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Whiskey was one of the many products regulated by the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Public health crusaders at the time claimed that whiskey regulation was in the [...]

This article situates John of Patmos, the author of the New Testament Apocalypse of John, as an exotic ritual expert within the religious landscape of the Roman East. Through comparison with local ritual specialists of the Egyptian gods Isis and Sarapis, I argue that John similarly deploys his own culturally constructed and imperially mediated foreignness to demonstrate the exotic appeal of his Judean God among the assemblies in the cities of western Asia Minor. I consider the role of ritual experts at the Isis sanctuary in Priene and the competing Sarapeia on Delos to contextualize Revelation's presentation of John as the only 'true' expert among several 'false' competitors and an authentic representative of his exotic Judean God., This essay compares two sets of data that are unlike in several respects: the cults of the Egyptian gods Isis and Sarapis, on the one hand, and the cults--usually called [...]

Electronic monitoring (EM) is increasingly used to monitor catch and bycatch in wild capture fisheries. EM video data are still manually reviewed and adds to ongoing management costs. Computer vision, machine learning, and artificial intelligence-based systems are seen to be the next step in automating EM data workflows. Here we show some of the obstacles we have confronted and approaches taken as we develop a system to automatically identify and count target and bycatch species using cameras deployed to an industry vessel. A Convolutional Neural Network was trained to detect and classify target and bycatch species groups, and a visual tracking system was developed to produce counts. The multiclass detector achieved a mean average precision of 53.42%. Based on the detection results, the visual tracking system provided automatic fish counts for the test video data. Automatic counts were within two standard deviations of the manual counts for the target species and most times for the bycatch species. Unlike other recent attempts, weather and lighting conditions were largely controlled by mounting cameras under cover. La surveillance electronique (SE) est de plus en plus utilisee pour surveiller les prises et prises accessoires dans les peches de capture. Les donnees video de SE sont toujours traitees manuellement, rehaussant les cots de gestion. Des systemes bases sur la vision artificielle, l'apprentissage automatique et l'intelligence artificielle devraient constituer la prochaine etape de l'automatisation des flux de travail associes aux donnees de SE. Nous decrivons certains des obstacles que nous avons rencontres et des approches empruntees dans la mise au point d'un systeme d'identification automatique et de denombrement d'individus d'especes cibles et d'especes accessoires qui fait appel a des cameras deployees sur un navire commercial. Un reseau neuronal a convolution a ete forme pour detecter et classer des groupes d'especes cibles et accessoires, et un systeme de suivi visuel a ete mis au point pour produire des decomptes. La valeur moyenne de la precision moyenne produite par le detecteur a classes multiples est de 53,42 %. A la lumiere des resultats de detection, le systeme de suivi visuel a produit des denombrements automatiques de poissons pour les donnees video experimentales. Les valeurs produites par ces denombrements automatiques sont dans la fourchette de deux ecarts-types des valeurs obtenues manuellement pour les especes cibles et, la plupart du temps, pour les especes accessoires. Contrairement a d'autres tentatives recentes, l'installation des cameras sous couvert a permis en bonne partie de controler les conditions meteorologiques et d'eclairage. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction On-vessel cameras that record fishing operations and catch, known as electronic monitoring (EM), has expanded as costs have declined (van Helmond et al. 2020). EM has the potential to [...]

Simidele Dosekun, Fashioning Postfeminism: spectacular femininity and transnational culture. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press (hb US$110 978 0 252 04321 5; pb US$26--978 0 252 08508 6). 2020, v [...]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 (1,2), and by June 2020, [approximately equal to]10 million persons worldwide had acquired the disease. The confirmatory test for severe acute respiratory syndrome [...]

Despite maintaining strict balanced-budget requirements, U.S. state and local governments have accumulated trillions in unfunded pension liabilities (National Conference of State Legislatures 2010). (1) These unfunded liabilities represent a growing [...]

The development of the microbiome from infancy to childhood is dependent on a range of factors, with microbial-immune crosstalk during this time thought to be involved in the pathobiology of later life diseases.sup.1-9 such as persistent islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.sup.10-12. However, to our knowledge, no studies have performed extensive characterization of the microbiome in early life in a large, multi-centre population. Here we analyse longitudinal stool samples from 903 children between 3 and 46 months of age by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (n = 12,005) and metagenomic sequencing (n = 10,867), as part of the The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. We show that the developing gut microbiome undergoes three distinct phases of microbiome progression: a developmental phase (months 3-14), a transitional phase (months 15-30), and a stable phase (months 31-46). Receipt of breast milk, either exclusive or partial, was the most significant factor associated with the microbiome structure. Breastfeeding was associated with higher levels of Bifidobacterium species (B. breve and B. bifidum), and the cessation of breast milk resulted in faster maturation of the gut microbiome, as marked by the phylum Firmicutes. Birth mode was also significantly associated with the microbiome during the developmental phase, driven by higher levels of Bacteroides species (particularly B. fragilis) in infants delivered vaginally. Bacteroides was also associated with increased gut diversity and faster maturation, regardless of the birth mode. Environmental factors including geographical location and household exposures (such as siblings and furry pets) also represented important covariates. A nested case-control analysis revealed subtle associations between microbial taxonomy and the development of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. These data determine the structural and functional assembly of the microbiome in early life and provide a foundation for targeted mechanistic investigation into the consequences of microbial-immune crosstalk for long-term health.Metagenomic sequencing analysis of stool samples from 903 children as part of the TEDDY study shows that breastfeeding was the most important factor associated with microbiome structure, and the cessation of breast milk resulted in faster maturation of the gut microbiome., Author(s): Christopher J. Stewart [sup.1] [sup.2] , Nadim J. Ajami [sup.1] , Jacqueline L. O'Brien [sup.1] , Diane S. Hutchinson [sup.1] , Daniel P. Smith [sup.1] , Matthew C. Wong [...]

Julie Soleil Archambault, Mobile Secrets: Youth, Intimacy, and the Politics of Pretense in Mozambique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 224 pp.Anyone who has spent significant time in sub-Saharan Africa [...]

The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan By Sebastian Mallaby New York: Penguin Press, 2016. Pp. XV, 781. $40 hardcover. Aside from the Great Depression, Alan [...]

Our growing awareness of the microbial worlds importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earths microbial diversity., Author(s): Luke R. Thompson [1, 2, 3]; Jon G. Sanders [1]; Daniel McDonald [1]; Amnon Amir [1]; Joshua Ladau [4]; Kenneth J. Locey [5]; Robert J. Prill [6]; Anupriya Tripathi [...]

Many economists hold that monetary policy missteps played a role in causing or prolonging the 2007-2008 financial crisis. In light of the perceived failure of monetary orthodoxy, models are being [...]

You prayed trouble stay down in the barn. The breach birth of a calf, dead before hitting the straw. The heifer with a blank quarter, or winter dysentery sweeping the [...]

Julia Prest. Controversy in French Drama: Moliere's Tartuffe and the Struggle for Influence. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Pp. xi + 247. $100.00. Julia Prest's Controversy in French Drama: Moliere's [...]

A gap exists between the expanding space of technological innovations to aid those affected by autism spectrum disorders, and the actual impact of those technologies on daily lives. This gap can be addressed through a very practical path of commercialization. However, the path from a technological innovation to a commercially viable product is fraught with challenges. These challenges can be mitigated through small business funding agencies, which are, more and more, catalyzing the dissemination of innovation by fostering social entrepreneurship through capital support and venture philanthropy. This letter describes the differences and nature of these agencies, and their importance in facilitating the translational and real-world impact of technological and scientific discoveries., Author(s): Frederick Shic [sup.1] , Daniel Smith [sup.2] , Brian Horsburgh [sup.3] , Eric Hollander [sup.4] , James M. Rehg [sup.5] , Matthew Goodwin [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) Child Study [...]

The Congress established the Federal Reserve, set its monetary policy objectives, and provided it with operational independence to pursue those objectives. The Federal Reserve's operational independence is critical, as it [...]

Although past scholarly attention has centered on the interruptions of Acts, the Gospel of Luke and Acts each include several instances of interrupted speech. While some interruptions by external events [...]

Community Revival in the Wake of Disaster: Lessons in Local Entrepreneurship. By Virgil Henry Storr, Stefanie Haeffele-Balch, and Laura Grube New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. xii, 193. $38 paperback. [...]

Ideally, a product's price should strike a balance between extracting value for a firm and sharing some of that value with customers. Charging less than what is warranted by a product's value 'leaves money on the table', but far greater long-run harm to the brand is caused when managers charge more than what is justified by the product's benefits. This study examines the effect of environmental- and firm-level factors on managers' judgment when setting prices. Using data collected from brand managers of major consumer goods companies, we found that managers are more inclined to charge unjustified prices in environments with less intense competition and in business units with a strong technological orientation. Brand strength is also positively related to the propensity to overprice, but this relationship diminishes as the brand becomes stronger. Keywords Pricing strategy * Decision making * Price fairness * Value-based pricing * Pricing preferences * Conjoint analysis, Introduction Price-setting decisions are particularly important, as they have an immediate and often substantial impact on a firm's financial performance (Rao 1984). For example, in a study of a broad [...]

Most magmatic-hydrothermal Cu deposits are genetically linked to arc magmas. However, most continental or oceanic arc magmas are barren, and hence new methods have to be developed to distinguish between barren and mineralised arc systems. Source composition, melting conditions, the timing of S saturation and an initial chalcophile element-enrichment represent important parameters that control the potential of a subduction setting to host an economically valuable deposit. Brothers volcano in the Kermadec island arc is one of the best-studied examples of arc-related submarine magmatic-hydrothermal activity. This study, for the first time, compares the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Brothers seafloor massive sulphides and the associated dacitic to rhyolitic lavas that host the hydrothermal system. Incompatible trace element ratios, such as La/Sm and Ce/Pb, indicate that the basaltic melts from L'Esperance volcano may represent a parental analogue to the more evolved Brothers lavas. Copper-rich magmatic sulphides (Cu > 2 wt%) identified in fresh volcanic glass and phenocryst phases, such as clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxide suggest that the surrounding lavas that host the Brothers hydrothermal system represent a potential Cu source for the sulphide ores at the seafloor. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that the Brothers melts reached volatile saturation during their evolution. Melt inclusion data and the occurrence of sulphides along vesicle margins indicate that an exsolving volatile phase extracted Cu from the silicate melt and probably contributed it to the overlying hydrothermal system. Hence, the formation of the Cu-rich seafloor massive sulphides (up to 35.6 wt%) is probably due to the contribution of Cu from a bimodal source including wall rock leaching and magmatic degassing, in a mineralisation style that is hybrid between Cyprus-type volcanic-hosted massive sulphide and subaerial epithermal-porphyry deposits., Author(s): Manuel Keith [sup.1] , Karsten M. Haase [sup.2] , Reiner Klemd [sup.2] , Daniel J. Smith [sup.1] , Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera [sup.3] , Wolfgang Bach [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 [...]

A hardy stalk, you might say, that doesn't want to wait for the government to come help; they can solve problems today, and we appreciate whatever you're going to do, [...]

African Americans and Latinos are underrepresented in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to elicit solutions to participation barriers from African Americans and Latinos. Fifty-seven adults (32 African Americans, 25 Latinos) ages 50 years and older participated. The Institute of Medicine's Unequal Treatment conceptual framework was used. Six racially/ ethnically homogenous focus groups were conducted at five sites in three counties. Themes within groups and cross-cutting themes were identified. The NVIVO program was used for data classification. The data were reviewed for final coding and consensus. Shared solutions included addressing costs, recruiting in community contexts, conducting community and individualized patient education, and sharing patient safety information. Participants were unanimously in favor of clinical trials navigation recruitment interventions. Solutions specific to African Americans included diversifying research teams, recognizing past research abuses, and increasing community trust. Solutions specific to Latinos included providing low-literacy materials, providing Spanish-speaking clinicians and advocates, and clarifying that immigration status would neither be documented nor prevent participation. Solutions from African Americans and Latinos reflect their cultural backgrounds and historical experiences. The results suggest the importance of developing a tailored, barriers-focused navigation intervention to improve participation among diverse racial and ethnic populations. KEY WORDS: African American; clinical trials; Latino; solutions; underrepresentation, Exciting new medical therapies for a number of diseases that disproportionately affect African Americans and Latinos are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials (Robinson & Trochim, 2007). Despite [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.009 Byline: Daniel W. Smith (a), Genelle K. Sawyer (a), Lisa M. Jones (b), Theodore Cross (b), Michael R. McCart (a), M. Elizabeth Ralston (c) Keywords: Child sexual abuse; Maternal support; Assessment Abstract: Maternal support is an important factor in predicting outcomes following disclosure of child sexual abuse; however, definition of the construct has been unclear and existing measures of maternal support are utilized inconsistently and have limited psychometric data. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid mother-report measure for assessing maternal support following the disclosure of child sexual abuse. Author Affiliation: (a) National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (b) Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA (c) Dee Norton Lowcountry Children's Center, Charleston, SC, USA Article History: Received 14 April 2009; Revised 5 February 2010; Accepted 11 February 2010 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This research was supported by research from the US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children and Families (Daniel W. Smith, PI) and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs (Theodore Cross, PI). The involvement of Drs. Sawyer and McCart was supported by an NIMH T32 training grant (Dean G Kilpatrick, PI). Views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not of any of these sponsoring institutions.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.006 Byline: Daniel Jordan Smith (a), Benjamin C. Mbakwem (b) Abstract: As millions of people infected with HIV in Africa are increasingly able to live longer and healthier lives because of access to antiretroviral therapy, concerns have emerged that people might eschew protective practices after their health improves. Extending beyond the notion of sexual 'disinhibition,' researchers have begun to analyze the sexual behavior of people in treatment through the perspective of their marital and childbearing aspirations. This article explores the reproductive life projects of HIV-positive men and women in southeastern Nigeria, showing how actions that contradict medical advice are understandable in the context of patients' socially normative desires for marriage and children. Based on in-depth interviews and observations (June-December 2004; June-July 2006; June-July 2007) of people enrolled in the region's oldest treatment program, we argue that broadly held social expectations with regard to reproduction are experienced even more acutely by HIV-positive people. This is because in Nigeria the stigma associated with AIDS is closely tied to widespread perceptions of social and moral crisis, such that AIDS itself is seen as both a cause and a symptom of anxiety-producing forms of social change. Specifically, in an era of rapid societal transformation, Nigerians see sexual promiscuity and the alienation of young people from traditional obligations to kin and community as indicative of threatened social reproduction. For people who are HIV-positive, marrying and having children offer not only the opportunity to lead normal lives, but also a means to mitigate the stigma associated with the disease. Four ethnographic case studies are provided to exemplify how and why social and personal life projects can trump or complicate medical and public health priorities. These examples suggest that treatment programs must openly address and proactively support the life projects of people on antiretroviral therapy if the full benefits of expanded access to treatment are to be realized. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Box 1921, 128 Hope Street, Providence, RI, United States (b) Community and Youth Development Initiatives, 54 Ekwema Crescent, Ikenegbu Layout, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION Although both formal rules and informal norms guide practice in government operations, there exists a gap between them. State balanced budget requirements (BBRs) are one set of formal rules; [...]

Calorie restriction (CR) has been known for more than 70 years to extend life span and delay disease in rodent models. Metformin administration in rodent disease models has been shown to delay cancer incidence and progression, reduce cardiovascular disease and extend life span. To more directly test the potential of metformin supplementation (300 mg/ kg/day) as a CR mimetic, life-span studies were performed in Fischer-344 rats and compared with ad libitum feeding and CR (30%). The CR group had significantly reduced food intake and body weight throughout the study. Body weight was significantly reduced in the metformin group compared with control during the middle of the study, despite similar weekly food intake. Although CR significantly extended early life span (25th quantile), metformin supplementation did not significantly increase life span at any quantile (25th, 50th, 75th, or 90th), overall or maximum life span (p > .05) compared with control. Key Words: Calorie restriction--Metformin--Mimetic--Life span--Aging. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq033

A methodology was developed to monitor and evaluate the removal of solids and associated constituents by a nutrient separating baffle box (NSBB) storm-water treatment device treating runoff from a 4.3 ha (10.6 acre) residential watershed discharging into the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. The NSBB was monitored over a 359-day time period using autosamplers to quantify water column removal during runoff events, and by quantifying and analyzing solids that accumulated within the NSBB. Flow composited influent and effluent samples were collected to represent water column performance. Event mean concentration (EMC) reduction was moderate (mean: 17%) and variable (range: -39 to 68%) for suspended solids, and negative for nitrogen, phosphorus, fecal coliforms chromium, and copper. The mass of solids that accumulated in bottom chambers and in a strainer screen was quantified and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A quantitative evaluative framework was devised to estimate the total pollutant mass removal by NSBB, which consisted of the summation of the separately calculated mass removals for water column, bottom chamber material, and strainer screen material. The water column accounted for only 4% of total solids that accumulated in the NSBB, which was equally divided between bottom chamber and strainer screen. Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals could be accounted for only by considering mass accumulations. Results suggest that overall assessment of pollutant removal by NSBB must be cognizant of the materials not captured by typical autosamplers: larger size sediment particles, large floating and suspended matter, and the pollutants associated with these materials. Using water column EMCs as the sole measure of performance significantly underestimated loading reduction of storm-water constituents by the NSBB. The monitoring and evaluative methodology applied to the NSBB may be applicable to load reduction evaluations for other storm-water treatment devices with a similar function. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE. 1943-7870.0000174 CE Database subject headings: Nonpoint pollution; Stormwater management; Urban areas; Runoff. Author keywords: Event mean concentration; Gross solids; Nonpoint sources; Storm water; Urban runoff.

The transition from premarital sexual relationships and courtship to marriage and parenthood in southeastern Nigeria involves particularly dramatic adjustments for young women who have absorbed changing ideas about sexuality, marriage, and gender equality, and who have had active premarital sexual lives. In the eyes of society, these women must transform from being promiscuous girls to good wives. This paper examines these adjustments and, specifically, how young married women's lives are affected by the reality of male infidelity and a persistent gendered double standard regarding the acceptability of extramarital sex. [gender inequality, premarital sex, marriage, infidelity, Nigeria], In Africa's most populous country, Nigeria, as in many other parts of the world, young people increasingly imagine that being in love is a basis for getting married (Hirsch and [...]

Membrane processes have become a competitive option to conventional treatment technologies because of the high quality of the product water. In particular, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have been found to remove materials like natural organic matter, disinfection by-products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds. However, an issue identified as one of the major drawbacks for the adoption of pressure-driven membrane processes is the need for additional treatment of the concentrate stream. Few studies dealing with membrane concentrate treatment have been published. The majority of the published studies address the disposal of concentrate into receiving waters bodies and sewer systems. In this review paper, the characteristics of membrane concentrate in terms of water quality and their impact on receiving water bodies are discussed. In addition, several approaches to the removal of pollutants and disposal options for membrane concentrates are examined. Key words: membrane concentrate, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, treatment, disposal. Les procedes a membrane sont devenus une option competitive aux technologies traditionnelles de traitement en raison de la grande qualite de l'eau produite. Plus particulierement, la nanofiltration et l'osmose inverse ont elimine des materiaux comme les matieres organiques naturelles, les sous-produits de la desinfection et les perturbateurs endocriniens. Toutefois, l'un des problemes identifie comme etant un inconvenient majeur a l'adoption des procedes de separation par membrane est le besoin de traitement additionnel du debit concentrat. Peu d'etudes traitant du traitement de concentre par membrane ont ete publiees. La plupart des etudes publiees traitaient de l'elimination du concentrat dans des plans d'eau recepteurs et les egouts. Dans cet article de synthese, les caracteristiques du concentrat des membranes en termes de qualite de l'eau et son impact sur les plans d'eau recepteurs sont abordes. De plus, plusieurs approches d'elimination de polluants et options d'elimination des concentres des membranes sont examinees. Mots-cles : concentre des membranes, nanofiltration, osmose inverse, traitement, elimination. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The challenge of balancing water scarcity, increasing water demands, and rigorous regulations without negatively affecting the environment have drawn attention to the use of technologies to produce potable water [...]

Political elites are generally reluctant to alter the status quo unless a change will benefit them. Scholars have found that institutions, and the rules governing them, tend to evolve in ways that maintain equilibrium, preserving the status of winners. Are voters--when presented the opportunity--more likely than elites to alter political institutions? Using survey data, the authors explore mass support in the American states for changing how legislative districts are drawn. They find evidence that representational losers at statewide and district levels are more likely to vote for reforms to create nonpartisan redistricting in ballot issue contests, while electoral winners oppose reform. They argue that ordinary voters--like elected officials--may exhibit a similar instrumental rationale, using a self-interested calculus when serving as policy makers for a day. Beyond theorizing about conditions under which the mass public might engage in strategic voting, the analysis has implications for practical election reform efforts in the American states. Keywords: redistricting; representation; strategic voting; ballot initiative; gerrymandering

BACKGROUND: Climate models project that heat waves will increase in frequency and severity. Despite many studies of mortality from heat waves, few studies have examined morbidity. OBJECTIVES: In this study [...]

We develop a novel backtesting framework based on multidimensional value-at-risk (VaR) that focuses on the left tail of the distribution of bank trading revenues. Our coverage test is a multivariate [...]

The histone deacetylase activity of Sir2p is dependent on [NAD.sup.+] and inhibited by nicotinamide (NAM). As a result, Sir2p-regulated processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae such as silencing and replicative aging are susceptible to alterations in cellular [NAD.sup.+] and NAM levels. We have determined that high concentrations of NAM in the growth medium elevate the intracellular [NAD.sup.+] concentration through a mechanism that is partially dependent on NPT1, an important gene in the Preiss--Handler [NAD.sup.+] salvage pathway. Overexpression of the nicotinamidase, Pnclp, prevents inhibition of Sir2p by the excess NAM while maintaining the elevated [NAD.sup.+] concentration. This growth condition alters the epigenetics of rDNA silencing, such that repression of a URA3 reporter gene located at the rDNA induces growth on media that either lacks uracil or contains 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA), an unusual dual phenotype that is reminiscent of telomeric silencing (TPE) of URA3. Despite the similarities to TPE, the modified rDNA silencing phenotype does not require the SIR complex. Instead, it retains key characteristics of typical rDNA silencing, including RENT and Pol I dependence, as well as a requirement for the Preiss--Handler [NAD.sup.+] salvage pathway. Exogenous nicotinamide can therefore have negative or positive impacts on rDNA silencing, depending on the PNC1 expression level.