadectomized males and in the OVX group when compared with their respective sham groups. Key words: estrous cycle, sex differences, catecholamines, sympathetic nervous system, kidney. Plusieurs etudes ont demontre que les hormones gonadiques ont des effets significatifs sur le cerveau et les voies de signalisation des cellules/organes effecteurs qui repondent aux neurotransmetteurs. Comme il existe peu d'information sur l'impact des hormones sexuelles males et femelles sur le systeme sympathique peripherique et renal, la presente etude a eu pour objectif d' evaluer si les concentrations renales et plasmatiques de catecholamines sont influencees par le genre male/femelle et le cycle oestral chez les rats. On a divise les rats males Wistar en 4 groupes : (i) operes de maniere fictive (c.- a-d. temoins), (ii) gonadectomises, (iii) gonadectomises, et soumis a une substitution en nandrolone decanoate a des niveaux physiologiques ou (iv) gonadectomises, et soumis a une substitution en nandrolone decanoate a des superieurs. On a divise des rats femelles Wistar en 6 groupes : (i) ovariectomisees (OVX), (ii) soumises a une substitution en o strogenes a des niveaux physiologiques et (iii) soumises a une substitution en o strogenes a des niveaux superieurs, (iv) soumises a une substitution en progesterone a des niveaux physiologiques et (v) soumises a une substitution en progesterone a des niveaux superieurs, et (vi) operees de maniere fictive. On a subdivise le groupe opere de maniere fictive en 4 groupes : (i) pro-o strus, (ii) o strus, (iii) meto strus et (iv)dio strus. Dix jours apres la chirurgie, on a sacrifie les animaux et mesure leurs taux de catecholamines plasmatiques et renales aux fins de comparaison intergroupe. La gonadectomie a provoque une augmentation de la concentration de catecholamines plasmatiques chez les femelles et de la concentration de catecholamines renales chez les males et chez les femelles. Les males gonadectomises ont aussi montre des taux de catecholamines plasmatiques plus faibles que ceux des temoins. Le debit urinaire ainsi que l'excretion fractionnaire de sodium et de chlore ont augmente de maniere significative chez les rats males gonadectomises et chez les rats femelles OVX par rapport aux valeurs observees chez leur groupe temoin respectif. Mots-cles : cycle oestral, differences selon le sexe, catecholamines, systeme nerveux sympathique, rein. [Traduit par la Redaction]

A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars, by Andrew Hartman. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2015. 342 pp. $30.00 US (cloth), $19.00 US [...]

Traumatic fear memories can be inhibited by behavioral therapy for humans, or by extinction training in rodent models, but are prone to recur. Under some conditions, however, these treatments generate a permanent effect on behavior, which suggests that emotional memory erasure has occurred. The neural basis for such disparate outcomes is unknown. We found that a central component of extinction-induced erasure is the synaptic removal of calcium-permeable [alpha]-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole- propionate receptors (AMPARs) in the lateral amygdala. A transient up-regulation of this form of plasticity, which involves phosphorylation of the glutamate receptor 1 subunit of the AMPA receptor, defines a temporal window in which fear memory can be degraded by behavioral experience. These results reveal a molecular mechanism for fear erasure and the relative instability of recent memory. 10.1126/science.1195298

Memory for inconsequential events fades, unless these happen before or after other novel or surprising events. However, our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of novelty-enhanced memory persistence is mainly restricted to aversive or fear-associated memories. We now outline an 'everyday appetitive' behavioral model to examine whether and how unrelated novelty facilitates the persistence of spatial memory coupled to parallel electrophysiological studies of the persistence of long-term potentiation (LTP). Across successive days, rats were given one trial per day to find food in different places and later had to recall that day's location. This task is both hippocampus and NMDA receptor dependent. First, encoding with low reward induced place memory that decayed over 24 h; in parallel, weak tetanization of CA1 synapses in brain slices induced early-LTP fading to baseline. Second, novelty exploration scheduled 30 min after this weak encoding resulted in persistent place memory; similarly, strong tetanization--analogous to novelty --both induced late-LTP and rescued early- into late-LTP on an independent but convergent pathway. Third, hippocampal dopamine D1/D5 receptor blockade or protein synthesis inhibition within 15 min of exploration prevented persistent place memory and blocked late-LTP. Fourth, symmetrically, when spatial memory was encoded using strong reward, this memory persisted for 24 h unless encoding occurred under hippocampal D1/D5 receptor blockade. Novelty exploration before this encoding rescued the drug-induced memory impairment. Parallel effects were observed in LTP. These findings can be explained by the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis. hippocampus | flashbulb memory | synaptic plasticity | dopamine | protein synthesis doi/ 10.1073/pnas.1008638107

Over time scales of thousands to millions of years, and in the absence of rejuvenating disturbances that initiate primary or early secondary succession, ecosystem properties such as net primary productivity, decomposition, and rates of nutrient cycling undergo substantial declines termed ecosystem retrogression. Retrogression results from the depletion or reduction in the availability of nutrients, and can only be reversed through rejuvenating disturbance that resets the system; this differs from age-related declines in forest productivity that are driven by shorter-term depression of nutrient availability and plant ecophysiological process rates that occur during succession. Here we review and synthesize the findings from studies of long-term chronosequences that include retrogressive stages for systems spanning the boreal, temperate, and subtropical zones. Ecosystem retrogression has been described by ecologists, biogeochemists, geologists, and pedologists, each of which has developed somewhat independent conceptual frameworks; our review seeks to unify this literature in order to better understand the causes and consequences of retrogression. Studies of retrogression have improved our knowledge of how long-term pedogenic changes drive shorter-term biological processes, as well as the consequences of these changes for ecosystem development. Our synthesis also reveals that similar patterns of retrogression (involving reduced soil fertility, predictable shifts in organismic traits, and ecological processes) occur in systems with vastly different climatic regimes, geologic substrates, and vegetation types, even though the timescales and mechanisms driving retrogression may vary greatly among sites. Studies on retrogression also provide evidence that in many regions, high biomass or 'climax' forests are often transient, and do not persist indefinitely in the absence of rejuvenating disturbance. Finally, our review highlights that studies on retrogressive chronosequences in contrasting regions provide unparalleled opportunities for developing general principles about the long-term feedbacks between biological communities and pedogenic processes, and how these control ecosystem development. Key words: carbon; diversity; ecosystem development, nitrogen; nutrient cycling; pedogenesis; phosphorus; plant-soil feedbacks; soil processes; retrogression; stoichiometry; succession.

Recognizing research which suggests that many practicing psychologists enter the field without training or with inadequate training in the knowledge, skills, and awareness needed to treat lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients, the authors in this Focus on Ethics provide suggestions for psychologists seeking competence with this population. In the lead article, Lyons fleshes out the contours of competent practice, presents the current state of psychologist competence, and calls for greater levels of competence. Next, Bieschke and Dendy respond by applying the Ethical Acculturation Model to describe the question of competence for those who may come from cultures not condoning of an LGB affirmative stance. Worthington provides hypotheses for the current rates of competence in the field and encourages the use of evidenced-based training and practice to increase competence. Finally, Georgemiller confirms the role of practicing psychologists who are heterosexual allies and identifies resources for gaining competence. Keywords: ethics, competence, LGB, diversity, psychotherapy DOI: 10.1037/a0021121

Surface-pressure fluctuations are measured for the separated flow over a smoothly contoured axisymmetric bump or hill with an approaching two-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer thickness that is half of the bump height and momentum thickness Reynolds number [Re.sub.[theta]] = 7,300. Two piezoresistive pressure transducers were used to measure the pressure fluctuations and to remove the noise by the subtraction method. The flow over this bump shows highly unsteady saddle-focus separations on the leeside curved surface. The magnitude of surface-pressure fluctuations is higher on the leeside than the windward side. The power spectral levels of pressure fluctuations are high in the low-frequency region, and they contribute dominantly to the resulting surface-pressure fluctuation on the leeside. In the separated region, large-scaled eddy structures associated with the streamwise vortices emanated from three-dimensional separations are major sources for the pressure fluctuation generation, and the rapid spectral decay is observed. From the approximate analysis, the asymmetric negative skewed histogram of surface-pressure fluctuations appears in the separated region. DOI: 10.2514/1.J050429

Autozygosity mapping and copy number analysis was performed to identify intragenic deletion and mutations in OCLN in nine patients from six families with band-like calcification with simplified gyration and polymicrogyria (BLC-PMG). The study suggested that the tight junction protein occludin (encoded by the OCLN gene) in cerebral blood vessels which play a vital role in maintenance of the blood-brain barrier during postnatal life is involved in the pathogenesis of malformations of cortical development.

Byline: Claudio O. Stockle (1), Roger L. Nelson (1), Stewart Higgins (1), Jay Brunner (2), Gary Grove (3), Rick Boydston (4), Mathew Whiting (3), Chad Kruger (5) Abstract: An assessment of the potential impact of climate change and the concurrent increase of atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration on eastern Washington State agriculture was conducted. Climate projections from four selected general circulation models (GCM) were chosen, and the assessment included the crops with larger economic value for the state (apples, potatoes, and wheat). To evaluate crop performance, a cropping system simulation model (CropSyst) was utilized using historical and future climate sequences. Crops were assumed to receive adequate water (irrigated crops), nutrients, and control of weeds, pests and diseases. Results project that the impact of climate change on eastern Washington agriculture will be generally mild in the short term (i.e., next two decades), but increasingly detrimental with time (potential yield losses reaching 25% for some crops by the end of the century). However, CO.sub.2 elevation is expected to provide significant mitigation, and in fact result in yield gains for some crops. The combination of increased CO.sub.2 and adaptive management may result in yield benefits for all crops. One limitation of the study is that water supply was assumed sufficient for irrigated crops, but other studies suggest that it may decrease in many locations due to climate change. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA (2) Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA (3) Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, 99350-8694, USA (4) USDA-ARS at WSU IAREC, Prosser, WA, 99350-8694, USA (5) Center for Sustaining Ag & Nat Res, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA Article History: Registration Date: 24/03/2010 Received Date: 09/06/2009 Accepted Date: 23/03/2010 Online Date: 29/04/2010

Tractor-trailers have a higher drag coefficient than other vehicles due to their bluff-body shape. Numerous add-on devices have been invented to help reduce drag and fuel consumption. The current research extends our previous idea of add-on humps and investigates their effect in conjunction with curved boat-tail flaps. Computational fluid dynamics in the form of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier--Stokes and detached-eddy simulations were used to determine viable design strategies. A 3D baseline computational model was constructed using an Ahmed body. Design optimization was applied on the new add-on devices. The results from the optimized design were shown to have a 50.9% reduction in drag coefficient. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001587]

Large-volume pseudotachylite bodies in impact structures are dike like and consist of angular and rounded wall-rock fragments enveloped by a microcrystalline and sporadically glassy matrix that crystallized from a melt. Knowledge of the formation of pseudotachylite bodies is important for understanding mechanics of complex crater formation. Most current hypotheses of pseudotachylite formation inherently assume that fragmentation and melt generation occur during a single process. Based on the structure of pseudotachylite bodies at Sudbury (Canada) and Vredefort (South Africa), we show that these processes differ in time and space. We demonstrate that the centimeter- to kilometer-scale bodies are effectively fragment- and melt-filled tension fractures that formed by differential rotation of target rock during cratering. Highly variable pseudotachylite characteristics can be accounted for by a single process, i.e., drainage of initially superheated impact melt into tension fractures of the crater floor. doi: 10.1130/G30806.1

The author argues that strategy and execution are not separate but interrelated, with executives making broader choices and employees making more specific choices as appropriate to individual situations. For best choices to be made, contexts and repercussions require identifying.

Intraoperative (IO) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is widely used for assessing the results of valvular heart disease (VHD) surgery. Epiaortic ultrasonography (EAU) has been recommended for prevention of perioperative strokes. To [...]

Objective: To estimate the association between measures of socio-economic status (SES) and breast cancer (BC) survival for young, urban Australian women. Methods: We used a population-based sample of 1,029 women followed prospectively for a median of 7.9 years. SES was defined by education and area of residence. Hazard ratios (HRs) associated with SES measures were estimated for (i) distant recurrence (DR) and (ii) all-cause mortality as end-points. Results: HRs for area of residence were not significantly different from unity, with or without adjustment for age at diagnosis and education level. The univariable HR estimate of DR for women with university education compared with women with incomplete high school education was 1.51 (95% CI = 1.08 - 2.13, p = 0.02), which reduced to 1.20 (95% CI = 0.85 - 1.72, p = 0.3) after adjusting for age at diagnosis and area of residence. Adjusting for prognostic factors differentially distributed across SES groups did not substantially alter the association between survival and SES. Conclusions: Among young, urban Australian women there is no association between SES and BC survival. Implications: This lack of estimates of association may be partly attributed to universal access to adequate breast cancer care in urban areas. Key words: Breast cancer, socioeconomic status, Australia, survival. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2010; 34:200-5 doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00507.x

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases with diverse roles in health and disease. The primordial PI3K, Vps34, is present in all eukaryotes and has essential roles in autophagy, membrane trafficking, and cell signaling. We solved the crystal structure of Vps34 at 2.9 angstrom resolution, which revealed a constricted adenine-binding pocket, suggesting the reason that specific inhibitors of this class of PI3K have proven elusive. Both the phosphoinositide-binding loop and the carboxyl-terminal helix of Vps34 mediate catalysis on membranes and suppress futile adenosine triphosphatase cycles. Vps34 appears to alternate between a closed cytosolic form and an open form on the membrane. Structures of Vps34 complexes with a series of inhibitors reveal the reason that an autophagy inhibitor preferentially inhibits Vps34 and underpin the development of new potent and specific Vps34 inhibitors. 10.1126/science.1184429

Several axon guidance cues, including class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s), have key roles in synapse formation and function (8-11). For example, Sema3A promotes the elaboration of dendrite complexity in vitro (12,13), [...], The majority of excitatory synapses in the mammalian CNS (central nervous system) are formed on dendritic spines (1), and spine morphology and distribution are critical for synaptic transmission (2-6), synaptic integration and plasticity (7). Here, we show that a secreted semaphorin, Sema3F, is a negative regulator of spine development and synaptic structure. Mice with null mutations in genes encoding Sema3F, and its holoreceptor components neuropilin-2 (Npn-2, also known as Nrp2) and plexin A3 (PlexA3, also known as Plxna3), exhibit increased dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell (GC) and cortical layer V pyramidal neuron spine number and size, and also aberrant spine distribution. Moreover, Sema3F promotes loss of spines and excitatory synapses in dissociated neurons in vitro, and in [Npn-2.sup.-/-] brain slices cortical layer V and DG GCs exhibit increased mEPSC (miniature excitatory postsynaptic current) frequency. In contrast, a distinct Sema3A-Npn-1/PlexA4 signalling cascade controls basal dendritic arborization in layer V cortical neurons, but does not influence spine morphogenesis or distribution. These disparate effects of secreted semaphorins are reflected in the restricted dendritic localization of Npn-2 to apical dendrites and of Npn-1 (also known as Nrpl) to all dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. Therefore, Sema3F signalling controls spine distribution along select dendritic processes, and distinct secreted semaphorin signalling events orchestrate CNS connectivity through the differential control of spine morphogenesis, synapse formation, and the elaboration of dendritic morphology.