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Genetic and physical mapping of the RP17 locus on 17q identified a 3.6-megabase candidate region that includes the gene encoding carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that is highly expressed in the choriocapillaris of the human eye. By sequencing candidate genes in this region, we identified a mutation that causes replacement of an arginine with a tryptophan (R14W) in the signal sequence of the CA4 gene at position -5 relative to the signal sequence cleavage site. This mutation was found to cosegregate with the disease phenotype in two large families and was not found in 36 unaffected family members or 100 controls. Expression of the mutant cDNA in COS-7 cells produced several findings, suggesting a mechanism by which the mutation can explain the autosomal dominant disease. In transfected COS-7 cells, the R14W mutation (i) reduced the steady-state level of carbonic anhydrase IV activity expressed by 28% due to a combination of decreased synthesis and accelerated turnover; (ii) led to up-regulation of immunoglobulin-binding protein, double-stranded RNA-regulated protein kinase-like ER kinase, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, markers of the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress; and (iii) induced apoptosis, as evidenced by annexin V binding and terminal cleoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, in most cells expressing the mutant, but not the WT, protein. We suggest that a high level of expression of the mutant allele in the endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris leads to apoptosis, leading in turn to ischemia in the overlying retina and producing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

The purpose of this research was to compare pay expectations of women and men. Participants were 371 college students (261 women, 110 men; 94% White) from a variety of majors. Most students at this university are middle class. Consistent with prior research, women estimated significantly lower salaries at career entry and peak and rated family considerations and pleasant working conditions as significantly more important than did men. Men and women differed on salary estimates for others, influence of salary on decision to enter a field, time off for childrearing, career certainty, and weekly work hours. Controlling for average salaries in the listed job, job characteristic importance, career path, and job input differences eliminated the gender differences at entry and reduced the difference at peak. KEY WORDS: gender differences; salary expectations; job characteristics; career paths; job inputs.

Increasing numbers of psychologists work in medical settings because of the growing acceptance of a biopsychosocial approach to illness. Do training programs prepare sufficient numbers of graduates to function effectively in medical settings? The authors describe the process of adding an inpatient medical-surgical consultation-liaison (C-L) service to a psychology internship's training rotations, the learning objectives used, and issues in the preparation of trainees for work in medical settings. Psychology trainees added significant capacity to the C-L service. These data may help facilitate the development of C-L training experiences for other programs.

Three experiments tested a possible resolution of the probability heuristics model (PHM) of syllogistic reasoning proposed by Chater and Oaksford (1999), with their experimental results apparently showing that the generalized quantifier few was not as informative as suggested theoretically. Modifying the interpretation of few to take into account the distinction between positive and negative quantifiers (Moxey & Sanford, 1993) indicated two orderings over the quantifiers all, most, few, some, none, and some ... not that are more consistent with the results. Experiments 1-3 tested these orderings empirically by having participants rank whether a quantifier applied to a particular probabilistic state of affairs. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that participants agreed on when a quantifier applied and that the empirically derived informativeness orderings were consistent with the proposed modifications of the order. Experiment 3 showed that this finding was robust even when response competition was eliminated.

Research has been conducted on the mammaglobin gene expressed in the breast tissue. Results indicate that the mammaglobin in breast tissue has been found as a complex with BU101 isolated from the breast cancer tissue and characterized as a form of mammaglobin.

The history of the steam engine is generally linked to that of the Industrial Revolution. This article seeks to uncouple this seemingly necessary link by examining other contexts in which the steam engine was introduced and developed.

This article summarizes and scrutinizes the growth of the development of clinically relevant and psychometrically sound approaches for determining the clinical significance of treatment effects in mental health research by tracing its evolution, by examining modifications in the method, and by discussing representative applications. Future directions for this methodology are proposed.

Many cocaine-abusing people with schizophrenia may spend nearly half of their disability income on illegal drugs, thereby worsening their symptoms, and increasing their rates of hospitalization and of homelessness. Researchers interviewed 105 male schizophrenic hospital patients about their income and expenditures on drugs. During 15 weeks following hospital admission the researchers administered weekly drug tests and psychologic interviews. Among the cocaine-users, the use of the drug, the frequency of hospitalizations, and the severity of psychiatric symptoms were greatest at the beginning of the month. The average participant spent almost half of his income on drugs, thereby decreasing what he could spend on shelter. The cycle of drug use seems clearly linked to the arrival of a disability payment at the beginning of the month.

A 20bp element has been identified in Fabpi gene that attaches small intestine nuclear proteins and helps in mediating cephalocaudal, differentiation-dependent, and cell lineage specific patterns of expression. Immunocytochemical and promoter mapping analysis shows that this regulation of mechanism is conducted by acting as a suppressor. Gene expression is suppressed in the distal small intestine, gene activation is suppressed in proliferation and nonproliferation cells present in the crypts of Lieberkuhn and expression is suppressed in the growth factor and defensin-generating cell lineage.

Ann E. Cudd & Robin O. Andreasen, FEMINIST THEORY: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHOLOGY. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. 432p. $74.95, ISBN 1-4051-1661-7. Carole R. McCann & Seung-Kyung Kim, FEMINIST THEORY READER: LOCAL [...]

African American Authors, 1745-1945: A Bio-Bibliographic Critical Sourcebook. Ed. by Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000.525p. acid free $99.50 (ISBN-0-313-30910-8). www.greenwood.com. Editor Emmanuel Nelson's goal, as stated in his [...]

This study investigated the clinical significance of previously reported statistically significant mean reductions in drinking and related problems among college students in a randomized trial of a brief indicated preventive intervention (G. A. Marlatt et al., 1998). Data were analyzed over a 2-year follow-up for participants from a high-risk intervention group (n = 153), a high-risk control group (n = 160), and a functional comparison group (n = 77). A risk cutpoint for each dependent measure was based on the functional comparison group distribution. Compared with the high-risk controls, more individuals in the high-risk intervention group improved and fewer worsened, especially on alcohol-related problems and, to a lesser extent, on drinking pattern variables. These data from a prevention context clarify the magnitude and direction of individual change obscured by group means.

LISA J. ROBERTS [*] In the preface to The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn cites as unifying many of his studies a problem-structure and orientation including "the way in […]

Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature. Ed. by Anne Marie Hacht and Dwayne D. Hayes. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 4 vols. $495 (ISBN 978-1-414-43130-7). This four-volume set is an ultracontemporary resource [...]

Women, Science, and Myth: Gender Beliefs from Antiquity to the Present. Ed. by Sue V Rosser. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2008. 335p. alkaline $85 (ISBN 978-1-59884-095-7). Editor Sue Rosser states [...]

Sex from Plato to Paglia: A Philosophical Encyclopedia. Ed. By Alan Soble. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006. 2 vols. acid free $299.95 (ISBN 0-313-32686-X). This resource is remarkable in that it [...]

Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. Ed. by Gerard C. Wertkin. New York: Routledge, 2004. 611p. alkaline $125 (ISBN 0-415-92986-5). American folk art often brings to mind images of quilts, basketry, [...]

Ed. by Antonio S. Cua. New York: Routledge, 2003. 1,020p. alkaline $150 (ISBN 0-415-93913-5). This authoritative work, a labor of love ten years in the making under the editorial direction [...]

Ed. by Laura Cooner Lambdin and Robert Thomas Lambdin. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2002. 448p. alkaline $74.95 (ISBN 0-313-31054-8). This work fills a gap in existing literature by providing a resource [...]

Ed. by Hugh Brigstocke. New York: Oxford Univ. Pr., 2001. 768p. acid free $75 (ISBN 0-19-866203-3). www.oup.com. Editor Hugh Brigstocke brings his experience as former curator at the National Gallery [...]

Shakespeare's World and Work: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. by John F. Andrews. New York: Scribner, 2001. 3 vols. $295 (ISBN 0-684-80629-0). www.galegroup.com, www.mlr.com This vibrant and lucid reference set [...]