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* Context.--Serology plays a vital role in celiac disease (CD) diagnosis, and the latest European guidelines advocate for biopsy-free diagnoses in patients with [greater than or equal to] 10X the upper limit of normal (ULN) of anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. Objective.--To assess performance characteristics of a novel automated particle-based multianalyte technology (Aptiva) for anti-tTG and anti-deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibody detection as compared to the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (QUANTA Lite). Performance characteristics of the [greater than or equal to] 10X ULN anti-tTG IgA criteria for serologic diagnosis of CD were also evaluated. Design.--Sera samples from 703 patients were tested for anti-tTG IgA, anti-tTG immunoglobulin G (IgG), antiDGP IgA, and anti-DGP IgG antibodies on both platforms. In total, 127 patients had medical information and were classified as CD-positive (n = 58) and CD-negative (n = 69) based on biopsy results. Clinical performance characteristics were evaluated. Results.--Anti-tTG IgA detection showed equal clinical sensitivity and specificity of 91% sensitivity and 99% specificity on both platforms. Anti-tTG IgG resulted in moderate sensitivity of 69% and 72%, but high specificity of 100% and 94% on Aptiva and QUANTA Lite, respectively. Anti-DGP IgG displayed comparable sensitivity of 90% and 81%, and a specificity of 94% and 99%, on Aptiva and QUANTA Lite, respectively. Anti-DGP IgA demonstrated greater sensitivity on QUANTA Lite (83%) than Aptiva (69%) and similar specificities of 97% and 98% on QUANTA Lite and Aptiva, respectively. At [greater than or equal to] 10X ULN levels for anti-tTG IgA, Aptiva displayed a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 100%, and QUANTA Lite showed a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions.--Aptiva is a reliable method to measure CD biomarkers with reduced hands-on necessity and high-throughput capabilities. This study supports the use of a [greater than or equal to] 10X ULN anti-tTG IgA biopsy-free approach for serologic diagnosis of CD. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2023;147:1422-1430; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0385-OA), Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the small intestine triggered by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. (1,2) The prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CD is estimated at 0.7% [...]

* Context.--Tumoral (grossly visible) intraductal neoplasms of the bile ducts are still being characterized. Objective.--To investigate their morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. Design.--Forty-one cases were classified as gastric-, intestinal-, pancreatobiliary-type intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPN), intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm (IOPN), or intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) on the basis of histology. All neoplasms were subjected to targeted next-generation sequencing. Results.--The mean age at diagnosis was 69 years (4281 years); male to female ratio was 1.3. Most neoplasms (n = 23, 56%) were extrahepatic/large (mean size, 4.6 cm). The majority (n = 32, 78%) contained high-grade dysplasia, and 68% (n = 28) revealed invasion. All gastric-type IPNs (n = 9) and most ITPNs/IOPNs showed consistent colabeling for CK7/MUC6, which was less common among others (P = .004). Intestinal-type IPNs (n = 5) showed higher rates of CK20 expression than others (P < .001). Overall, the most commonly mutated genes included TP53 and APC, while copy number variants affected ELF3 and CDKN2A/B. All gastric-type IPNs contained an alteration affecting the Wnt signaling pathway; 7 of 9 (78%) showed aberrations in the MAPK pathway. Mutations in APC and KRAS were common in gastric-type IPNs as compared with others (P = .01 for both). SMAD4 was more frequently mutated in intestinaltype IPNs (P = .02). Pancreatobiliary-type IPNs (n = 14) exhibited frequent alterations in tumor suppressor genes including TP53, CDKN2A/B, and ARID2 (P = .04, P = .01 and P = .002, respectively). Of 6 IOPNs analyzed, 3 (50%) revealed ATP1B1-PRKACB fusion. ITPNs (n = 6) showed relatively few recurrent genetic aberrations. Follow-up information was available for 38 patients (median, 58.5 months). The ratio of disease-related deaths was higher for the cases with invasion (56% versus 10%). Conclusions.--Tumoral intraductal neoplasms of the bile ducts, similar to their counterparts in the pancreas, are morphologically and genetically heterogeneous. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2023;147:1390-1401; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0343-OA), Tumoral (grossly visible) intraductal neoplasms of the bile ducts are rare tumors, which exhibit variable histomorphology and behavior. The nomenclature for these biliary neoplasms has been inconsistent, and they have [...]

School Refusal Behaviours (SRBs) is potentially a risk factor for students' academic and mental wellbeing. Effective management of SRBs demands that the heterogeneity of underlying motives/reasons for refusing school among students are taken into consideration. Yet there is inadequate empirical findings on the SRBs profiles and the SRBs risk and protective psychosocial factors among the Nigerian adolescent. Anchored on the bio-ecological agency framework, we aimed to identify SRBs profiles among Nigerian adolescents by employing a person-centered approach, as well as to determine how students in the identified profiles differed on risk and protective psychological/social factors. Using a cross-sectional research design, we surveyed a total of 539 (48.4% = male; 51.6% = female) adolescent students in secondary schools in Anambra State. We used the latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify four profiles among our population: moderate SRB profile, low SRB profile, mixed SRB profile, and high SRB Profile. Regarding the outcome variables, significant differences existed on students' test anxiety, perceived parent, teacher, classmate supports, and demanding parenting styles. We concluded that adolescents who reported SRBs are not monolithic, and that students who reported higher SBRs could be affected by multiple factors. Our finding is significant given the fact that it points to the need to take into consideration multiple factors in mounting intervention programmes., Author(s): Kingsley Chinaza Nwosu [sup.1] [sup.2] , WP. Wahl [sup.1] , Mary Nneka Nwikpo [sup.2] , Gregory P. Hickman [sup.3] , Victor Ugochukwu Ezeonwunmelu [sup.2] , Chioma Christiana Akuneme [sup.2] [...]

Keywords tradition, change, status quo, practices, Introduction We have been on a journey recently to understand one aspect of change in libraries and archives. A lot has been written on the benefits of understanding the history [...]

Most drugs used to treat viral disease target a virus-coded product. They inhibit a single virus or virus family, and the pathogen can readily evolve resistance. Host-targeted antivirals can overcome these limitations. The broad-spectrum activity achieved by host targeting can be especially useful in combating emerging viruses and for treatment of diseases caused by multiple viral pathogens, such as opportunistic agents in immunosuppressed patients. We have developed a family of compounds that modulate sirtuin 2, an [NAD.sup.+]-dependent deacylase, and now report the properties of a member of that family, FLS-359. Biochemical and x-ray structural studies show that the drug binds to sirtuin 2 and allosterically inhibits its deacetylase activity. FLS-359 inhibits the growth of RNA and DNA viruses, including members of the coronavirus, orthomyxovirus, flavivirus, hepadnavirus, and herpesvirus families. FLS-359 acts at multiple levels to antagonize cytomegalovirus replication in fibroblasts, causing modest reductions in viral RNAs and DNA, together with a much greater reduction in infectious progeny, and it exhibits antiviral activity in humanized mouse models of infection. Our results highlight the potential of sirtuin 2 inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals and set the stage for further understanding of how host epigenetic mechanisms impact the growth and spread of viral pathogens., Introduction Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) target virus-coded products and are a highly successful therapeutic paradigm. The sofosbuvir/ velpatasvir combination, which inhibits the hepatitis C virus polymerase complex, is a case in [...]

All coronaviruses known to have recently emerged as human pathogens probably originated in bats.sup.1. Here we use a single experimental platform based on immunodeficient mice implanted with human lung tissue (hereafter, human lung-only mice (LoM)) to demonstrate the efficient in vivo replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as two endogenous SARS-like bat coronaviruses that show potential for emergence as human pathogens. Virus replication in this model occurs in bona fide human lung tissue and does not require any type of adaptation of the virus or the host. Our results indicate that bats contain endogenous coronaviruses that are capable of direct transmission to humans. Our detailed analysis of in vivo infection with SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue from LoM showed a predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type-2 pneumocytes that are present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 was highly cytopathic and induced a robust and sustained type-I interferon and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response. Finally, we evaluated a therapeutic and pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results show that therapeutic and prophylactic administration of EIDD-2801--an oral broad-spectrum antiviral agent that is currently in phase II/III clinical trials--markedly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo, and thus has considerable potential for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Human and bat coronaviruses replicate efficiently in immunodeficient mice implanted with human lung tissue, and treatment or prophylaxis using EIDD-2801 in this model suggests that this oral antiviral agent may be effective in preventing COVID-19., Author(s): Angela Wahl [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Lisa E. Gralinski [sup.4] , Claire E. Johnson [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Wenbo Yao [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Martina Kovarova [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [...]

Pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas (HGGs) frequently harbor PDGFR[alpha] alterations. We hypothesized that cotreatment with everolimus may improve the efficacy of dasatinib in PDGFR[alpha]-driven glioma through combinatorial synergism and increased tumor accumulation of dasatinib. We performed dose-response, synergism, P-glycoprotein inhibition, and pharmacokinetic studies in in vitro and in vivo human and mouse models of HGG. Six patients with recurrent PDGFR[alpha]-driven glioma were treated with dasatinib and everolimus. We found that dasatinib effectively inhibited the proliferation of mouse and human primary HGG cells with a variety of PDGFR[alpha] alterations. Dasatinib exhibited synergy with everolimus in the treatment of HGG cells at low nanomolar concentrations of both agents, with a reduction in mTOR signaling that persisted after dasatinib treatment alone. Prolonged exposure to everolimus significantly improved the CNS retention of dasatinib and extended the survival of PPK tumor-bearing mice (mutant TP53, mutant PDGFR[alpha], H3K27M). Six pediatric patients with glioma tolerated this combination without significant adverse events, and 4 patients with recurrent disease (n = 4) had a median overall survival of 8.5 months. Our results show that the efficacy of dasatinib treatment of PDGFR[alpha]-driven HGG was enhanced with everolimus and suggest a promising route for improving targeted therapy for this patient population., Introduction High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are common and aggressive pediatric and adult brain tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of adult patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM), grade IV glioma, is 12.6 [...]

PURPOSE Access to family planning health services in Canada has been historically inadequate and inequitable. A potential solution appeared when Health Canada approved mifepristone, the gold standard for medical abortion, in July 2015. We sought to investigate the factors that influence successful initiation and ongoing provision of medical abortion services among Canadian health professionals and how these factors relate to abortion policies, systems, and service access throughout Canada. METHODS We conducted 1 -on-1 semistructured interviews with a national sample of abortion-providing and nonproviding physicians and health system stakeholders in Canadian health care settings. Our data collection, thematic analysis, and interpretation were guided by Diffusion of Innovation theory. RESULTS We conducted interviews with 90 participants including rural practitioners and those with no previous abortion experience. In the course of our study, Health Canada removed mifepristone restrictions. Our results suggest that Health Canada's initial restrictions discouraged physicians from providing mifepristone and were inconsistent with provincial licensing standards, thereby limiting patient access. Once deregulated, remaining factors were primarily related to local and regional implementation processes. Participants held strong perceptions that mifepristone was the new standard of care for medical abortion in Canada and within the scope of primary care practice. CONCLUSION Health Canada's removal of mifepristone restrictions facilitated the implementation of abortion care in the primary care setting. Our results are unique because Canada is the first country to facilitate provision of medical abortion in primary care via evidence-based deregulation of mifepristone. Key words: abortion; family planning; health policy; health services accessibility; implementation; qualitative research; interview, INTRODUCTION Approximately 40% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned, and 1 in 3 Canadian women will have at least 1 abortion in their lifetime. (1-4) Access to health services in [...]

This study evaluated the effect of three conditions in which 34 sixth-grade students were prompted to accumulate as much activity as possible during a Sport Education season. Three intervention conditions were assessed via an alternating treatment design: (a) baseline: no prompting of students; (b) teacher prompts: verbal prompts and suggestions on how to 'maximize activity within class'; and (c) teacher prompts plus independent group-oriented contingencies: verbal prompts in addition to bonus points awarded based upon reaching step count criteria. Graphically plotted step count data illustrate data trails, variability, and trends within and across the three conditions. This demonstrates that students were more active in class when the teacher prompted the students and employed prompting in conjunction with the contingencies. The results of this study suggest that prompts and prompts plus independent group-oriented contingencies within Sport Education are effective and authentic frameworks for maximizing inclass physical activity., Zachary Wahl-Alexander is an assistant professor, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University. Annie Malecki is a graduate assistant, VCU Athletics Ticket Office, Virginia Commonwealth University. Steven Smart [...]

Resident microbiota activates regulatory cells that modulate intestinal inflammation and promote and maintain intestinal homeostasis. IL-10 is a key mediator of immune regulatory function. Our studies describe the functional importance and mechanisms by which gut microbiota and specific microbial components influence the development of intestinal IL10-producing B cells. Using fecal transplant into germ-free (GF) [Il10.sup.+/EGFP] reporter and [Il10.sup.-/-] mice, we demonstrated that microbiota from specific pathogen-free mice primarily stimulated IL-10-producing colon-specific B cells and T regulatory 1 cells in ex-GF mice. IL-10 in turn downregulated microbiota-activated mucosal inflammatory cytokines. TLR2 and -9 ligands and enteric bacterial lysates preferentially induced IL-10 production and the regulatory capacity of intestinal B cells. Analysis of [IL10.sup.+/EGFP] mice crossed with additional gene-deficient strains and B cell cotransfer studies demonstrated that microbiota-induced IL-10-producing intestinal B cells ameliorated chronic T cell-mediated colitis in a TLR2-, MyD88-, and PI3K-dependent fashion. In vitro studies implicated downstream signaling of PI3Kp110[delta] and AKT. These studies demonstrated that resident enteric bacteria activated intestinal IL-10-producing B cells through TLR2, MyD88, and PI3K pathways. These B cells reduced colonic T cell activation and maintained mucosal homeostasis in response to intestinal microbiota., Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are T cell-mediated, chronic disorders whose development is influenced in part by dysregulated, aggressive intestinal mucosal immune reactions to [...]

This study investigated university students' levels of engagement and accuracy of officiating volleyball during their first Sport Education season. The participants in this study included 20 students (12 male, 8 female) enrolled in a beginner volleyball activity course. The volleyball Sport Education season included 21 lessons that lasted 75 min each. All season gameplay was video recorded and data were collected so that we could determine student engagement and officiating accuracy for every referee throughout the season. A series of paired-samples t tests examined changes over time, and bivariate correlations examined the relationships among engagement and officiating decision variables at preseason and during the formal competition. The results of this study indicated a significant increase in active engagement of officials from preseason to the formal competition phase with the corresponding decrease in passive engagement. Furthermore, while there were no significant differences in the accuracy of some officiating decisions over time, the overall officiating accuracy significantly increased from preseason to formal competition. The levels of engagement were related to the complexity of officiating calls and to an overall accuracy. Officiating competency needs to be intentionally developed during Sport Education, and teachers should allocate ample time for students to practice and improve their officiating abilities, because officiating serves as an important integral part of this pedagogical model., In the majority of sporting contexts, officials or referees are tasked with enforcing rules, while attempting to be dependable and accurate, as to not become a significant contributing factor to [...]

The human brain is an important site of HIV replication and persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Direct evaluation of HIV infection in the brains of otherwise healthy individuals is not feasible; therefore, we performed a large-scale study of bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice as an in vivo model to study HIV infection in the brain. Human immune cells, including [CD4.sup.+] T cells and macrophages, were present throughout the BLT mouse brain. HIV DNA, HIV RNA, and/or [p24.sup.+] cells were observed in the brains of HIV-infected animals, regardless of the HIV isolate used. HIV infection resulted in decreased numbers of [CD4.sup.+] T cells, increased numbers of [CD8.sup.+] T cells, and a decreased [CD4.sup.+]/[CD8.sup.+]T cell ratio in the brain. Using humanized T cell-only mice (ToM), we demonstrated that T cells establish and maintain HIV infection of the brain in the complete absence of human myeloid cells. HIV infection of ToM resulted in [CD4.sup.+] T cell depletion and a reduced [CD4.sup.+]/[CD8.sup.+] T cell ratio. ART significantly reduced HIV levels in the BLT mouse brain, and the immune cell populations present were indistinguishable from those of uninfected controls, which demonstrated the effectiveness of ART in controlling HIV replication in the CNS and returning cellular homeostasis to a pre-HIV state., Introduction The advent and widespread use of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat HIV infection has dramatically curtailed the severity of the neurocognitive impairment previously observed in HIV-infected patients (1). [...]

Author(s): Y. Kaspi (corresponding author) [1]; E. Galanti [1]; W. B. Hubbard [2]; D. J. Stevenson [3]; S. J. Bolton [4]; L. Iess [5]; T. Guillot [6]; J. Bloxham [7]; [...]

Author(s): T. Guillot (corresponding author) [1]; Y. Miguel [1, 2]; B. Militzer [3]; W. B. Hubbard [4]; Y. Kaspi [5]; E. Galanti [5]; H. Cao [6, 7]; R. Helled [8]; [...]

Residence time distribution (RTD) is an important factor in melt extrusion as it strongly influences the product quality. It can cause degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which can be reduced by shorter mean residence times, and the content uniformity, which can be improved by broadening the RTD caused by axial mixing. In our study, we developed an inline video analysis that to date has mainly been applied offline. For extrusion, hydrophilic polymer and a surfactant were used as a molten matrix, in which an API was embedded. The video analysis consisted of four steps: (1) segmentation of the image to mask the strands, (2) calculation of average color values for the segmented pixels of each frame, (3) fitting of the obtained color curve with an analytical solution, and (4) calculating several RTD measures (e.g., the minimal and mean RT) for better comparison of the results. The RTD measures were responses in the design of experiments (DoE), which included the process parameters screw design, screw speed, and throughput. This analysis clearly showed that screw design had the strongest effect on the RTD measures. The results suggest that video analysis is a suitable tool for inline RTD measurements., INTRODUCTION Melt extrusion combined with spheronization is a well-known pharmaceutical process for producing nearly spherical pellets [1], which can be filled into capsules. An alternative process for producing pellets is [...]

Effective disinfection of Ebola virus (EBOV) in body fluids is critical for emergency response to outbreaks. However, for such fluids, data are scarce for disinfectant efficacy. This information is essential [...]

MARIE TESSIER'S DIGITAL SUFFRAGISTS: WOMEN, THE WEB, AND THE FUTURE OF Democracy scrutinizes the history of platforms that limit women's voices and examines how the underrepresentation of women online impacts [...]

Clayton J. Whisnant, Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History 1880-1945 (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2016) Clayton Whisnant's readable and visually appealing monograph Queer Identities and Politics in [...]

The Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program approach has been suggested to provide students with additional opportunities for physical activity (PA) outside of traditional physical education (PE). Although research suggests that this program is successful at increasing children's levels of PA, research on implementing pedagogical models to provide additional benefits has been limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze a teacher's experience of implementing Sport Education (SE) in an after-school context. The participant in this study was the PE teacher at the elementary school where the SE program occurred. Data were gathered from document analysis, formal interviews, and reflective journaling. Data analysis occurred through coding and categorizing each data set using analytic induction and constant comparison. The results of this study identified three main themes: specific features of SE that were utilized successfully, how community collaborations helped the success of the club, and constraints that were faced during implementation. The after-school setting in which this club was carried out provided an opportunity for an elongated season that increased the levels of festivity and affiliation. Furthermore, it is recommended that university programs expose preservice teachers to this model., Within physical education (PE) and sport pedagogy research, researchers have been paying attention to the increasing number of school-aged youth who are overweight and live sedentary lifestyles. In 2008, the [...]

Understanding spatial and temporal fluctuations in animal populations remains a central theme in ecology. Here, we investigated the extent of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) recruitment synchrony across North America in relation to a suite of climatic conditions. Common carp were collected from 21 populations up to a linear distance of 2300 km between the most southern and northern locations. Age-frequency histograms were used to estimate year-class strength, and correlation coefficients were used to evaluate synchrony among populations and environmental variables. We then evaluated relationships between common carp recruitment and winter growing degree-days (GDD), summer GDD, precipitation, wind events, and the El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (ENSO). Common carp recruitment was synchronous up to 756 km but asynchronous at larger scales. Winter and summer GDD, precipitation, and wind were also synchronous among locations up to 1640 km apart. Summer GDD appeared most influential to common carp recruitment but varied across latitudes, with negative effects identified at low latitudes and positive effects identified at higher latitudes. Our results provide new insights into the spatial scale of recruitment synchrony of a non-native freshwater fish and indicate that climatic conditions at local to regional scales likely influence recruitment patterns. La comprehension des fluctuations spatiales et temporelles dans les populations animales constitue un theme central en ecologie. Nous examinons l'ampleur du synchronisme du recrutement de carpes communes (Cyprinus carpio) en Amerique du Nord par rapport a une serie de conditions climatiques. Des carpes communes ont ete prelevees de 21 populations separees par des distances lineaires allant jusqu'a 2300 km. Des histogrammes de la frequence selon l'age ont ete utilises pour estimer la force des classes d'age et des coefficients de correlation ont ete utilises pour evaluer le synchronisme entre les populations et en fonction de variables environnementales. Nous avons ensuite evalue les relations entre le recrutement de carpes communes et les degres-jours de croissance (DJC) hivernaux et estivaux, les precipitations, les episodes venteux et l'indice El Nino oscillation australe (ENSO). Le recrutement de carpes communes est synchrone jusqu'a une distance de 756 km, mais asynchrone a plus grande echelle. Les DJC hivernaux et estivaux, les precipitations et les vents sont egalement synchrones entre des sites distants de jusqu'a 1640 km. Les DJC estivaux semblent exercer la plus grande influence sur le recrutement des carpes, mais varient selon la latitude, des effets negatifs ayant ete notes a basse latitude et des effets positifs, a plus haute latitude. Nos resultats fournissent de nouveaux renseignements sur l'echelle spatiale du synchronisme du recrutement d'un poisson d'eau douce non indigene et indiquent que les conditions climatiques aux echelles locales a regionales influencent vraisemblablement les motifs de recrutement. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Understanding the mechanisms regulating variability in animal population dynamics is an important aspect of ecology. Animal populations commonly fluctuate both spatially and temporally (Glazier 1986; Pimm and Redfearn 1988), [...]

A richly furnished grave of an elite woman from the Hallstatt period was discovered close to the Heuneburg, the earliest proto-urban settlement north of the Alps. Dendrochronological analysis of timbers from the grave chamber dates the burial to 583 BC, the earliest of a series of such burials north of the Alps and a key anchor in the absolute chronology of the Early Iron Age in Europe. The woman was adorned with gold, bronze, jet and amber jewellery; gold filigree objects, amber fibulae and items of horse-head armour suggest close connections south of the Alps. An infant female burial close to the main grave included gold jewellery made for a child but similar to that of the woman. Keywords: Germany, Iron Age, Hallstatt, grave goods, jewellery, gold, dendrochronology, Introduction The Heuneburg is one of the most important and best-researched Iron Age sites in Central Europe. Systematic work on the Late Hallstatt princely seat began in 1950, and large-scale [...]

In the Western Baltic Sea, climate change is happening at much faster rate than in most other seas and organisms are additionally exposed to a steep and variable salinity gradient. Climate change has previously been shown to affect parasite transmission in other marine ecosystems, yet little is known about potential effects of warming and desalination on parasite-host interactions. In laboratory experiments, we determined the combined effects of projected seawater warming and freshening on the emergence, activity, survival, and infectivity of cercariae (free-swimming infectious stage) of the trematode Himasthla elongata (Mehlis 1831), shed from its first intermediate host, the periwinkle Littorina littorea (Linnaeus 1758), in the Baltic Sea. We also assessed the susceptibility of the second intermediate host, the mussel Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758, to cercarial infections. Generally, salinity was the main driver, particularly of cercarial activity, infectivity, and mussel susceptibility to infection. At the lowest salinity (13), cercariae were 50% less active compared to the highest salinity (19). Infection success and host susceptibility followed a similar pattern, with 47% and 43% less metacercariae (encysted stage) present at salinity 13 than at salinity 19, respectively. In contrast, effects of simulated warming were found only for cercarial survival, with cercarial longevity being higher at 19 than at 23 °C. No significant interactions between temperature and salinity were found. In contrast to the literature, the results suggest that a climate change-driven freshening (partly also warming) may lead to a general decline of marine trematodes, with possible beneficial effects for the involved hosts., Author(s): Claudia Bommarito [sup.1] [sup.2], Christian Pansch [sup.2] [sup.3], Maral Khosravi [sup.2], Fabio Pranovi [sup.1], Martin Wahl [sup.2], David W. Thieltges [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7240.1, 0000 0004 1763 0578, [...]

Author(s): L. Iess (corresponding author) [1]; W. M. Folkner [2]; D. Durante [1]; M. Parisi [2]; Y. Kaspi [3]; E. Galanti [3]; T. Guillot [4]; W. B. Hubbard [5]; D. [...]