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In the wake of the Charleston church shooting of 2015, several municipalities, most notably New Orleans, voted to remove Confederate memorials from their public spaces. One of these planned removals--of [...]

Hazing rituals and ceremonies have been described in traditional, historical world cultures, junior and high school, the military, private schools, paramilitary organizations, fraternities and sororities, as well as sport (Allan and Madden 2008; Bryshun and Young 1999; Campo, Poulos, and Sipple 2005; Fields, Collins, and Comstock 2010; Johnson 2000, 2009; Linhares de Albuquerque and Paes-Machado 2004; Nuwer 1999; Winslow 1999; Zacharda 2009). Student athletes often endure hazing practices with 80% of NCAA athletes reporting some form of initiation (Hoover 1999) in exchange for membership affiliation. This qualitative study compared the similarities and deviations between contemporary initiations and historical traditions defining both the importance of cultures to establish 'Rites of Passage' membership gateways and metamorphoses from nonmember to group. Results indicated that despite often abusive hazing ceremonies in sport, marked by hierarchies, power imbalances, and, at times, criminal behaviour, there still exists a demand for an entry ritual by the rookie contingency to mark their membership and identity within the team structure. Hazing traditions continue in the belief in what Turner (1986) describes as Communitas, despite indications from participants that hazing fractured relationships on the team--a marked contradiction of Communitas. Key Words: sport, hazing, communitas, rites of passage, abuse, cohesion. Les rituels et les ceremonies de bizutage ont ete decris dans les cultures traditionnelles et historiques a travers le monde, dans les ecoles secondaires, l'armee, les ecoles privees, les organisations paramilitaires, les fraternites, les associations etudiantes, ainsi que dans les sports (Allan et Madden 2008; Bryshun et Young 1999; Campo Poulos et Sipple 2005; Fields Collins et Comstock 2010; Johnson 2000, 2009; Linhares de Albuquerque et Paes-Machado 2004; Nuwer 1999; Winslow 1999; Zacharda 2009). Les athletes etudiants endurent souvent des pratiques de bizutage, 80% des athletes de la NCAA ont signale avoir ete initie d'une certaine facon (Hoover 1999) en echange d'une adhesion a un groupe. Cette etude qualitative a compare les ressemblances et les deviations entre les initiations contemporaines et les traditions historiques qui definissent l'importance des cultures pour etablir les << Rites de Passages >> lors de l'adhesion a un groupe et les metamorphoses du non-membre au groupe. Les resultats indiquent que malgre les frequentes ceremonies de bizutage abusives dans les sports, marquees par des hierarchies, des desequilibres du pouvoir, et parfois par des comportements criminels, il existe toujours une demande de rituel d'entree chez les nouvelles recrues afin de marquer leur admission et leur identite au sein de l'equipe. Les traditions de bizutage continuent grace a la conviction de ce que Turner (1986) decrit comme Communitas, pourtant malgre cette raison mentionnee pour continuer a initier les nouveaux membres, les participants ont indique que le bizutage brise les relations dans les equipes, une contre-indication marquee de l'expression des Communitas. Mots cles : sports, bizutage, communitas, rites de passage, abus, cohesion., Canadian and US athletic hazing has recently received high profile media, public, and institutional attention. Culturally over the last decade we have witnessed a paradigmatic shift of meaning, purpose, scrutiny, [...]

A novel bidirectional thickness profilometer based on transmission densitometry was designed to measure the localized thickness of semitransparent films on a dynamic manufacturing line. The densitometer model shows that, for materials with extinction coefficients between 0.3 and 2.9 D/mm, 100-500 [micro]m measurements can be recorded with less than [+ or -] 5% error at more than 10,000 locations in real time. As a demonstration application, the thickness profiles of 75 mm x 100 mm regions of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) were determined by converting the optical density of the sample to thickness with the Beer-Lambert law. The PEM extinction coefficient was determined to be 1.4 D/mm, with an average thickness error of 4.7%. OCIS codes: 310.6845, 120.1840.

Multiculturalism has been offered as an answer to the civil rights claims of a wide variety of ethnic and national minorities within liberal democratic settler-states. This article adds to the critiques of the appropriateness of multiculturalism in answering the self-determination claims of indigenous populations by investigating biculturalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Indigenous groups continue to demand greater recognition not only of sui generis claims to land and resources but also to the acceptance of indigenous philosophies and perspectives in the management of land and resources. As indigenous populations have been forced toward the edge of the state, they have been forced to reassert their cultural values in order to fundamentally reinvent the relationship between colonizer and colonized. This 'reinvention' of society, coming from the edges, propelled by indigeneity, is beginning to challenge the construction of the white settler-state. These challenges occur in places, not within arbitrary, theoretical space. They also vary in scale, from the single individual acting on behalf of her community to vast land claims by indigenous peoples. This article discusses how the exercise of indigenous self-determination, observed in specific places, is beginning to transform Aotearoa/New Zealand society into a bicultural and binational partnership, altering the meaning of citizenship for both Maori and whites. KEYWORDS: Maori, indigenous self-determination, thirdspace, biculturalism, multiculturalism, Newcomer governments claim to be forging historic new relationships with indigenous nations, relationships based on mutual respect, sharing, sovereignty, and our inherent rights. Economic development, modern treaties, self-government, compacts, revenue-sharing, [...]

Lawrence Summers has a long history of controversial statements. Well before his comments in 2005 as then-president of Harvard University about the underrepresentation of women on faculties for mathematics and [...]

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00442.x Byline: JAY T. JOHNSON (1), BRIAN MURTON (2) Keywords: Indigenous science; social constructions of nature; culture-nature divide; place; Gregory Cajete Abstract: Abstract Since the earliest days of the European Enlightenment, Western people have sought to remove themselves from nature and the 'savage' non-European masses. This distancing has relied upon various intellectual techniques and theories. The social construction of nature precipitated by Enlightenment thinking separated culture from nature, culture being defined as civilised European society. This separation has served to displace the Native voice within the colonial construction of Nature. This separation has also served as one thread in the long modern 'disenchantment' of Westerners and nature, a 'disenchantment' described so adeptly by Adorno and Horkheimer (1973). Unfortunately though, this displacement is not only a historical event. The absence of modern Native voices within discussions of nature perpetuates the colonial displacement which blossomed following the Enlightenment. In his book entitled, Native Science, Gregory Cajete describes Native science as 'a lived and creative relationship with the natural world ... [an] intimate and creative participation [which] heightens awareness of the subtle qualities of a place' (2000, 20). Perhaps place offers a 'common ground' between Western and Indigenous thought; a 'common ground' upon which to re/write the meta-narrative of Enlightenment thought. This paper will seek to aid in the re/placement of modern Native voices within constructions of nature and seek to begin healing the disenchantment caused through the rupture between culture and nature in Western science. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Anthropology and Geography, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, P.O. Box 880368, Lincoln, NE 68588-0368 USA. (2)Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at M&amacr;noa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Article History: Received 20 September 2006; Revised 10 January 2007; Accepted 31 January 2007 Article note: (*) Corresponding author. Email: jjohnson18@unl.edu

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00441.x Byline: JAY T. JOHNSON (1), GARTH CANT (2), RICHARD HOWITT (3), EVELYN PETERS (4) Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Anthropology and Geography, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, P.O. Box 880368, Lincoln, NE 68588-0368, USA. (2)Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. (3)Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia. (4)Department of Geography, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5A5. Article note: (*) Corresponding author. Email: jjohnson18@unl.edu

The coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge hosts seven species of migratory shorebirds listed as highly imperiled or high priority by the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan and five species listed as Birds of Conservation Concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. During the first comprehensive shorebird survey of the 674 000 ha '1002 Area' on the coastal plain, we recorded 14 species of breeding shorebirds at 197 rapidly surveyed plots during June 2002 and 2004. We also estimated detection ratios with a double counting technique, using data collected at 37 intensively studied plots located on the North Slope of Alaska and northern Canada. We stratified the study area by major habitat types, including wetlands, moist areas, uplands, and riparian areas, using previously classified Landsat imagery. We developed population estimates with confidence limits by species, and estimated the total number of shorebirds in the study area to be 230 000 (95% Cl: 104 000-363 000), which exceeds the biological criterion for classification as both a Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network Site of International Importance (100 000 birds) and a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance (20 000 birds), even when conservatively estimated. Species richness and the density of many species were highest in wetland or riparian habitats, which are clustered along the coast. Key words: 1002 Area, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, coastal plain, shorebirds. En el llano costero del Refugio Nacional Artico de vida silvestre se encuentran siete especies de aves playeras migratorias identificadas como en peligro o de alta prioridad por el Plan de Conservacion de Aves Playeras de Estados Unidos, y cinco especies identificadas coreD aves con prioridad de conservacion por el Servicio de Pesca y Fauna de los Estados Unidos. Durante el primer inventario completo de aves playeras en las 674 000 ha del 'Area 1002' del llano costero, se registraron 14 especies en reproduccion en 197 cuadrantes muestreados durante junio de 2002 y 2004. Tambien se estimaron las tasas de deteccion con una tecnica de doble muestreo de manera intensiva en 37 cuadrantes ubicados en Ladera Norte de Alaska y norte de Canada. Se clasifico el area de estudio en categorias correspondientes a los tipos de habitat mas importantes, incluyendo humedales, areas humedas, tierras altas y areas riberenas, con base a imagenes Landsat previamente clasificadas. Para cada especie se estimo el tamano de la poblacion con limites de confianza. El numero estimado total de aves playeras para el area de estudio fue de 230 000 (95% IC: 104 000-363 000), el cual excede los criterios biologicos para la clasificacion como un sitio de Importancia Internacional de la Red Hemisferica de Reservas para Aves Playeras (100 000 aves) y como un humedal de Importancia Internacional para Ramsar (20 000 aves), incluso utilizando la estimacion mas conservadora. La riqueza de especies y la densidad de varias especies fueron altas en humedales o habitats riberenos, los cuales presentan una distribucion conglomerada a lo largo de la costa.

Middle Archaic earthen mound complexes in the lower Mississippi valley are remote antecedents of th famous but much younger Poverty Point earthworks. Watson Brake is the largest and most complex of these early mound sites. Very extensive coring and stratigraphic studies, aided by 25 radiocarbon dates and six luminescence dates, show that minor earthworks were begun here at ca. 3500 B.C. in association with an oval arrangement of burned rock middens at the edge of a stream terrace. The full extent of the first earthworks is not yet known. Substantial moundraising began ca. 3350 B.C. and continued in stages until some time after 3000 B.C. when the site was abandoned. All 11 mounds and their connecting ridges were occupied between building bursts. Soils formed on some of these temporary surfaces, while lithics, fire-cracked rock, and fired clay/loam objects became scattered throughout the mound fills. Faunal and floral remains from a basal midden indicate all-season occupation, supported by broad-spectrum foraging centered on nuts, fish, and deer All the overlying fills are so acidic that organics have not survived. The area enclosed by the mounds was kept clean of debris, suggesting its use as ritual space. The reasons why such elaborate activities first occurred here remain elusive. However, some building bursts covary with very well-documented increases in El Nino/Southern Oscillation events. During such rapid increases in ENSO frequencies, rainfall becomes extremely erratic and unpredictable. It may be that early moundraising was a communal response to new stresses of droughts and flooding that created a suddenly more unpredictable food base. Los complejos de monticulos de tierra del Arcaico Medio del valle del rio Mississippi son los antecedentes remotos de los famosos monticulos de Poverty Point, que se fechan mucho mas temprano. Watson Brake es el mas grande y el mas complejo de estos sitios tempranos de montfculos. Los estudios extensivos estratigraficos y de bloques de sedimentos taladrados, o sean corazones, junto con la obtencion de 25 fechas de radicarbono y seis fechas de luminiscencia, muestran que la construccion de monticulos pequenos comenzo aqui hacia 3500 a.C. en asociacion con un arreglo oval de piedras quemadas ubicado al borde de la terraza del rio. La extension espacial de estos primeros monticulos de tierra no ha sido establecida todavia. La construccion sustancial de monticulos comenzo hacia 3350 a.C. y continuo a traves de varias fases hasta despues de 3000 a.C. cuando el sitio fue abandonado. Los once monticulos con sus crestas interconectadas fueron ocupados entre estadios rapidos de construccion. Las capas de sedimentos se acumularon en algunas de las superficies temporales de estos componentes de tierra, mientros que el material litico, las piedras fracturadas por fuego y los objetos de arcilla o tierra arcillosa cocida se dispersaron por todos partes del monticulo. El registro faunistico y arqueobotanico de los depositos basales demuestran que el sitio fue ocupado durante todas las estaciones del ano, idea apoyada por una subsistencia concentrada en la explotacion de nueces, peces y venado. Las capas estratigraficas mas superficiales son de una matriz muy acida, la cual ha impedido la conservacion de restos organicos. El area circundada por los monticulos fue mantenida limpia y libre de despojos, los que sugiere que tenfa una funcion ceremonial. Las razones por las cuales tales actividades se llevaron a cabo aqui no son claras. Sin embargo, algunas de las fases de construccion se correlacionan con algunos de los periodos mejor documentados de aumentos de los eventos de El Nino. Durante aumentos rapidos en la frecuencia de ENSO, las lluvias ocurren en forma irregular e imprevisible. Es posible que la construccion de monticulos de tierra fuera una respuesta comunal a presiones causadas por una imprevisible escasez de recursos, la cual estuvo ligada a sequias e inundaciones., The discovery of massive Late Archaic earthworks at Poverty Point (16WC5) in the lower Mississippi valley (Figure 1) has posed two enduring questions in North American prehistory--when and where did [...]

A thin, solid, circular wood disk, cut from the transverse plane of a tree stem, can be modeled as a cylindrically orthotropic elastic material. It is known that a stress singularity can occur at the center of a cylindrically orthotropic disk subjected to uniform pressure. If a solid cylindrically orthotropic disk is subjected to sinusoidal pressure distributions, then other stress singularities can also occur in the disk. The criterion for the existence of these singularities is based on a simple relationship between two dimensionless elastic constant parameters and the sinusoidal pressure loading mode number. For a given set of elastic constants, only a finite number of lower sinusoidal modes will produce stress singularities. In this paper, the mathematical relationships between these parameters are derived. CE Database subject headings: Anisotropic materials; Elastic analysis; Mathematical models; Stress analysis; Wood products; Pressures.

The MinC division inhibitor is required for accurate placement of the septal ring at the middle of the Escherichia coli cell. The N-terminal domain of MinC ([sup.Z]MinC) interferes with FtsZ assembly, while the C-terminal domain ([sup.D]MinC) mediates both dimerization and complex formation with either MinD or DicB. Binding to either of these activators greatly enhances the division-inhibitory activity of MinC in the cell. The MinD ATPase plays a crucial role in the rapid pole-to-pole oscillation of MinC that is proposed to force FtsZ ring formation to midcell. DicB is encoded by one of the cryptic prophages on the E. coli chromosome (Qin) and is normally not synthesized. Binding of MinD or DicB to [sup.D]MinC produces complexes that have high affinities for one or more septal ring-associated targets. Here we show that the FtsZ-binding protein ZipA is required for both recruitment of the [sup.D]MinC/DicB complex to FtsZ rings and the DicB-inducible division block normally seen in Min[C.sup.+] cells. In contrast, none of the known FtsZ-associated factors, including ZipA, FtsA, and ZapA, appear to be specifically required for targeting of the [sup.D]MinC/MinD complex to rings, implying that the two MinC/activator complexes must recognize distinct features of FtsZ assemblies. MinD-dependent targeting of MinC may occur in two steps of increasing topological specificity: (i) recruitment of MinC from the cytoplasm to the membrane, and (ii) specific targeting of the MinC/MinD complex to nascent septal ring assemblies on the membrane. Using membrane-tethered derivatives of MinC, we obtained evidence that both of these steps contribute to the efficiency of MinC/MinD-mediated division inhibition.

Communities are created by the interactions of residents and institutions, which can be in conflict over the community's past, its prevailing political ideology, and pathways for community action. Disasters are called into existence by the naming of an event and the assigning of responsibility for blame and recovery. In April of 1997, Grand Forks, North Dakota, experienced a flood that caused extensive damage to the homes and lives of most of its residents, altering communication processes and heightening group conflicts. Two groups emerged: 'movers' are members of a dominant coalition; 'shakers' are among their challengers. The groups differ most in their level of voice, that is, access to the means of participation in public discussion and decision-making.

Cet article met l'accent sur la proliferation des femmes engagees dans les sports et les activites qui accompagnent plusieurs ceremonies d'initiation. L'auteure critique les differents aspects de ces ceremonies qui [...]

Research demonstrates a high affinity of the (sup)DMinC/DicB complex for septal ring target(s) and its interference with the Ftz rings assembly or their structure. Data indicate that a multistep mechanism is involved for the activation of MinC-mediated inhibition of the division by Min proteins, MinD or DicB.

People suffering from comorbid mental illness and substance abuse disorders (the dually diagnosed) are thought to constitute large portions of clients treated as outpatients by public-sector community-based mental health providers. These providers dispense units of ambulatory mental health services and treatments incrementally to maintain clients in the community and out of psychiatric hospitals. Community maintenance is one step, albeit critical, toward quitting drugs and eventual abstinence. Thus, there is a need for information that compares the effectiveness and cost of such services on dually diagnosed clients to identify appropriate low-cost high-yield treatment and service options and packages. This article provides a review of the literature on the effectiveness of ambulatory mental health services and recent emergent reports of cost-effectiveness of programs for the dually diagnosed, paying special attention to the gray areas and gaps. This article also describes a new project; an inexpensive add-on to an existing community mental health center. The project will be examining over 4 years of data to compare influence and cost of different ambulatory mental health services and treatments delivered to a matched pair group of clients with dual disorders and those with only mental illness. The intention of this project is not only to address gray areas and gaps in the literature, but also to inform a more rational deployment of mental health services.

Byline: Rirei Son, Jonathan M. Tobis, Lawrence A. Yeatman, Jay A. Johnson, Lianne S. Wener, Jon A. Kobashigawa Abstract: Background Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a sensitive method for assessing allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients, but it is not known whether this instrumentation traumatizes the transplanted arteries and affects progression of arteriopathy. Methods and Results Yearly coronary angiograms were obtained in 86 patients who underwent heart transplantation between January 1991 and May 1995. Patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) no IVUS performed after transplantation (group 1, n = 47); (2) IVUS of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) performed only at year 1 (group 2, n = 13); and (3) IVUS of the LAD performed at both baseline (within 2 months after transplantation) and year 1 after transplantation (group 3, n = 26). Coronary angiography measurements of lumen diameter were performed at 5 segments along the length of the LAD and left circumflex artery (LCX) from baseline through the second-year studies except in group 2, which did not receive a baseline angiogram; IVUS measurements were obtained at 10 cross sections from each artery. At baseline, there was no significant difference in vessel diameter for either the LAD or the LCX artery between the IVUS (group 3) and no IVUS (group 1) groups. Within each group, the lumen of both the LAD and LCX narrowed from baseline to year 1 (group 1: 3.3 [+ or -] 0.6 mm to 2.8 [+ or -] 0.5 mm in LAD, P = .001; 3.3 [+ or -] 0.6 mm to 3.0 [+ or -] 0.5 mm in LCX, P = .006; group 3: 3.5 [+ or -] 0.7 mm to 3.1 [+ or -] 0.6 mm in LAD, P = .01; 3.1 [+ or -] 0.6 mm to 2.8 [+ or -] 0.5 mm in LCX, P = 0.07), but there were no significant differences between the instrumented artery (LAD) and control artery (LCX) or further changes observed at year 2. There were also no significant differences in the percent reductions at year 1 and year 2 between arteries or between groups. By IVUS, from baseline to year 1 in group 3, the plaque cross-sectional area (CSA) increased (1.6 [+ or -] 1.9 to 2.3 [+ or -] 1.7 mm.sup.2, P < .0001), the lumen CSA decreased (12.7 [+ or -] 3.7 to 11.7 [+ or -] 3.3 mm.sup.2, P = .04), and the maximum lumen diameter decreased (4.2 [+ or -] 0.6 to 4.0 [+ or -] 0.6 mm, P = .04). Conclusions The use of IVUS is not associated with acceleration of arteriopathy in heart transplantation recipients. Luminal narrowing occurs predominantly during the first year after transplantation. There was no significant change in lumen dimensions during the second year. (Am Heart J 1999;138:358-63.) Author Affiliation: Irvine and Los Angeles, Calif Article History: Received 5 May 1998; Accepted 26 August 1998 Article Note: (footnote) [star] From the University of California, Irvine, and the University of California, Los Angeles., [star][star] Reprint requests: Jonathan M. Tobis, MD, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Bldg 53, Route 81, Room 100, 101 The City Dr S, Orange, CA 92868-3298., a 0002-8703/99/$8.00 + 0 4/1/94123

Glutamine membranes for amperometric measurements are described. The interference of the endogenous glutamate is greatly diminished by using a supplementary 'anti-glutamate' layer consisting of immobilized glutamate oxidase and catalase on top of the glutamine-sensitive layer having co-immobilized glutaminase and glutamate oxidase. The use of polycarbonate membranes with different permeability characteristics for the control of the substrate's access to the enzyme layers is presented, as well as the effect of the density of the enzyme layer on the sensitivity of these membranes. The fabricated membranes have good operational stability (at least 5 days) and very good linearity (up to 10 mM glutamine). Using an appropriate choice of membranes and cross-linking conditions, membranes with good rejection of glutamate have been fabricated (less than 6% RSD for a 5 mM glutamine sample containing 5 mM glutamate as interferent). These membranes are suitable for monitoring of glutamine levels in mammalian cell cultures without the need of a separate measurement for glutamate.

Pravastatin may be effective in reducing cholesterol levels, major transplant rejection, blood vessel disease, and mortality in recipients of heart transplants. Forty-seven heart transplant recipients received the anti-cholesterol drug pravastatin at a final dose of 20 milligrams/day and 50 transplant recipients did not receive the drug. Researchers followed the patients for one year with regular blood tests, and blood vessel imaging exams. The average cholesterol level was 193 milligrams/deciliter in the pravastatin group and 248 mg/dl in the control group. The one-year survival rate was 94% in the pravastatin group and 78% in the control group. The rate of moderate transplant rejection was similar in both groups, though rejection along with blood flow problems were higher in the control group. Disorders in blood vessels feeding the heart and thickening of vessel walls were also less common in the pravastatin group.

After reviewing Chickasaw history and archaeology, this paper proposes that bundle burials during the eighteenth century are the result of death away from the village and that the proportion of bundle burials recorded at a Chickasaw village can be related to the amount of external conflict during the time of occupation. An evaluation of data from two archaeological sites and several documentary sources leads to the conclusion that the Chickasaw were at their weakest militarily by the middle part of the eighteenth century.

A review of the major biface production studies in North American archaeology documents a remarkable renaissance during the past 20 years. Three things contributed to this growth in interest in stone tool manufacture: ideas were borrowed from European Paleolithic studies, stone tool replication became an accepted activity for professional archaeologists, and the spread of New Archaeology created a demand for the behavioral data revealed in production trajectory models. Of these, the general acceptance of the processual paradigm appears to have been the major factor in the popularity that biface studies and lithic analysis in general enjoy today.

To enhance understanding about the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and intravenous drug use, this article proposes extending the goals, means, and scope of ethnopharmacology to community based drug abuse research. Data for this article were collected through the National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project in Houston, Texas. The data consist of participant observations and in-depth life history interviews with intravenous drug users (IVDUs). This article reports examples of IVDUs' activities and talk, such as 'frosting,' 'tweeking,' and 'feening,' mind-set suggestion, descriptions of drug aesthetic preference, and others. These examples are used to illustrate the usefulness of a sociologically informed ethnopharmacology for investigating the HIV epidemic among IVDUs. Suggestions are made for further applications of ethnopharmacology to research on HIV transmission and IV drug use.