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Point-of-care testing (POCT) is a test method performed on the sampling site or patient bedside. Accurate results can be achieved rapidly by the application of portable analytical instruments and compatible reagents. It has been widely used in the field of in vitro diagnosis (IVD). Paper-based microfluidics technology has great potential in developing POCT due to its advantages in low cost, simple operation, rapid detection, portable equipment, and unrestricted application conditions. In recent years, the development of paper-based microfluidic technology and its integration with various new technologies and methods have promoted the substantial development of POCT technology and methods. The classification and characteristic of the paper are summarized in this review. Paper-based microfluidic sample pretreatment methods, the flow control in the process of reaction and the signal detecting and analyzing methods for the testing results are introduced. The research progress of various kinds of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) toward POCT in recent years is reviewed. Finally, remaining problems and the future prospects in POCT application of paper-based microfluidics are discussed.

Pitch deposits have negative effects on product quality, machine performance and production line profitability during pulp and paper manufacture. As traditional pitch control technology cannot provide satisfactory solutions in the pitch deposits, the enzymatic treatment has been rapidly developed for its high efficiency and pollution-free property. In this review, the chemical composition and present form of the pitch in pulp is first introduced, followed by a description of the pitch control enzymes. The emphasis is on the current research on enzymatic solutions to pitch problems, including the reaction mechanism, technology, and the present main problems of lipase, sterol esterases, laccase and lipoxygenase. Finally, the technology prospects in this field are proposed.

Objective: To evaluate the significance of bacteria detection with filter paper method on diagnosis of diabetic foot wound infection. Methods: Eighteen patients with diabetic foot ulcer conforming to the study criteria were hospitalized in Liyuan Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from July 2014 to July 2015. Diabetic foot ulcer wounds were classified according to the University of Texas diabetic foot classification (hereinafter referred to as Texas grade) system, and general condition of patients with wounds in different Texas grade was compared. Exudate and tissue of wounds were obtained, and filter paper method and biopsy method were adopted to detect the bacteria of wounds of patients respectively. Filter paper method was regarded as the evaluation method, and biopsy method was regarded as the control method. The relevance, difference, and consistency of the detection results of two methods were tested. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of filter paper method in bacteria detection were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn based on the specificity and sensitivity of filter paper method in bacteria detection of 18 patients to predict the detection effect of the method. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and Fisher's exact test. In patients tested positive for bacteria by biopsy method, the correlation between bacteria number detected by biopsy method and that by filter paper method was analyzed with Pearson correlation analysis. Results: (1) There were no statistically significant differences among patients with wounds in Texas grade 1, 2, and 3 in age, duration of diabetes, duration of wound, wound area, ankle brachial index, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, blood platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen (with F values from 0.029 to 2.916, P values above 0.05), while there were statistically significant differences among patients with wounds in Texas grade 1, 2, and 3 in white blood cell count and alanine aminotransferase (with F values 4.688 and 6.833 respectively, P <0.05 or P <0.01). (2) According to the results of biopsy method, 6 patients were tested negative for bacteria, and 12 patients were tested positive for bacteria, among which 10 patients were with bacterial number above 1×10(5)/g, and 2 patients with bacterial number below 1×10(5)/g. According to the results of filter paper method, 8 patients were tested negative for bacteria, and 10 patients were tested positive for bacteria, among which 7 patients were with bacterial number above 1×10(5)/g, and 3 patients with bacterial number below 1×10(5)/g. There were 7 patients tested positive for bacteria both by biopsy method and filter paper method, 8 patients tested negative for bacteria both by biopsy method and filter paper method, and 3 patients tested positive for bacteria by biopsy method but negative by filter paper method. Patients tested negative for bacteria by biopsy method did not tested positive for bacteria by filter paper method. There was directional association between the detection results of two methods ( P =0.004), i. e. if result of biopsy method was positive, result of filter paper method could also be positive. There was no obvious difference in the detection results of two methods ( P =0.250). The consistency between the detection results of two methods was ordinary (Kappa=0.68, P =0.002). (3) The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of filter paper method in bacteria detection were 70%, 100%, 1.00, 0.73, and 83.3%, respectively. Total area under ROC curve of bacteria detection by filter paper method in 18 patients was 0.919 (with 95% confidence interval 0-1.000, P =0.030). (4) There were 13 strains of bacteria detected by biopsy method, with 5 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, 5 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1 strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 strain of Streptococcus bovis, and 1 strain of bird Enterococcus . There were 11 strains of bacteria detected by filter paper method, with 5 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, 3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1 strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 strain of Streptococcus bovis, and 1 strain of bird Enterococcus . Except for Staphylococcus aureus, the sensitivity and specificity of filter paper method in the detection of the other 4 bacteria were all 100%. The consistency between filter paper method and biopsy method in detecting Acinetobacter baumannii was good (Kappa=1.00, P <0.01), while that in detecting Staphylococcus aureus was ordinary (Kappa=0.68, P <0.05). (5) There was no obvious correlation between the bacteria number of wounds detected by filter paper method and that by biopsy method ( r =0.257, P =0.419). There was obvious correlation between the bacteria numbers detected by two methods in wounds with Texas grade 1 and 2 (with r values as 0.999, P values as 0.001). There was no obvious correlation between the bacteria numbers detected by two methods in wounds with Texas grade 3 ( r =-0.053, P =0.947). Conclusions: The detection result of filter paper method is in accordance with that of biopsy method in the determination of bacterial infection, and it is of great importance in the diagnosis of local infection of diabetic foot wound.

Cultural fibrous material includes both important categories, i. e. textile and paper, consisting of precious cultural materials in museum, such as costume, painting, and manuscript. In recent years more and more connoisseur and conservator's concerns are, through nondestructive method, the authenticity and the ageing identification of these cultural relics especially made from fragile materials. In this research, we used attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy to identify five traditional textile fibers, alongside cotton, linen, wool, mulberry silk and tussah silk, and another five paper fibers alongside straw, wheat straw, long qisong, Chinese alpine rush and mulberry bar, which are commonly used for making Chinese traditional xuan paper. The research result showed that the animal fiber (wool, mulberry silk and tussah silk) and plant fiber (cotton and linen) were easier to be distinguished by comparing the peaks at 3 280 cm-1 belonging to NH stretching vibration and a serious peaks related to amide I to amide III. In the spectrum of wool, the peak at 1 076 cm-1 was assigned to the S-O stretching vibration absorption of cystine in wool structure and can be used to tell wool from silk. The spectrum of mulberry silk and tussah silk seems somewhat difficult to be identified, as well as the spectrum of cotton and linen. Five rural paper fibers all have obvious characteristic peaks at 3 330, 2 900 cm-1 which are related to OH and CH stretching vibration. In the fingerprint wavenumber range of 1 600 - 800 cm, the similar peaks also appeared at 1 370, 1 320 cm-1 and 1 162, 1 050 cm-1, both group peaks respectively are related to CH and CO vibration in the structure of cellulose and hemicellulose in paper fibers. Although there is more similarity of the infrared spectroscopy of these 5 paper fibers, some tiny difference in absorbance also can be found at 3 300 cm-1 and in the fingerprint range at 1 332, 1 203, and 1 050 cm-1 which are related to C-O-C vibration in cellulose. Moreover, in order to explore direct and simple method to identify different materials with similar spectrum,. the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to separate cotton and linen, mulberry silk and tussah silk, as well as five paper fibers. To eliminate and reduce the spectral scattering caused by sample uneven surface roughness, the multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) has been applied based on total spectral data. The result showed that the score plot using the first two principal components can effectively categorize both group textiles of cotton and linen, as well as mulberry silk and tussah silk, and they have similar chemical structure. For five paper fibers, the PCA was applied in different spectral range (918-550, 1 280-918, 1 700-1 280 and 3 800-2 800 cm-1), and the best result appeared in the range from 3 800 to 2 800 cm-1, in which the five paper fibers can be well categorized. This research showed that infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis has great potential advantage on identifying fibrous materials with similar structure.

Using the MSW (municipal solid waste) sampling and analysis methods, the composition characteristics of MSW in south China were investigated. The results showed that: the average MSW bulk density was 0.22 x 10(3) kg x m(-3), the percentages of water, ash and combustible were 55.0%-66.9%, 18.6%-30.3% and 69.7%-81.4%, respectively. The organic contents were 50.1%-58.0%. The waste low caloric value (wet base) ranged 6570-9652 kJ x kg(-1), and the average of waste low caloric value(wet base) was 8272 kJ x kg(-1), which was higher than the recommended value of World Bank(7000 kJ x kg(-1)). The percentage composition of MSW was: 39.8%-53.3% kitchen waste garbage, 16.5%-33.4% rubber and plastics, 5.61%-7.95% paper, 1.14%-5.16% textile products, 2.49%-5.12% bamboo products, 1.10%-1.47% glass, 5.86%-7.57% mixed materials, 2.46%-6.73% dust, 0.1%-0.32% metal, and 0.4%-0.69% ceramic. The correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that: the high proportions of textile, rubber and plastics, paper, and combustible materials had a positive effect on the MSW incineration, while the high proportions of kitchen waste garbage, glass, MSW bulk density, ash, water content and dust had a negative effect on the MSW incineration.

To evaluate the reduction potential of industrial water pollutant emissions and to study the application of technology simulation in pollutant control and environment management, an Industrial Reduction Potential Analysis and Environment Management (IRPAEM) model was developed based on coupling of "material-process-technology-product". The model integrated bottom-up modeling and scenario analysis method, and was applied to China's paper industry. Results showed that under CM scenario, the reduction potentials of waster water, COD and ammonia nitrogen would reach 7 x 10(8) t, 39 x 10(4) t and 0.3 x 10(4) t, respectively in 2015, 13.8 x 10(8) t, 56 x 10(4) t and 0.5 x 10(4) t, respectively in 2020. Strengthening the end-treatment would still be the key method to reduce emissions during 2010-2020, while the reduction effect of structure adjustment would be more obvious during 2015-2020. Pollution production could basically reach the domestic or international advanced level of clean production in 2015 and 2020; the index of wastewater and ammonia nitrogen would basically meet the emission standards in 2015 and 2020 while COD would not.

Concentrations and distribution characteristics of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in waste water from a paper mill. And concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in waste water before and after electron beam irradiation with different doses were compared. The feasibility, mechanism and rates of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs degradation were discussed. The PCDD/Fs concentrations and corresponding I-TEQ (toxic equivalent quantity) values were 239 pg x L(-1) and 41.0 pg x L(-1), respectively, in the waste water. The concentrations of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs decreased after electron beam radiolysis at a dose of 30 kGy and 60 kGy with degradation rates of 5.27% and 23.6%, respectively.

Xylanase is the key enzyme to degrade xylan that is a major component of hemicellulose. The enzyme has potential industrial applications in the food, feed, paper and flax degumming industries. The use of xylanases becomes more and more important in the paper industry for bleaching purposes. Xylanases used in the pulp bleaching process should be stable and active at high temperature and alkaline pH. Thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases could be obtained by screening the wild type xylanases or engineering the mesophilic and neutral enzymes. In this paper, we reviewed recent progress of screening of the thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases, molecular mechanism of thermal and alkaline adaptation and molecular engineering. Future research prospective was also discussed.

Pyrolysis is an efficient and recycling way to utilize waste wood-based panels, in which urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is the main difference between wood-based board and other kinds of biomass. The present paper studied the three main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin) of poplar wood, in order to effectively and environmentally utilize or dispose of waste wood-based panels with pyrolysis technique, to study the influence of urea formaldehyde resin on pyrolytic characteristic of wood during the process of the pyrolysis of waste wood-based panels, and to in-depth explore the mechanism of the effect of UF on each component of wood. Innovatively, the weight-loss character and gas evolution rule of the model (made from cellulose, xylan and lignin, based on the chemical components stud of poplar wood), the main components as well as the ones mixed with UF were analyzed by TG-FTIR (thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer). Results indicated that UF promoted the generation of water and carboxylic acid substances during the cellulose pyrolysis process. UF combined with lignin, formed some kind of unstable nitrogenous structure which produced a large amount of NH3, which took part in the low-temperature (200-300 degrees C) pyrolysis of lignin, and directly affected the production of pyrolysis products. It can be concluded that during the process of the pyrolysis of waste wood-based panels, lignin was the one that UF mainly impacted among the three main components of wood.

The application of enzymes has a high potential in the pulp and paper industry to improve the economics of the paper production process and to achieve, at the same time, a reduced environmental burden. Specific enzymes contribute to reduce the amount of chemicals, water and energy in various processes. This review is aimed at presenting the latest progresses of applying enzymes in bio-pulping, bio-bleaching, bio-deinking, enzymatic control of pitch and enzymatic modification of fibers.

The synergistic mechanism of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (TCP) degradation using a combination of Fe0 and anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria with batch processing was investigated. Experimental results showed that under the conditions of pH 7.0, Fe0 5 g x L(-1) and 2,4,6-TCP 30 mg x L(-1), the growth and interface enrichment of enriched-bacteria could be promoted by Fe0, the cell mass (expressed by D600) of Fe0/enriched-bacteria was about 1.7 times as high as that of the individual predominant groups of dechlorinating bacteria. After 96 h reaction, large amount of bacteria attached to the iron surface, with short rod or coccus-like morphology. The pH value of the system was maintained at 7.8, which could be beneficial to the reductive dechlorination reaction and the growth of the enriched-bacteria. The major pathway of 2,4,6-TCP degradation in the Fe0/enriched-bacteria system was 2,4,6-TCP to 2,4-DCP and then to 4-CP.

Based on the requirement of National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (NIP), six industries including pulp and paper industry have been set as the priority key sectors to implement the best available technology and best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) within a specific time for UPOPs reduction. Non-wood pulping has always played important role in virgin pulp production in China, its elemental chlorinated bleaching process has been confirmed as main source of Dioxin emission for the sector. As the signature party of Stockholm Convention and long time existing country of non-wood pulping, identification of Dioxin emission situation is significant importance to China to committee the obligation of Stockholm Convention. The Dioxin concentrations in outflow water of bamboo, straw, reed, and bagasse pulping processes (chlorination alkaline extraction hypochlorite, CEH) are 41.8 pg x L(-1), 72.7 pg x L(-1), 7.46 pg x L(-1), and 19.7 pg x L(-1) respectively, which are all around the national waste water discharge standard (30 pg x L(-1)). But relevant data will easily exceed national standard while the limitation of unit water consumption for pulp making is decreased. So the application of best available techniques/best environmental practices (BAT/BEP) is very necessary to improve relevant mills up to the above standard, and proceed the sector meeting the national and international requirements for Dioxin emission. At the same time, the text calculates emission factors on bamboo, straw, reed and bagasse pulp making process through whole process monitoring, which will provide meaningful reference for increasing relevant factors in UNEP Toolkit.

Objective: To study the operation points of manual reduction for treatment of capitellum fractures of type I and analyze the characteristics of fixation with paper splint., Methods: From April 2000 to February 2008, 27 cases with capitellum fractures of type I were treated by manual reduction of 90 degrees bending elbow and external fixation with paper splint, included 23 males and 4 females aged from 5 to 14 years old (means 8.9 years) with the course from 1 to 23 hours (averaged 5.4 hours). Before treatment all the wounded elbows were swollen and malfunctioned, the X-ray film showed that the fracture fragments of capitellum were separated and upside down displaced in varying degrees. During reduction, the correct restoration point was found and the reduction was correct, continuous and steady, and coordinated the passive movement of forearm and elbow joint, and the 90 degrees bending elbow was fixed by paper splint. All the patients were assessed according to JOA elbow joint function assessment method., Results: All 27 patients were followed-up for from 6 months to 2 years (averaged 17 months). All the elbow joints were painless, the movement and functions were normal, the elbow joints were stable. After reduction, no complication was found. There were 25 cases with the fracture site reaches or nearly reaches healing of anatomical counterparts, only 2 cases with slight cubitus valgus deformity. According to JOA score 25 cases gained 100 scores and 2 cases gained 97 scores., Conclusion: This method has advantage of strong stability, high success rate, firm and easy fixation, without pressure sore and necrosis.

A new method of fast identification of copy papers by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was developed. The kinds of filler and the cellulosic degree of crystallinity were analyzed by FTIR, and the ageing curves of cellulosic paper were studied with heating and ultraviolet light. The cellulosic degree of crystallinity was showed by the ratio of absorbance at 1 429 cm(-1) to that at 893 cm(-1), the standard deviation of different brands of copy papers was 0.010 7-0.016 0, and the standard deviation of the same brands of copy papers was 0.014 8. The kinds of filler and the cellulosic degree of crystallinity were different in copy papers from different brands of different manufacturing plants, different brands of same manufacturing plants and different manufacturing times of the same brands from the same manufacturing plants, and the curves of ageing were different with heating and ultraviolet light. The results of fast identification of copy papers by FTIR are satisfactory.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find a method of creating a paper phantom for SPECT evaluation. The method included preparing paper surface sources with an ink-jet printer and placing them evenly spaced apart., Methods: We prepared a paper surface source with the ink-jet printer fixed on an ink cartridge laced with (99m)Tc. We then set it and Styrofoam in turn, to develop a paper phantom for SPECT evaluation. The evaluation method was 1) accuracy evaluation of the paper surface source, 2) activity control, 3) pitch of the paper surface source, 4) activity concentration of ink, 5) spot phantom., Results: 1) accuracy was good, 2) activity control was possible, 3)% root mean square uncertainty (%RMSU) was equal to or less than 5% on average, when the pitch of the paper surface source did not exceed 10 mm. 4) The radioactivity concentration was radioactivity 9.7 kBq/cm(2) of the paper surface source per radioactivity 37 MBq/ml of the ink. 5) We were able to create a spot phantom easily., Discussion: The pitch of the paper surface source must not exceed 10 mm to use a paper phantom for SPECT evaluation. This is a simple method to control activity density in phantom experiments.

Objective: To study the optimum paper-roast conditions of Radix Vladimiriae., Methods: The contents of naphtha and costunolide and dehydrcostuslactone were used as estimated indexes. The paper-roast process of Radix Vladimiriae was studied by orthogonal design., Results: The optimum condition was adding moderate water and marinates firstly, after getting rid of the water and experimenting 6 hours' closed lay, cutting Radix Vladimiriae into slices with 10 centimeters and drying under natural condition. One layer paper by one layer Radix Vladimiriae slice roasted 2 hours at 120 degrees C., Conclusion: The paper-roast process is stable, controllable and can provide referenced foundation for the production of paper-roast Radix Vladimiriae.

Adsorption behavior of bisphenol A (BPA) and dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) from aqueous solution onto newsprint was investigated through batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption isothermal data was interpreted by the Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Flory-Huggins (F-H), BET and Temkin equations. In order to determine the best fit isotherm, three error analysis methods were used to evaluate the data: correlation coefficient (R2), residual root mean square error (RMSE) and chi-square test (chi2 test). The results show that the Freundlich and Temkin equations provide the best models for BPA and DnBP biosorption with high R2 (R2 > 0.95, p < 0.01) and low values of RMSE and chi2 (RMSE < 0.05, chi2 < 0.02). The adsorption capacity increases with the hydrophobicity of adsorbate. The mean free energy of adsorption process is calculated by D-R isotherm as 1.484 and 1.609 kJ/mol while the Gibbs free energy calculated by F-H isotherm is -6.559 and -7.021 kJ/mol for BPA and DnBP, respectively. From D-R and F-H models, it is inferred that biosorption of BPA and DnBP by newsprint might be physical adsorption and a spontaneous process. As a comparison, it is indicated these Kf values in Freundlich equation (0.147 and 0.502 mg(1-n) x L(n) x g(-1) for BPA and DnBP, respectively), considered as a measure of the adsorption capacity, are higher than those obtained in the adsorption of same adsorbate by natural organic adsorbents, such as sediment. This suggests the presence of paper will retard BPA and DnBP transport and bioavalability in landfills.

Objective: To study the influence of different factors (temperature, light and germinating beds) on seed germination of Codonopsis tangshen., Method: The general germination method was applied., Result and Conclusion: The optimum seed germination conditions of C. tangshen were as follows: temperature 25 degrees C, light, germinating-beds top of paper (TP) or between of paper (BP). The first seedling--counting time was the 10th day after beginning the test; the final time was the 18th day. The test also showed that gibberellin notably increased the seed germination rate of C. tangshen.

Model organism C. elegans was introduced into the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure to determine the toxification of acid and alkalescent industry liquid wastes from paper mill via analyzing the life span, days corresponding to 50% lethal, reproductive rate, reproductive capacity and locomotion behaviors in worms. Our data indicate that the toxic influence order of different samples on life span was: 2nd > 4th > 1st > 3rd, the toxic influence order of different samples on generation time was: 2nd > 1st > 3rd approximately 4th, the toxic influence order of different samples on brood size and head thrashes was similar: 1st approximately 2nd > 3rd approximately 4th, the toxic influence order of different samples on body bends was: 1st approximately 2nd > 3rd > 4th, and the 2nd sample always had more significantly toxic effects on different phenotypes. Thus, the toxicity of acid industry liquid waste from the paper mill relatively had the most severe multiple effects, whereas the toxicity of alkalescent industry liquid and grain-like wastes only exhibited limited effects.

Pitch deposit is one of the most troublesome problems for the paper mills in South China that use the masson pine as a raw material to make paper. The triglyceride has been identified as the main composition accounting for pitch problem. in order to set down effective pitch control scheme, the triglyceride content in papermaking process must be measured quantitatively. A method to measure the content of triglyceride in masson wood pulp was developed based on UV spectrophotometer in the present work. The UV spectrogram and characteristic peak location of standard glycerol trioleate as well as the effect of measuring time on absorbency were discussed. The results showed that at 412 nm the relation between absorbency and consistency of glycerol trioleate was linear and the pertinent coefficient reached 0. 971 in the range of reagent dosage and consistency in this experiment. The absorbency decreased linearly with measuring time and the pertinent coefficient reached 0. 990 2. The results of reproductive experiment showed that the recoveries were 98%-104%0 and the accuracy was 1. 27%-4. 03% for the samples in consistency 1. 25-0. 50 g x L(-1). With this method, the content of triglyceride in hexane extractive of masson TMP and acid SP were measured respectively. The degradative effect of triglyceride before and after enzyme treatment for masson wood pulp was also evaluated. The results showed that the triglyceride content was relatively high, about 50% both in the total extractive of masson TMP and acid SP. After enzyme treatment, the content of triglyceride in masson TMP and acid SP was reduced by 46. 31% and 35. 55% respectively.

The metagenomic DNA of pulp sediments from paper mill effluent was extracted and purified. The 16S rDNA was amplified using the purified metagenomic DNA as template and a 16S rDNA library was prepared. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clones showed that diverse of uncultured bacteria inhabit in this environment, which can be classified into 4 clusters as Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. A metagenomic library containing 10000 clones was constructed into cosmid vector, and the capacity of inserted DNA of which was 3.53 x 10(8) bp. Functional screening of the library resulted in isolation of two independent clones expressing endoglucanase activity, three independent clones expressing exoglucanase activity and two independent clones expressing beta-glucosidase activity. One clone expressing strongest enzyme activity from each activity category was chosen to be further analyzed. Three novel cellulase genes designated as umcel5L, umcel5M and umbgl3D were identified by subcloning, sequencing and expression. The umcel5L encodes an endoglucanase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 5, which is most related to an endoglucanase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum at 43% identity and 59% similarity. The umcel5M encodes a cellodextrinase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 5, which is most similar to a cellodextrinase from Fibrobacter succinogenes at 48% identity and 69% similarity. The umbgl3D encodes a putative beta-glucosidase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 3, which shares highest homology with a beta-glucosidase from Thermotoga maritima at 46% identity and 61% similarity. It is the first time to reveal the bacterial diversity of pulp sediments from paper mill effluent and clone novel cellulase genes from the bacteria by culture-independent method.

Evaporator condensate from a kraft pulp mill is characterized by high temperature, high strength, poor nutrition, and some odor and inhibitive materials. In this study, air stripping-UASB process was developed to treat the wastewater from a kraft pulp mill. The lab scale study demonstrated that air stripping process removed 70%-80% of the volatile organic sulfur compounds. After that, the UASB reactor showed high efficiency, at the organic loading rate (COD) of 30 kg x (m3 x d)(-1), COD removal was retained about 95%. On the other hand, the inoculated granules were broken in the new surroundings and were replaced with the newly formed granules The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation showed wide difference of the predominant anaerobic microorganisms in the seed and newly formed granules.

Spherical lignin cation adsorption resin was obtained by two-step method with black liquor of paper mill and characterized by the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Firstly, the spherical lignin beads were prepared with black liquor of paper mill by applying reverse-phase suspension polymerization technique, and the preparation conditions were also optimized. The suitable conditions include 200 r/min of stirring speed, 90 degrees C of reaction temperature, 1.0 h of reaction time and use epoxy chloropropane (1.5% by weight of lignin) as cross-linking agent, the ideal volume ratio between oil phase and water phase was 3:1 by using kerosene oil as disperse phase, and the perfect dispersant agent was Tween 80 (3% by weight of lignin). Secondly, the spherical lignin cation adsorption resin was developed by grafting the acrylamide onto the back-bone of the spherical lignin beads. The best concentration of acrylamide was 0.72 mol/L at ambient temperature for 2.0 h, and the ideal initiator system was the Fenton reagent of H2O2/Fe2+. Under the above conditions, the ion exchange capacity of the prepared resin could reach 1.640 5 mmol/g.

In this paper, one hundred percent of condensed sulfate paper pulp waste liquid was used as the raw material of adhesive, and the activation of its lignin as well as the improving effects of phenol formaldehyde resin and polyfunctional aqueous polymer isocyanate (PAPI) were studied. The results showed that adding formaldehyde to the waste liquid could increase the reactivity of contained lignin, and adding 30% phenol formaldehyde resin or 20% PAPI could make the waste liquid in place of pure phenol formaldehyde resin for producing class I plywood. Furthermore, the cost could be reduced by 55.5% and 49.0%, respectively, in comparing with pure phenol formaldehyde resin. This approach fully used the organic resources in paper pulp waste liquid, reduced environment pollution at the same time, and had unexceptionable economic, social and ecological benefits. The feasibility of preparing adhesives from paper pulp waste liquid was also analyzed by infrared spectrum.

The nitrate removal from groundwater was studied in laboratory columns packed with unprocessed paper as the sole substrate for microbial population. The results showed that the reactor with paper as carbon source started up fast, and temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) markedly affected the denitrification process. The denitrification rate at 25 degrees C was approximately 1.7 times higher than that at 14 degrees C. When the initial concentration was 45.2 mg x L(-1), 99.6% of nitrate (nitrite was not detected) could be removed after 8.6 h at 25 +/- 1 degrees C. The nitrogen removal rate was only 50% when HRT was 7.2 h. pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) had little effect on denitrification, and the nitrogen removal rate did not changed when pH value ranged between 6.0-9.0 and DO ranged between 0-6 mg x L(-1). Biofilm was formed on the paper and consumed the paper during the whole process. Using the combined paper reactor and activated carbon adsorption at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and HRT 9.0 h, the nitrate could be completely removed if its initial concentration was not higher than 33.9 mgN x L(-1) and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the effluent was less than 11 mg x L(-1).

The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in newsprints and copy papers which included blank and printed paper samples were determined by isotope dilution and high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). All of the paper samples collected at random were extracted with organic solvents and the extracts were cleaned up successively by three different chromatographic columns. The results indicated that the total concentrations of PCDD/ Fs in newsprints were higher than those in copy papers, but the total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of newsprint samples were lower than those in copy paper samples. In addition, for both papers, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in printed papers were higher than the blank papers. Moreover, the patterns of PCDD/Fs in newsprint samples and copy paper samples were different. The total international TEQ values of PCDD/Fs in newsprints and printed newsprints were 0.48 ng/kg and 0.61 ng/kg, respectively. Moreover, the total TEQ values of PCDD/Fs in copy paper and printed copy paper samples were 0.74 ng/kg and 0.79 ng/kg, respectively. The recoveries of 13C labeled 2, 3 ,7, 8-substituted PCDD/Fs spiked before extraction into all paper samples were between 49.82% and 131.34%.

Sporocytophaga is a kind of bacteria that can glide on the solid medium surface. It can decompose the cotton and filter paper after 6 days cultured. The sporocytophaga can only produce a low extracellular carboxymethylcellulase activity and no other cellulase activities. In this work, the process about degradation of filter paper fibre by a strain of Sporocytophaga was studied using scan electronmicroscopy. The morphological changes that Sporocytophaga sp. JI-01 grew on filter paper were observed. The study revealed the JL-01 adhered tightly to the surface of filter paper fibre or penetrated into interior of the fibre through its 2.5 microm - 4.0 microm bacilliform cells in the process of degrading. The bacilliform cells degrade the cellulose strongly and produced a mass of sticky polysaccharides. At the anaphase of cultured, the bacteria existed as a cycloidal dormancy body-sporocyst.

This paper gave a definition of ecological industry chain of renewal resources, and according to this definition designed the ecological industry chain of paper making industry of China; presented a basic principle of designing and ecological industry chain of renewal resources and five necessary conditions to establish an ecological industry chain of renewal resources, i.e. imitating the ecological closed-circuit system, increasing stock of renewal resources, getting benefits from resource productivity, developing long-run social demand and engaging in systematic innovation. It was found that the ecological industry chain of paper making industry was a representative example of ecological industry chain of renewal resources. The ecological industry chain of paper making industry solved three difficult constrain problems and offered an effective way to change the paper making industry of China from pollution industry into ecological industry.

The batch test of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurement was used to simulate biochemical reaction process in aerobic reactor treating bleaching liquor from straw pulp process. Lawrence-McCarty kinetic model was used to analyze the biochemical reaction process. The kinetic equation of bleaching liquor biological treatment, v = 0.72 S/(60.43 + S), was deduced from results of the OUR experiment and the bench experiment. The specific substrate degradation rate estimated by the kinetic equation was higher than that of practical wastewater treatment plant. The phenomenon was attributed to the decrease of activated sludge activity caused by cellulose suspended solid accumulation in aerobic reactor of practical plant.

Contents of pollutant elements lead and cadmium in toilet paper were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Both lead and cadmium has good linear relationship that lead is over the range of 0.00-10.00 micrograms.mL-1 (r = 0.9989) and cadmium is over the range of 0.00-4.00 micrograms.mL-1 (r = 0.9997). In this method, RSD is bellow 3.08% and recovery is over the range of 94.8%-104.5%. The method is simple and accurate. It can be used as monitor method of lead and cadmium in toilet paper.

36 kinds of black roller pen inks collected from Chinese market were analyzed by NIR FT-Raman spectroscopic technique and they were divided into 10 groups (from A to J group) according to their characteristic Raman spectra. Based on studying main component of roller pen inks and peculiarity of Raman spectrum by documents, the main Raman peaks of each group of roller ball inks were interpreted particularly. It have also been investigated that the influence factors from paper matrix, humidity of the samples, laser power and writing time, especially the forth item showed some relationships of the peak intensity ratio with the relative age of inks. This method is speediness, convenience, high sensitivity and no ink-extraction process. The insufficiency of the method is that fluorescence and heat background comes forth when a few samples were irradiated by laser.