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United States Air Force Colonel Robin Olds took command of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing (8th TFW) at Ubon Royal Thai Air Base during the first week of October 1966. [...]

ABSTRACT How best to classify musical medium of performance? We welcome the advice and expertise of the community of Notes readers to inform our deliberations. Specifically, when referring to the [...]

Among the potpourri of tax increases in President Biden's 2024 budget is a proposal to raise the nondeductible excise tax on corporate stock buybacks from 1 to 4 percent. Many [...]

The B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor venetoclax is effective in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); however, resistance may develop over time. Other lymphoid malignancies such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are frequently intrinsically resistant to venetoclax. Although genomic resistance mechanisms such as BCL2 mutations have been described, this probably only explains a subset of resistant cases. Using 2 complementary functional precision medicine techniques- -BH3 profiling and high-throughput kinase activity mapping--we found that hyperphosphorylation of BCL-2 family proteins, including antiapoptotic myeloid leukemia 1 (MCL-1) and BCL-2 and proapoptotic BCL-2 agonist of cell death (BAD) and BCL- 2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX), underlies functional mechanisms of both intrinsic and acquired resistance to venetoclax in CLL and DLBCL. Additionally, we provide evidence that antiapoptotic BCL-2 family protein phosphorylation altered the apoptotic protein interactome, thereby changing the profile of functional dependence on these prosurvival proteins. Targeting BCL-2 family protein phosphorylation with phosphatase-activating drugs rewired these dependencies, thus restoring sensitivity to venetoclax in a panel of venetoclax-resistant lymphoid cell lines, a resistant mouse model, and in paired patient samples before venetoclax treatment and at the time of progression., Introduction The incorporation of the B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor venetoclax into the treatment paradigm for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has revolutionized the treatment [...]

ABSTRACT 1001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1003 I. INTRODUCTION 1004 II. OSHA'S PANDEMIC RESPONSE 1006 A. OSHA's Early Treatment of COVID-19 as an "Occupational" Disease 1006 B. OSHA's Early Enforcement Strategy [...], The approval of COVID-19 vaccinations for working age Americans in early 2021 offered a welcome release from oppressive non-vaccination safety measures. Group activities including normal employment operations became possible with a greatly reduced risk of serious illness and death. However, escape from the virus and non-vaccination measures was limited by widespread resistance to vaccination. OSHA became one of a handful of federal government offices that adopted rules to motivate more people to accept vaccination as the best way to protect themselves, protect their families, and escape the oppression of non-vaccination measures. OSHA, which regulates private sector "occupational" health, issued an "emergency" rule that applied only to private sector employers with at least 100 employees. The rule did not "mandate" vaccinations. However, it strongly motivated employers to adopt their own vaccination requirements in order to avoid the alternative: burdensome non-vaccination requirements. OSHA's emergency rule did not last long. Within two months, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an emergency stay against the rule in National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Department of Labor ("NFIB"). The practical effect of the Court's emergency stay was the end of the emergency OSHA rule. The OSHA rule is dead, but NFIB lingers as a problem for future health crises. COVID-19 is not necessarily the last or most serious health crisis we will face as a nation. OSHA will probably be needed to contribute to a national response in the future. NFIB is a poorly reasoned but still significant obstacle for OSHA's participation in a public health crisis. This article examines the ways OSHA can act on an emergency basis in a crisis, the expanse and limits of its authority to regulate "occupational" health, the meaning and flaws of the Court's decision in NFIB to block enforcement of OSHA's COVID-19 rule, and the possible strategies for OSHA in the next public-occupational health crisis.

MBSR(BC) is known to have a positive impact on psychological and physical symptoms among breast cancer survivors (BCS). The cognitive mechanisms of 'how' MBSR(BC) works was addressed in a recent study that found that there was strong consistent evidence that reduced emotional reactivity is a mediator and moderate consistent evidence that mindfulness, rumination, and worry were mediators. The purpose of this study, as part of a larger R01 trial, was to test whether positive effects achieved from the MBSR(BC) program were mediated through changes in increased mindfulness, decreased fear of breast cancer recurrence, and perceived stress. Female BCS > 21 years diagnosed with Stage 0-III breast cancer were randomly assigned to a 6-week MBSR(BC) or a Usual Care (UC)regimen. Potential mediators of 6- and 12-week outcomes were identified by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), followed by formal mediational analyses of main effects of MBSR(BC) on 6- and 12-week outcomes, including percentage of total effects explained. Among 322 BCS (167 MBSR(BC) and 155 UC), fear of recurrence and perceived stress, but not mindfulness, mediated reductions in anxiety and fatigue at weeks 6 and 12, partially supporting our hypothesis of cognitive mechanisms of MBSR(BC). Trial Registration Registration Number: NCT01177124 http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, Author(s): Cecile A. Lengacher [sup.1] , L. Forest Gruss [sup.1] , Kevin E. Kip [sup.2] , Richard R. Reich [sup.3] , Katterine G. Chauca [sup.1] , Manolete S. Moscoso [sup.1] [...]

In many animals the head develops early, most of the body axis later. A larva composed mostly of the developing front end therefore can attain mobility and feeding earlier in development. Fossils, functional morphology, and inferred homologies indicate that feeding head larvae existed by the Early Cambrian in members of three major clades of animals: ecdysozoans, lophotrochozoans, and deuterostomes. Some of these early larval feeding mechanisms were also those of juveniles and adults (the lophophore of brachiopod larvae and possibly the ciliary band of the dipleurula of hemichordates and echinoderms); some were derived from structures that previously had other functions (appendages of the nauplius). Trochophores that swim with a preoral band of cilia, the prototroch, originated before divergence of annelids and molluscs, but evidence of larval growth and thus a prototrochal role in feeding is lacking for molluscs until the Ordovician. Feeding larvae that definitely originated much later, as in insects, teleost fish, and amphibians, develop all or nearly all of what will become the adult body axis before they begin feeding. On present evidence, head larvae, including feeding head larvae, evolved multiple times early in the evolution of bilaterian animals and never since. Key words: Cambrian, development, evolution, larvae, marine, planktotroph. Chez de nombreux animaux, la tete se developpe tot et la majeure partie de l'axe du corps, plus tard. Une larve composee principalement de l'extremite anterieure en developpement peut donc etre mobile et s'alimenter tot durant le developpement. Des fossiles, la morphologie fonctionnelle et des homologies inferees indiquent que des larves cephalees pouvant s'alimenter existaient des le Cambrien precoce chez des membres de trois grands clades d'animaux, a savoir, les ecdysozoaires, les lophotrochozoaires et les deuterostomes. Certains des premiers mecanismes d'alimentation des larves etaient aussi ceux de juveniles et d'adultes (le lophophore de larves de brachiopodes et, possiblement, la bande ciliaire de dipleurula d'hemichordes et d'echinodermes); certains etaient derives de structures qui remplissaient auparavant d'autres fonctions (appendices du nauplius). Les trochophores nageant a l'aide d'une bande de cils preorale, la prototroche, sont apparues avant la divergence des annelides et des mollusques, mais, en ce qui concerne les mollusques, il n'existe pas de preuves de croissance des larves et donc d'un role de la prototroche dans l'alimentation avant l'Ordovicien. Chez les larves pouvant s'alimenter qui sont definitivement apparues beaucoup plus tard, comme celles d'insectes, de poissons teleosteens et d'amphibiens, tout ce qui deviendra l'axe du corps adulte, ou presque, se developpe avant qu'elles commencent a s'alimenter. A la lumiere des preuves actuellement disponibles, des larves cephalees, y compris des larves cephalees qui s'alimentent, sont apparues a de nombreuses reprises tot durant revolution des animaux bilateriens, mais jamais depuis. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Cambrien, developpement, evolution, larves, marine, planctotrophe., Introduction Marine larvae differ in form from later juvenile and adult stages and differ among major clades of animals. Origins of feeding larvae are of special interest because feeding requires [...]

Bluebunch wheatgrass (referred to as BBWG) [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve] is an important rangeland Triticeae grass used for forage, conservation, and restoration. This diploid has the basic St genome that occurs also inmany polyploid Triticeae species, which serve as agene reservoir for wheat improvement. Until now, the St genome in diploid species of Pseudoroegneria has not been mapped. Using a double-cross mapping populations, we mapped 230 expressed sequence tag derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) and 3468 genotyping-bysequencing (GBS) markers to 14 linkage groups (LGs), two each for the seven homologous groups of the St genome. The 227 GBS markers of BBWG that matched those in a previous study helped identify the unclassified seven LGs of the St sub-genome among 21 LGs of Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey. Comparisons of GBS sequences in BBWG to whole-genome sequences in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) revealed that the St genome shared a homology of 35% and 24%, a synteny of 86% and 84%, and a collinearity of 0.85 and 0.86, with ABD and H, respectively. This first-draft molecular map of the St genome will be useful in breeding cereal and forage crops. Key words: collinearity, EST-SSR, genotyping-by-sequencing, homology, synteny. L'agropyre à épi (abrégé AAE) [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve] est une importante Triticée des prairies utilisées pour le fourrage, la conservation et la restauration. Cette espèce diploïde possède le génome de base St qui est présent chez plusieurs autres Triticées polyploïdes, lesquelles servent de ressources génétiques pour l'amélioration du blé. Jusqu'à ce jour, aucune carte génétique n'a été produite pour le génome St présent chez les espèces diploïdes du genre Pseudoroegneria. À l'aide d'une population issue d'un croisement double, les auteurs ont positionné 230 marqueurs EST-SSR (microsatellites au sein de séquences transcrites) et 3468 marqueurs GBS (génotypage par séquençage) sur 14 groupes de liaison (LG), soit deux pour chacun des sept groupes d'homélogues du génome St. Les 227 marqueurs GBS de l'AAE qui correspondaient à ceux identifiés antérieurement ont permis d'identifier les sept LG non-classifiés du sous-génome St au sein des 21 LG chez le Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey. Une comparaison des séquences GBS chez l'AAE avec les séquences du génome du blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) et de l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) a révélé que le génome St présente respectivement une homologie de 35 % et de 24 %, une synténie de 86 % et de 84 % et une colinéarité de 0,85 et 0,86 avec les génomes ABD et H. Cette première ébauche de carte génétique moléculaire du génome St sera utile pour l'amélioration génétique des cultures céréalières et fourragères. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés: colinéarité, EST-SSR, génotypage par séquençage, homologie, synténie., Introduction The St genome of Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á. Löve (Wang et al. 1995) is the most widespread genome in the tribe Triticeae, occurring in more than 250 polyploid species belonging [...]

Social validity focuses on a program's goals, procedures, and outcome, which helps determine if an intervention is socially acceptable and valued. This study represents a conceptual replication of the investigation by Lane and colleagues (2009) regarding the psychometric properties of the Primary Intervention Rating Scale (PIRS), a teacher survey designed to measure social validity of positive behavior support. Lane and colleagues' results indicated the PIRS was a one-factor measure with strong reliability and structural validity. To substantiate these findings, we distributed an adapted version of the PIRS to teachers from a school district in the Mountain West region. We collected data from 153 elementary and middle school teachers and computed results with a series of statistical analyses including confirmatory factor analyses as well as Cronbach's alpha and Raykov's rho. We affirmed the findings of the PIRS as a one-factor measure with strong internal consistency and no significant differences in scores based on the school level. Study limitations and implications are addressed. Keywords: Positive Behavior Supports, Teacher Attitudes, Test Validity, Test Reliability, Replication, Psychometrics, Elementary School, Middle School, Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) are designed to address and prevent problem behavior in schools (Sugai & Horner, 2002). PBIS is an implementation framework intended to improve academic and [...]

Purpose Functional outcomes vary between centers after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and are partially explained by pre-existing health status and arrest characteristics, while the effects of in-hospital treatments on functional outcome are less understood. We examined variation in functional outcomes by center after adjusting for patient- and arrest-specific characteristics and evaluated how in-hospital management differs between high- and low-performing centers. Methods Analysis of observational registry data within the International Cardiac Arrest Registry was used to perform a hierarchical model of center-specific risk standardized rates for good outcome, adjusted for demographics, pre-existing functional status, and arrest-related factors with treatment center as a random effect variable. We described the variability in treatments and diagnostic tests that may influence outcome at centers with adjusted rates significantly above and below registry average. Results A total of 3855 patients were admitted to an ICU following cardiac arrest with return of spontaneous circulation. The overall prevalence of good outcome was 11-63% among centers. After adjustment, center-specific risk standardized rates for good functional outcome ranged from 0.47 (0.37-0.58) to 0.20 (0.12-0.26). High-performing centers had faster time to goal temperature, were more likely to have goal temperature of 33 °C, more likely to perform unconscious cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention, and had differing prognostication practices than low-performing centers. Conclusions Center-specific differences in outcomes after OHCA after adjusting for patient-specific factors exist. This variation could partially be explained by in-hospital management differences. Future research should address the contribution of these factors to the differences in outcomes after resuscitation., Author(s): Teresa L. May [sup.1] [sup.2], Christine W. Lary [sup.3], Richard R. Riker [sup.1], Hans Friberg [sup.4], Nainesh Patel [sup.5], Eldar Søreide [sup.6] [sup.7], John A. McPherson [sup.8], Johan Undén [...]

Molluscan veliger larvae and some annelid larvae capture particulate food between a preoral prototrochal band of long cilia that create a current for both swimming and feeding and a postoral metatrochal band of shorter cilia that beat toward the prototroch. Larvae encountering satiating or noxious particles must somehow swim without capturing particles or else reject large numbers of captured particles. Because high rates of particle capture are inferred to depend on the beat of both ciliary bands, arrest of the metatroch could be one way to swim while reducing captures. Larvae in eight families of annelids arrest metatrochal cilia frequently during prototrochal beat, often over a large part of the metatrochal band and with the arrested cilia aligned near the beginning of the effective stroke. In contrast, metatrochs of veligers of gastropods and bivalves rarely arrested while the prototroch beat, and those arrests were more localized and variable in position. This difference in metatrochal arrest was unexpected under hypotheses of either a single origin of this feeding mechanism or multiple origins within each phylum. Although different in metatrochal arrests, larvae of both phyla can separate swimming from feeding while both prototroch and metatroch beat. One hypothesis explaining low rates of capture per encounter, without metatrochal arrest, is a change in adhesion of prototrochal cilia with algae. In a few observations, part of the velar edge was retained within the veliger's shell so that exposed prototrochal cilia contributed to swimming while the adjacent metatroch and food groove were sequestered., Introduction Veliger larvae of molluscs and some annelid larvae capture food with opposed bands of cilia (Hatschek, 1878, 1880a, b, 1885; Nielsen, 1987; Hansen, 1993; Pernet et al., 2015; Pernet, [...]

Two Bomb Groups: Parallel Lives? Over a quarter of a century ago, noted air power historian Kenneth P. Werrell made an eloquent case to the readers of this journal. He [...]

Author(s): Richard R. Riker [sup.1], David J. Gagnon [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.429997.8, 0000 0004 1936 7531, Neuroscience Institute and Department of Critical Care Services, Maine Medical Center, Professor of [...]

A small vermetid gastropod broods capsules containing nurse eggs and embryos that develop into small veligers. A few of these veligers continue development and growth while nurse eggs and developmentally arrested sibling veligers disappear. Survivors hatch as crawling pediveligers and juveniles. None of the veligers, if removed from capsules, swim in a directed way or withdraw into their shells, indicating that even the developing veligers are unsuited for extracapsular life until they can crawl. The shells of arrested veligers decalcify while their siblings grow. Few of the developmentally arrested veligers that were isolated from siblings and fed algal cells resumed detectable growth. Nurse eggs rather than cannibalism provide most of the food, but full growth of developing veligers depends on limited sharing; arrest of some siblings is a necessary adjunct of the nurse-egg feeding. Here, two developmental outcomes for larvae produced by developmental arrest of some (often termed poecilogony) serves instead as a means of brood reduction. Brood reduction is often attributed to family conflicts resulting from genetic differences. Another hypothesis is that a mother who cannot accurately sort numbers of nurse eggs and developing eggs into capsules could rely on brood reduction to adjust food for her offspring. At the extreme, an entirely random packaging would produce a binomial distribution of embryos in capsules, a very uneven distribution of food per embryo, and some capsules with no embryos. Males have yet to be found in this species, but even if reproduction is asexual, selection could still favor brood reduction., Introduction Mothers must compromise between producing a large number of small offspring or a small number of large offspring (Vance, 1973; Smith and Fretwell, 1974). In most species individual mothers [...]

Synthesized oligonucleotides (oligos) can be used as effective probes similar to plasmid clones for chromosome identification in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, making oligo FISH a simpler and more efficient molecular cytogenetic technique for studying plants. In this study, multiplex oligonucleotide probes, including pSc119.2-1, pAs1-4, [(GAA).sub.10], [(AAC).sub.6], and pTa71, were combined and used in FISH to identify chromosomes in common wheat, Thinopyrum intermedium, and a wheat--Th. intermedium amphiploid TE256-1. In comparison with general FISH probes, signals generated by the multiplex probes were more abundant, colorful, and characteristic. Combining the results of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with FISH, Th. intermedium chromosomes and alien chromosomes in TE256-1 could be classified and identified more precisely, especially the J- and [J.sup.s]-genome chromosomes. Moreover, based on the FISH results using multiplex probes, more structural variations inwheat chromosomesofTE256-1 were detected. The results indicated that multiplex oligo probes would haveawide rangeofapplication prospects in the creation and identification of wheat--Th. intermedium germplasms. Key words: Thinopyrum intermedium, in situ hybridization, multiplex probes, chromosome variation. Des oligonucléotides synthétisés (oligos) peuvent servir de sondes efficaces, tout comme des clones plasmidiques, pour l'identification de chromosomes en hybridation in situ en fluorescence (FISH). De tels oligos sont plus simples et efficaces pour réaliser l'analyse cytogénétique moléculaire chez les plantes. Dans ce travail, des sondes oligonucléotidiques en multiplexe, incluant le pSc119.2-1, pAs1-4, [(GAA).sub.10], [(AAC).sub.6] et pTa71, ont été employées conjointement pour des analyses FISH visant à identifier les chromosomes chez le blé tendre, le Thinopyrum intermedium et un ampiploïde blé--Th. intermedium (TE256-1). En comparaison aux sondes généralement employées, les signaux produits par les sondes multiplexes étaient plus abondants, colorés et distinctifs. En combinant les résultats d'analyses d'hybridation génomique in situ (GISH) et FISH, il était possible de classifier et d'identifier plus précisément les chromosomes du Th. intermedium (en soi et au sein de TE256-1), particulièrement ceux des génomes J et [J.sup.s]. De plus, sur la base des analyses FISH avec sondes en multiplexe, davantage de variations structurales chez les chromosomes du blé au sein de TE256-1 ont été détectées. Ces résultats indiquent que des sondes d'oligonucléotides en multiplexe offrent une plus grande gamme d'applications en vue de la création et de la caractérisation des ressources génétiques blé--Th. intermedium. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : Thinopyrum intermedium, hybridation in situ, sondes en multiplexe, variation chromosomique., Introduction Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a common method for distinguishing and identifying chromosomes, analyzing chromosome constitution, and detecting chromosome variations in cytogenetic studies of wheat (Guo et al. [...]

There is an urgent need to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for severe COVID-19 that results in death. We initially performed both untargeted and targeted lipidomics as well as focused biochemical analyses of 127 plasma samples and found elevated metabolites associated with secreted phospholipase A2 ([sPLA.sub.2]) activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with severe COVID-19. Deceased COVID-19 patients had higher levels of circulating, catalytically active [sPLA.sub.2] group IIA ([sPLA.sub.2]-IIA), with a median value that was 9.6-fold higher than that for patients with mild disease and 5.0-fold higher than the median value for survivors of severe COVID-19. Elevated [sPLA.sub.2]-IIA levels paralleled several indices of COVID-19 disease severity (e.g., kidney dysfunction, hypoxia, multiple organ dysfunction). A decision tree generated by machine learning identified [sPLA.sub.2]-IIA levels as a central node in the stratification of patients who died from COVID-19. Random forest analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-based (LASSO-based) regression analysis additionally identified [sPLA.sub.2]-IIA and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as the key variables among 80 clinical indices in predicting COVID-19 mortality. The combined PLA-BUN index performed significantly better than did either one alone. An independent cohort (n = 154) confirmed higher plasma [sPLA.sub.2]-IIA levels in deceased patients compared with levels in plasma from patients with severe or mild COVID-19, with the PLA-BUN index-based decision tree satisfactorily stratifying patients with mild, severe, or fatal COVID-19. With clinically tested inhibitors available, this study identifies [sPLA.sub.2]-IIA as a therapeutic target to reduce COVID-19 mortality., Introduction Host resistance and disease tolerance are essential to mounting a successful defense against infections such as SARS-CoV-2. Up to 80% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or develop [...]

VAGRANCY IN BIRDS. Alexander C. Lees and James J. Gilroy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 2021: 400 pages, 371 color photographs, mostly of vagrant birds, but including some distributional maps [...]

What drives innovation? In 'What Does Innovation Today Tell Us about the US Economy Tomorrow?' (Issues, Fall 2017), Jeffrey Funk starts with an assertion that puzzles me, but after that [...]

Catalytic cross-metathesis is a central transformation in chemistry, yet corresponding methods for the stereoselective generation of acyclic trisubstituted alkenes in either the E or the Z isomeric forms are not known. The key problems are a lack of chemoselectivitynamely, the preponderance of side reactions involving only the less hindered starting alkene, resulting in homo-metathesis by-productsand the formation of short-lived methylidene complexes. By contrast, in catalytic cross-coupling, substrates are more distinct and homocoupling is less of a problem. Here we show that through cross-metathesis reactions involving E- or Z-trisubstituted alkenes, which are easily prepared from commercially available starting materials by cross-coupling reactions, many desirable and otherwise difficult-to-access linear E- or Z-trisubstituted alkenes can be synthesized efficiently and in exceptional stereoisomeric purity (up to 98 per cent E or 95 per cent Z). The utility of the strategy is demonstrated by the concise stereoselective syntheses of biologically active compounds, such as the antifungal indiacen B and the anti-inflammatory coibacin D., Author(s): Thach T. Nguyen [1]; Ming Joo Koh [1]; Tyler J. Mann [1]; Richard R. Schrock [2]; Amir H. Hoveyda (corresponding author) [1] Linear E - and Z -trisubstituted alkenes [...]

The United States experienced a severe drought that peaked in 2012 and was characterized by near-record extent, record warmth, and record dryness in several areas. For some regions, the 2012 [...]

Abstract: Genomes of ten species of Elymus, either presumed or known as tetraploid StY, were characterized using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). These tetraploid [...]

Abstract: The genome constitution of tetraploid Roegneria alashanica Keng has been in question for a long time. Most scientific studies have suggested that R. alashanica had two versions of the [...]

Abstract: Simple sequence repeat technology based on expressed sequence tag (EST-SSR) is a useful genomic tool for genome mapping, characterizing plant species relationships, elucidating genome evolution, and tracing genes on [...]

This pilot study compared sedentary behavior (SB) of children with autism (ASD) to typically developing peers (TD), and evaluated the influence of social contexts within free play (FP) and organized activity settings on SB of children with ASD during an inclusive summer camp. Participants with ASD were matched with TD peers by age and gender, and a modified OSRAC-P was utilized to assess SB and social context by setting. SB did not differ by diagnosis (ASD, TD), setting, or social contexts. In FP, children with ASD spent significantly more time in SB within social contexts compared to solitary contexts. ASD-related social deficits may facilitate SB in children with ASD during summer camp FP social contexts, compared to a solitary context., Author(s): Michaela A. Schenkelberg [sup.1] , Richard R. Rosenkranz [sup.2] , George A. Milliken [sup.3] , Kristi Menear [sup.4] , David A. Dzewaltowski [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) 0000 0000 9075 [...]

Objective: To explore risk behaviors in adults with ADHD, testing the possible mediating role of reward sensitivity and temporal discounting. Method: 66 adults (43 men, 23 women; 18-65 years) completed clinical interviews and self-report measures of ADHD symptoms, risk-taking behaviours/risky experiences and experimental measures of temporal discounting and reward sensitivity. Results: ADHD symptom severity in adults was significantly associated with self-reported life-time histories of risk-taking behaviours, including alcohol abuse, nicotine abuse, illicit drug abuse, and perpetration of violence; as well as experience of risky sexual situations and violence victimisation (all p values Keywords: ADHD; risk-taking; violence; motivation; reward, temporal discounting, Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that often persists into adulthood (Biederman et al, 2006), and is associated with a range of neurobehavioural difficulties including response inhibition and [...]

Literature Incorporated: The Cultural Unconscious of the Business Corporation, 1650-1850 JOHN O'BRIEN Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016 268 pp. In Literature Incorporated, John O'Brien surveys the rise of the [...]

Type I IFNs promote cellular responses to viruses, and IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling regulates the responses of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neurotropic viral infection. However, the role of astrocytes in innate immune responses of the BBB during viral infection of the CNS remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we have demonstrated that type I IFNAR signaling in astrocytes regulates BBB permeability and protects the cerebellum from infection and immunopathology. Mice with astrocyte-specific loss of IFNAR signaling showed decreased survival after West Nile virus infection. Accelerated mortality was not due to expanded viral tropism or increased replication. Rather, viral entry increased specifically in the hindbrain of IFNAR-deficient mice, suggesting that IFNAR signaling critically regulates BBB permeability in this brain region. Pattern recognition receptors and IFN-stimulated genes had higher basal and IFN-induced expression in human and mouse cerebellar astrocytes than did cerebral cortical astrocytes, suggesting that IFNAR signaling has brain region-specific roles in CNS immune responses. Taken together, our data identify cerebellar astrocytes as key responders to viral infection and highlight the existence of distinct innate immune programs in astrocytes from evolutionarily disparate regions of the CNS., Introduction Type I IFNs (IFN[alpha]/[beta]) promote the expression of antiviral molecules in response to induction by several different transmembrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Cellular responses to type I [...]

Background Cathelicidins are a class of antimicrobial peptide, and the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (mCRAMP) has been demonstrated in vitro to impair Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium proliferation. However, the impact of mCRAMP on host responses and the microbiota following S. Typhimurium infection has not been determined. In this study mCRAMP.sup.-/- and mCRAMP.sup.+/+ mice ([+ or -] streptomycin) were orally inoculated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (SA +), and impacts on the host and enteric bacterial communities were temporally evaluated. Results Higher densities of the pathogen were observed in cecal digesta and associated with mucosa in SA+/mCRAMP.sup.-/- mice that were pretreated (ST+) and not pretreated (ST-) with streptomycin at 24 h post-inoculation (hpi). Both SA+/ST+/mCRAMP.sup.-/- and SA+/ST-/mCRAMP.sup.-/- mice were more susceptible to infection exhibiting greater histopathologic changes (e.g. epithelial injury, leukocyte infiltration, goblet cell loss) at 48 hpi. Correspondingly, immune responses in SA+/ST+/mCRAMP.sup.-/- and SA+/ST-/mCRAMP.sup.-/- mice were affected (e.g. Ifn[gamma], Kc, Inos, Il1[beta], RegIII[gamma]). Systemic dissemination of the pathogen was characterized by metabolomics, and the liver metabolome was affected to a greater degree in SA+/ST+/mCRAMP.sup.-/- and SA+/ST-/mCRAMP.sup.-/- mice (e.g. taurine, cadaverine). Treatment-specific changes to the structure of the enteric microbiota were associated with infection and mCRAMP deficiency, with a higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae observed in infected null mice. The microbiota of mice that were administered the antibiotic and infected with Salmonella was dominated by Proteobacteria. Conclusion The study findings showed that the absence of mCRAMP modulated both host responses and the enteric microbiota enhancing local and systemic infection by Salmonella Typhimurium. Keywords: Mice, Cathelicidin, mCRAMP, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Microbiota, Colonization resistance, Author(s): Danisa M. Bescucci[sup.1,2], Sandra T. Clarke[sup.1,2], Catherine L. J. Brown[sup.1,3], Valerie F. Boras[sup.4], Tony Montina[sup.5,6], Richard R. E. Uwiera[sup.2] and G. Douglas Inglis[sup.1] Background Host-defense peptides are an evolutionary [...]

Background This study utilized a chicken model of chronic physiological stress mediated by corticosterone (CORT) administration to ascertain how various host metrics are altered upon challenge with Clostridium perfringens. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of the small intestine of chickens incited by C. perfringens, which can result in elevated morbidity and mortality. The objective of the current study was to investigate how physiological stress alters host responses and predisposes birds to subclinical NE. Results Birds administered CORT exhibited higher densities of C. perfringens in their intestine, and this corresponded to altered production of intestinal mucus. Characterization of mucus showed that C. perfringens treatment altered the relative abundance of five glycans. Birds inoculated with C. perfringens did not exhibit evidence of acute morbidity. However, histopathologic changes were observed in the small intestine of infected birds. Birds administered CORT showed altered gene expression of tight junction proteins (i.e. CLDN3 and CLDN5) and toll-like receptors (i.e. TLR2 and TLR15) in the small intestine. Moreover, birds administered CORT exhibited increased expression of IL2 and G-CSF in the spleen, and IL1[beta], IL2, IL18, IFN[gamma], and IL6 in the thymus. Body weight gain was impaired only in birds that were administered CORT and challenged with C. perfringens. Conclusion CORT administration modulated a number of host functions, which corresponded to increased densities of C. perfringens in the small intestine and weight gain impairment in chickens. Importantly, results implicate physiological stress as an important predisposing factor to NE, which emphasizes the importance of managing stress to optimize chicken health. Keywords: Clostridium perfringens, Physiological stress, Small intestine, Corticosterone, Necrotic enteritis, Author(s): Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff[sup.1,2], Sarah M. Lyons[sup.3], Alexander M. Garner[sup.4], Richard R. E. Uwiera[sup.2], Wesley F. Zandberg[sup.3,5], D. Wade Abbott[sup.1] and G. Douglas Inglis[sup.1] Background Poultry are exposed to [...]