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Stephen Phillips presents a translation and commentary on Ganges'a Upadhyaya's Tattvacintamani, which is widely regarded as the foundational text of the Navya-Nyaya tradition. The importance of Ganges'a's work to subsequent [...]

Indiana Pacers General Manager Mike Storen thought Roger Brown would jump at the opportunity to play professional basketball for his team in the newly created American Basketball Association. But Brown [...]

Sea urchins are important inhabitants of many marine ecosystems. They are also an economic resource for many international fisheries and are an important animal model in developmental biology. Sea urchins ingest a variety of plant and animal matter, form a digesta pellet, and produce an egesta (fecal) pellet that contributes to benthic food webs. The size and morphology of fecal pellets produced by various size classes of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed a variety of natural, vegetable-based, or formulated diets were characterized in terms of two-dimensional area, length (long diameter), width (short diameter), and circularity, as well as by ultrastructure analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sea urchins fed natural and vegetable-based ingredients produced a wide variety of irregularly shaped egesta that were loosely surrounded by mucus, whereas urchins fed a formulated diet produced highly circular egesta surrounded by a uniform multilayered mucus coat. Larger urchins (62 [+ or -] 3.1 g wet weight) consuming a formulated diet produced egesta that were larger in size than smaller adult (26.5 [+ or -] 2.7 g) or juvenile urchins (3.6 [+ or -] 0.4 g), with egesta length of 0.93 [+ or -] 0.06, 0.75 [+ or -] 0.05, and 0.61 [+ or -] 0.01 mm, respectively (mean [+ or -] 95% confidence interval [CI]; P < 0.001). Ultrastructural analysis of the egesta using TEM image analysis software from urchins consuming formulated diets indicated that pellets contained extensive bacterial communities, ranging from 31% to 69% of the total cross-sectional area of the pellet, with dense communities located near the surface of the pellet (9.51 x [10.sup.8] cells/[cm.sup.2]). Qualitative examination of the egesta TEM suggested the presence of a diverse bacterial community. Following egestion, these microbial communities are suggested to have an important role in natural food webs, with potential value for integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems. KEY WORDS: sea urchin, fecal pellets, nutrition, digestive processes, microbiome, Lytechinus variegatus, INTRODUCTION In the wild, sea urchins ingest a wide variety of food sources, including plant and animal materials (De Ridder & Lawrence 1982, Lawrence et al. 2013). They are opportunistic [...]

Targeted therapies such as venetoclax (VEN) (Bcl-2 inhibitor) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We previously reported that persister CLL cells in treated patients overexpress multiple antiapoptotic proteins and display resistance to proapoptotic agents. Here, we demonstrated that multidrug-resistant CLL cells in vivo exhibited apoptosis restriction at a pre-mitochondrial level due to insufficient activation of the Bax and Bak (Bax/Bak) proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses with selective BH domain antagonists revealed that the pleiotropic proapoptotic protein (Bim) was prevented from activating Bax/Bak by 'switching' interactions to other upregulated antiapoptotic proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2). Hence, treatments that bypass Bax/Bak restriction are required to deplete these resistant cells in patients. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) contributes to oncogenesis and treatment resistance. We observed that small-molecule activator of PP2A (SMAP) induced cytotoxicity in multiple cancer cell lines and CLL samples, including multidrug-resistant leukemia and lymphoma cells. The SMAP (DT-061) activated apoptosis in multidrug-resistant CLL cells through induction of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, independent of Bax/Bak. DT-061 inhibited the growth of wild-type and Bax/Bak doubleknockout, multidrug-resistant CLL cells in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, we discovered multidrug-resistant CLL cells in patients and validated a pharmacologically tractable pathway to deplete this reservoir., Introduction The introduction of proapoptotic pharmacological agents such as the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 inhibitor VEN has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Although [...]

Multiple-choice testing with dichotomous scoring is one of the most common assessment methods utilized in undergraduate education. Determining students' perceptions toward different types of multiple-choice testing formats is important for effective assessment. The present study compared two alternative multiple-choice testing formats used in a second-year required chemistry course: (i) Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT[R]) and (it) Personal Point Allocation (PPA). Both testing methods allow for partial credit, but only the IFAT[R] provides immediate feedback on students' responses. Both survey and interview data indicated that, overall, most students preferred IFAT[R] to the PPA testing method. These positive ratings were related to potential increase in reward, ease of use, and confidence. IFAT[R] was also perceived to be less stress producing and anxiety provoking than PPA. Interview data not only supported these findings, but also indicated individual differences in preference for each of these two methods. Additionally, students' feedback on strategies used for either testing method and suggestions on how to improve the methods are discussed. Key words: multiple-choice tests, assessment, test-taking, anxiety, immediate feedback, partial marks. Les evaluations a choix multiples avec notation dichotomique sont l'une des methodes d'evaluation les plus courantes utilisees dans l'enseignement de premier cycle. Pour une evaluation efficace, il importe de determiner la perception qu'ont les etudiants a l'egard des differents types de formats d'evaluations a choix multiples. Dans la presente etude, nous avons compare deux differents formats d'evaluations a choix multiples utilises dans un cours de chimie obligatoire de deuxieme annee: (1) la technique d'evaluation par retroaction immediate (IFAT[R]) et (2) l'allocation de points individuelle (API). Les deux methodes d'evaluation permettent d'obtenir une partie de la note, mais seul 1'IFAT[R] offre aux etudiants une retroaction immediate sur leurs reponses. Les donnees du questionnaire comme celles de l'entretien ont indique que, dans l'ensemble, la plupart des etudiants preferaient 1'IFAT[R] a la methode d'evaluation par API. Ces evaluations positives etaient liees a l'augmentation potentielle de la recompense, a la facilite d'utilisation et au degre de confiance. La methode IFAT[R] etait egalement perue comme moins stressante et anxiogene que la methode API. Les donnees des entretiens ont corrobore ces constatations, mais elles ont egalement montre des differences entre individus quant aux preferences pour chacune de ces deux methodes. Nous discutons en outre des commentaires des etudiants sur les strategies utilisees pour chacune des methodes d'evaluation et des suggestions sur les facons d'ameliorer ces methodes. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: evaluations a choix multiples, evaluation, passage d'examens, anxiete, retroaction immediate, notes partielles., Introduction Multiple-choice tests are common assessment methods in higher education contexts, especially in the sciences and in larger, first- and second-year courses. (1,2) Despite the prevalence of multiple-choice tests, their [...]

My great-aunt Mary Anne was among the closest of distant relatives, a person met once and then twice removed, first from social occasions, and then from the active family conversation. [...]

Karen Bullock is a walking encyclopedia of Baptist heritage. It is my honor to write this article to be included in a Baptist History and Heritage Festschrift for my good [...]

The western Chipman domain of the east Athabasca mylonite triangle in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, displays a large positive aeromagnetic anomaly that is the result of retrograde magnetite production during exhumation. Petrologic, magnetic coercivity, and hysteresis analyses indicate that multidomain magnetite is the primary magnetic phase in rocks of the region. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility from the western Chipman domain document five orders of magnitude variation, while rocks from the eastern Chipman domain are paramagnetic. The distribution of Koenigsberger ratios is approximately a mixed bimodal lognormal distribution with peak ratios at 0.039 and 0.73, suggesting that magnetic susceptibility is more significant than remanent magnetization. However, remanent magnetization is an important contributor to total magnetization. Petrographic observations indicate that magnetite is primarily produced from the breakdown of hornblende. The consumption of hornblende is also texturally associated with the production of actinolite and the hydration-related breakdown of granulite facies mineral phases such as garnet and clinopyroxene. Based on the proximity of the positive aeromagnetic anomaly to the Cora Lake shear zone, late-stage deformation along the shear zone during exhumation of the east Athabasca mylonite triangle may have structurally controlled the infiltration of fluids resulting in the heterogeneous production of magnetite. These results document the utility of integrating aeromagnetic, petrologic, and rock magnetic data to transcend observational scales and better understand regional tectonometamorphic history. Key words: rock magnetism, lower crust, aeromagnetic anomaly, retrograde hydration, magnetite. Le domaine de Chipman occidental du triangle mylonitique de l'Athabasca oriental dans le nord de la Saskatchewan (Canada) presente une importante anomalie aeromagnetique positive qui est le resultat de la production de magnetite retrograde durant l'exhumation. Des analyses petrologiques, de coercivite magnetique et d'hysteresis indiquent que la magnetite multi-domaines est la phase primaire de magnetite dans les roches de la region. Des mesures de la susceptibilite magnetique du domaine de Chipman occidental documentent des variations sur cinq ordres de grandeur decimaux, alors que les roches du domaine de Chipman oriental sont paramagnetiques. La distribution des rapports de Koenigsberger est approximativement log-normale bimodale mixte avec des pics a 0,039 et 0,73, ce qui donne a penser que la susceptibilite magnetique est plus importante que la magnetisation remanente. La magnetisation remanente est toutefois une composante importante de la magnetisation totale. Les observations petrographiques indiquent que la magnetite est principalement produite par la decomposition de hornblende. La decomposition de hornblende est egalement associee, sur le plan textural, a la production d'actinolite et a la decomposition reliee a l'hydratation de mineraux du facies des granulites, comme le grenat et le clinopyroxene. Etant donne la proximite de l'anomalie aeromagnetique positive a la zone de cisaillement du lac Cora, la deformation tardive le long de la zone de cisaillement durant l'exhumation du triangle mylonitique de l'Athabasca oriental pourrait avoir exerce un controle structural sur l'infiltration de fluides entrainant la production heterogene de magnetite. Ces resultats documentent l'utilite d'integrer des donnees aeromagnetiques, petrologiques et de magnetisme des roches pour transcender les echelles d'observation et en arriver a une meilleure comprehension de l'histoire tectonometamorphique regionale. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: magnetisme des roches, croute inferieure, anomalie aeromagnetique, hydratation retrograde, magnetite., Introduction Aeromagnetic surveys are a fundamental source of data used to aid in the interpretation of subsurface or unexposed geology within the upper crust (e.g., Hoffman 1987; Blakely et al. [...]

We draw on a large-scale dataset of individual-level credit bureau records to study bankcard credit limits in Indian Country. Utilizing approaches that aim to isolate supply from demand considerations, we find that residing in a predominantly American Indian neighborhood is ceteris paribus associated with lower awarded bankcard credit limits than residing in a neighborhood where the share of American Indian residents is low. Consumer's credit history is a robust and quantitatively more important predictor of awarded credit limits than racial composition of the consumer's neighborhood. Bankcard credit limits do not depend on the consumer's location vis-a-vis a reservation. Keywords Bankcard credit * American Indian reservations * Discrimination * Neighborhood racial characteristics * Credit history JEL Classification G21 * J15 * P43 * R11, Introduction As a widely available form of consumer credit in the USA (see, e.g., Schuh and Stavins 2014; Bricker et al. 2014; Larrimore et al. 2015), credit cards facilitate transactions, [...]

The Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone (CMBbz) is a crustal-scale shear zone that juxtaposes the Central Gneiss Belt and the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province. Geochronological work on the timing of deformation and metamorphism in the CMBbzisambiguous, and the questions that motivate our study are: how many episodesofshear zone activity did the CMBbz experience, and what is the tectonic significance of each episode? We present electron microprobe data from monazite (the U--Th--Pb chemical method) to directly date deformation and metamorphism recorded in five garnet--biotite gneiss samples collected from three localities of the CMBbz of Ontario (West Guilford, Fishtail Lake, and Killaloe). All three localities yield youngest monazite dates ca. 1045 Ma; most of the monazite domains that yield these dates are high-Y rims. In comparison with this common late Ottawan history, the earlier history of the three CMBbz localities is less clearly shared. The West Guilford samples have monazite grain cores that show older high-Y domains and younger low-Y domains; these cores yield a prograde early Ottawan (1100-1075 Ma) history. The Killaloe samples yield a well-defined prograde, pre- to early Shawinigan history (i.e., 1220-1160 Ma) in addition to some evidence for a second early Ottawan event. In other words, the answers to our research questions are: three events; a Shawinigan event possibly associated with crustal thickening, an Ottawan event possibly associated with another round of crustal thickening, and a late Ottawan event that resists simple interpretation in terms of metamorphic history but that coincides chronologically with crustal thinning at the base of an orogenic lid. Key words: Grenville, Monazite, Central Metasedimentary Belt, U--Th--Pb, shear zone. La zone bordiere de la ceinture metasedimentaire centrale (zbCMC) est une zone de cisaillement d'echelle crustale qui juxtapose la ceinture gneissique centrale et la ceinture metasedimentaire centrale de la province de Grenville. Les travaux geochronologiques visant a etablir le moment de la deformation et du metamorphisme dans la zbCMC ont donne des resultats ambigus, et les questions qui motivent la presente etude sont donc les suivantes : combien d'episodes d'activite de cisaillement se sont produits dans la zbCMC et quelle est la signification tectonique de chacun de ces episodes? Nous presentons des donnees de microsonde electronique sur monazites (la methode U--Th--Pb chimique) visant a dater directement la deformation et le metamorphisme enregistres dans cinq echantillons de gneiss a grenat et biotite preleves de trois localites dans la zbCMC de l'Ontario (West Guilford, lac Fishtail et Killaloe). Les ages minimums des monazites des trois localites sont d'environ 1045 Ma; la plupart des domaines de monazite qui donnent ces ages sont des bordures riches en Y. Contrairement a cette histoire tardiottawaienne commune, l'histoire plus ancienne des trois localites de la zbCMC n'apparait pas aussi clairement synchrone. Des noyaux de grains de monazite des echantillons de West Guilford ont des domaines riches en Y plus vieux et des domaines pauvres en Y plus jeunes; ces noyaux temoignent d'une evolution prograde au debut de l'Ottawaien (1100-1075 Ma). Les echantillons de Killaloe temoignent pour leur part d'une evolution prograde bien definie avant et au debut de l'orogenie de Shawinigan (c.-a-d. 1220-1160 Ma), en plus d'indices d'un deuxieme episode au debut de l'Ottawaien. Ainsi, les reponses a nos questions sont les suivantes : trois episodes, dont un episode durant l'orogenie de Shawinigan possiblement associe a l'epaississement de la croute, un episode ottawaien possiblement associe a une autre ronde d'epaississement de la croute et un episode tardi-ottawaien dont une interpretation simple de l'evolution metamorphique est difficile a etablir, mais qui coincide dans le temps avec un amincissement de la croute a la base d'une couche orogenique de couverture. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : Grenville, monazite, ceinture metasedimentaire centrale, U--Th--Pb, zone de cisaillement., Introduction The Grenville Province of New York, southern Ontario, and Quebec provides a window into the middle and lower crust of a major orogenic belt. From northwest to southeast are [...]

The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought enormous growth in academic folklore, as well as a maturation of the applied dimension of our profession. In the past decade, the field has witnessed a significant number of retirements of folklorists who came of age during these heady days. We offer this oral history interview as a way of recognizing the contributions of retiring AFS Executive Director Tim Lloyd. In the past decade, the AFS annual meeting has included public interviews with leaders in our field as part of the larger 'Collecting Voices' oral history project housed at Utah State University. Lloyd was interviewed by JAF co-editor Michael Ann Williams on October 19, 2017, at the American Folklore Society meeting in Minneapolis. This interview has been edited by Tim Lloyd for clarity from a verbatim transcript prepared by JAF editorial assistant Susanna Pyatt from an audio recording. The original audio and video recordings are available at USU. In this interview, Lloyd discusses the factors that enticed him into the field of folklore, the paths that took him into a career in both public and private nonprofit agencies, and the role he eventually assumed as the American Folklore Society's first full-time executive director. --The Editors, RANDY WILLIAMS: I'm Randy Williams. I'm the Fife Folklore Archives Curator and Oral History Director at the Utah State University (USU) Library, and today's session is being recorded, and will [...]

Horace Kephart: Writings. Ed. George Frizzell and Mae Miller Claxton. Appalachian Echoes Series. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2020. Pp. xiii + 707, acknowledgments, introduction, appendices, notes, selected bibliography, index.) [...]

I HAVE ALWAYS FANCIED MYSELF AN ACCIDENTAL FOLKLORIST. perhaps most of you are too. I entered a doctoral program in Folklore and Folklife at the university of Pennsylvania having never [...]

WITH THIS ISSUE, WE REACH THE HALFWAY POINT in our tenure as editors of the Journal of American Folklore, making this an ideal time to pause and thank all who [...]

ABSTRACT To reduce possible ecological impact from oil spill events, the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500A (C-9500A) is approved for widespread application. Interactions with changing environmental factors such as temperature are [...]

Microflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS) has seen a surge of attention, development, and popularity among research scientists and bioanalysts over the last few years. The potential of this technology [...]

A previous study used outbreak data to determine the relative contributions of 17 different food commodities to the annual prevalence of foodborne illness in the United States (1). That work [...]

This paper investigates how professional workers' willingness to act with interpersonal sensitivity is influenced by the gender and power of their interaction partners. We call into question the idea that [...]

Back of Beyond: A Horace Kephart Biography. By George Ellison and Janet McCue. (Gatlinburg, TN: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2019. Pp. xi + 460, introduction, bibliography, acknowledgments, index.) MICHAEL ANN [...]

Apostle of the Lost Cause: J. William Jones, Baptists, and the Development of Confederate Memory. By Christopher C. Moore. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2019. 300 pp. Referred to by [...]

America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. By Grant Wacker. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014. 413 pp. Grant Wacker provided the authoritative work for both scholars and [...]

As recent studies of the Civil War by David Goldfield and George Rable demonstrate, religion played a vital role in creating the conflict out of which the Civil War arose, [...]

Data from the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study were analyzed to identify factors that historically Black colleges and universities graduates considered when choosing a graduate school; follow-up tests examined differences between Black men and women in the national sample. Interestingly, we found that Black men and women consider the same three factors most frequently when making graduate school decisions: reputation of school and faculty, proximity to home or work, and availability of an academic program. There were clear differences between men and women, however, in the extent to which they considered access to financial aid and costs of tuition and fees. Implications for theory, research, and practice are highlighted. Keywords HBCU * College choice * Sex differences * Race * Secondary data analysis * Black graduate students * Graduate school choice, Introduction From their inception through the 1970s, historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) educated the majority of Black (1) collegians in the USA. Despite fewer fiscal and human resources than [...]

Throughout his long and distinguished career of studying, teaching, and writing on Baptist history, one of Harry Leon McBeth's passions has been the story of Texas Baptists. A Texas Baptist [...]

BACKGROUND: Both coplanar and noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exhibit neurotoxic effects in animal studies, but individual congeners do not always produce the same effects as PCB mixtures. Humans genetically have [...]