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Sequential oxidative addition of an organic halide to a stabilized Pd(0) species, transmetalation of the stabilized Ar-Pd-OH or Ar-Pd-X with Ar'B(OH)3-M+ and reductive elimination to give Ar-Ar', comprise a proposed mechanistic sequence for a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling pathway. Experiments were conducted involving the ligandless palladium acetate catalysis in water of poly(ethylene glycol)ester of bromo-, iodo-, and triflate-para-substituted benzoates. The resulting reaction was found to be smooth and contained no organic solvent under conventional thermal conditions and under microwave irradiation.

Fully fledged phthamocyanines (Pcs) are ex post glycoconjugated by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The divergent approach has gained rapid access to diverse Pcs and this has helped in generating structure-activity relationships (SAR) for developing novel bioactive molecules.